陕西农村自杀未遂者再次自杀方式的选择

目的探索自杀未遂者再次实施自杀行为时是否会更换自杀方式及其相关因素。方法在自杀未遂者随访队列(n=902)中,选取所有在随访期间再次实施自杀行为的案例纳入研究,根据登记的数据,比较前后两次自杀行为是否采用同一类型的自杀方式,两次自杀方式致命性变化情况,分析是否更换自杀方式以及两次自杀方式致命性变化情况与首次自杀方式、人口学变量等因素的关系。结果共有80例自杀未遂者在随访期间再次出现自杀行为,其中45例更换自杀方式,22例因再次自杀行为死亡。首次和再次自杀行为最常采用的方式均为服农药(分别为50例和32例)。首次自杀为服农药的自杀未遂者中,再次自杀行为有23例仍用农药,19例选择更低致命性的方式。首次自杀为过量服治疗药的19例自杀未遂者在再次自杀行为时有11例选用更高致命性的方式。多因素logistic回归分析提示,首次自杀为过量服治疗药的再次自杀者易更换自杀方式(OR=11.92,95%CI:1.86～76.23,P=0.009)。结论自杀未遂者再次实施自杀行为时更换自杀方式比较常见,尤其是首次自杀为过量服治疗药者。而农药管控依然是重要的预防自杀措施。     

重复自杀行为众多影响因素分析

目的探讨重复自杀行为者的特点及其自杀的危险因素。方法采用WHO健康量表、Beck抑郁自评量表、自杀强度量表等对115例住院的自杀未遂者实施调查,并追踪随访6年,对整个病程中仅有单次自杀行为和重复自杀行为两类人群住院时人文特点及评估资料进行比较。结果115例自杀未遂者中重复自杀行为24例,占20.9%。24例重复自杀行为者就诊治疗时年龄42.6±13.2岁,WHO健康量表得分7.04±5.64,Beck抑郁自评得分26.25±17.36,自杀强度得分10.04±4.94,16例(66.7%)患有精神疾病;91例单次自杀行为者年龄32.6±13.9岁,WHO健康量表得分15.91±5.61,Beck抑郁自评得分6.82±10.51,自杀强度得分7.76±3.97,20例(22.0%)患有精神疾病。重复与单次自杀行为者比较,两组在年龄、WHO健康量表、Beck抑郁自评得分、自杀强度得分、有无精神疾病以及自杀方式、是否真的想死、是否存在困扰1年以上躯体病或残疾、未来没有希望、身体健康状况自评方面存在明显差异(均P<0.05)。回归分析显示,自杀强度得分与是否真的想死得分相加代表的自杀致死倾向(P=0.036,OR=2.85,β=1.047),WHO健康量表与身体健康自评得分相加所代表的健康心理状态(P=0.026,OR=0.320,β=-1.141)进入回归方程。结论重复自杀行为者多患有精神疾病,抑郁心境、无望、自杀强度高等。有效评估这些因素对了解或防范未遂者再次出现自杀风险有重要意义。     

有严重躯体疾病老年自杀死亡者的特征及其有无精神障碍者间的比较

目的了解有严重躯体疾病的老年自杀死亡者的特征并比较有无精神障碍者特征的异同。方法由精神科医师运用心理解剖方法对全国23个疾病监测点上报的≥55岁的304例自杀案例的家属和周围知情人进行调查,分析其中178例(58.6%)报告自杀死亡前1年内有严重躯体疾病者的自杀特征。结果178例自杀死亡者中,女性占41.6%;79.2%居住在乡村;58.4%从未上过学;38.8%丧偶;25.8%有自杀未遂既往史;10.7%一级血缘亲属有自杀行为;43.3%服农药或鼠药自杀,32.6%上吊;68.0%自杀当时有精神障碍,主要是重性抑郁障碍;仅5.1%自杀当时有人在场。有、无精神障碍者在社会人口经济学特征、有无自杀未遂史和自杀行为家族史、负性生活事件导致的慢性心理压力和急性应激强度以及自杀前一个月的生命质量等方面的差异无统计学意义(P均大于0.05)。结论有严重躯体疾病老年人自杀死亡最常见的两种方式是服毒和上吊,2/3有精神障碍,但有无精神障碍者的自杀相关特征无明显不同。     

中国农村严重自杀未遂危险因素的配对病例对照研究(英文)

背景中国农村的自杀率是城市自杀率的2~3倍,但造成城乡自杀率之巨大差异的原因并不清楚。目的评估国内农村严重自杀未遂者的特征及危险因素。方法精神科医生采用结构式问卷对山东郓城县人民医院急诊室收治的297例严重自杀未遂者(至少在医院6小时者)及其陪伴的家属分别进行访谈。该问卷内容详尽,完成问卷需要2~3h。对照组选取同一居住地中年龄、性别与自杀未遂组相匹配的、既往无自杀未遂史的居民及其同住家庭成员,分别进行同样的结构式访谈。使用Cox回归模型来识别自杀未遂的危险因素。结果 297例自杀未遂者中,74%为女性,78%是农民,平均(标准差)年龄为33.2(14.6),平均受教育年限为4.8(3.1)年,80%为口服农药自杀,57%的自杀未遂者报告在采取自杀行动之前考虑自杀只有或不足5分钟,76%的自杀意图量表中计划分量表得分不足50分(0~100分),11%有过自杀未遂史,只有38%存在符合DSM-IV诊断标准的精神障碍。在控制性别、年龄、居住地以及之前的自杀未遂史(在配对分析中控制该变量)后,通过多因素分析,自杀未遂的危险因素包括:受教育水平低、与有过自杀行为的人交往、之前1年中至少有4次负性生活事件、之前1个月中生活质量低且家庭不够和睦、之前2周内的抑郁症状得分高以及冲动性和攻击性高(最后一项仅在小样本中进行评估)。结论我国农村严重自杀未遂者多数不符合精神障碍的诊断标准,冲动性和攻击性高、自杀意图并不强烈,多采用口服农药的方式。这些特点与高收入发达国家的特点不同,因而需要采取不同的方法来预防自杀行为。这些方法应更多的关注如何降低获取农药的便利性,并教育冲动性个体如何自我调整情绪和行为,而不是过度地关注精神障碍的识别和治疗。     

农村地区有、无精神障碍自杀未遂者及其自杀特征的比较

目的　比较农村地区有、无精神障碍自杀未遂者的特征。方法　以 1998年 8月至 2 0 0 0年 8月四所县 (市 )级综合医院急诊室中自杀未遂者 (共 5 78例 )为研究对象 ,有 32 6例完成自制问卷调查 ;其中 12 9例 ( 39 6 % )符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第 4版中精神障碍的诊断标准 (有精神障碍组 ) ,197例 ( 6 0 4 % )无精神障碍 ,比较两组的特征。结果　 ( 1)两组社会人口学各变量的差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;有精神障碍组既往有自杀未遂史的比例 ( 2 7 9% )高于无精神障碍组 ( 8 2 % ) ,而口服农药 ( 75 2 % )和冲动性自杀的比例 ( 2 7 3% )低于无精神障碍组 (分别为 88 3%和 6 9 4 % ) ;( 2 )有精神障碍组的自杀意图强、慢性负性生活事件 (对心理影响≥ 1年 )多 ,急性应激强度小 (均P <0 0 0 1)。结论　有、无精神障碍自杀未遂者及自杀特征明显不同 ,对两种自杀人群应采取不同的干预措施。     

情感性精神障碍患者出院后自杀危险因素探讨

目的 探讨情感性精神障碍患者自杀的危险因素及家庭安全护理要点.方法 对符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第3版修订本中情感性精神障碍诊断标准出院的144例患者,进行为期2～6年的护理随访,对自杀危险因素的单因素和非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 36例(25%)患者发生过自杀,其中自杀未遂30例(20.83%),自杀死亡6例(4.17%).自杀危险因素:为双方相混合或快速循环型频繁发生和自杀未遂史,保护因数为多次住院.结论 有潜在自杀危险因素的情感性精神障碍患者应加强自杀的防范,家庭安全护理非常重要,住院治疗为有效的保护因素.     

天水市农村女性自杀未遂者危险因素研究

目的:探讨甘肃天水市农村自杀未遂女性的自杀危险因素。方法:对天水市3个县区23个乡镇自杀未遂报告系统2007年6月至2009年1月报告的年龄≥14岁的自杀未遂女性150人(自杀未遂组)及由同一报告者提供的近1年内无自杀行为、年龄、居住地相匹配的正常女性150人(正常对照组)分别采用自编《伤害幸存者研究问卷》和《正常对照者研究问卷》进行自由访谈及问卷调查;分析自杀行为的危险因素。结果:自杀未遂组在文盲、人均年收入低、现患精神障碍、有人格障碍、对自杀接受性高、自杀意念强、既往有自杀未遂史、近1个月有过失眠、近1个月因心理问题难以工作、近1年有生活事件、急/慢性应激高、生命质量低、冲动性及攻击性高、家庭亲密性及家庭适应性低、社会支持差的发生率上明显高于正常对照组(χ~2=5.051~71.082,P0.05或P0.001);自杀行为特征为冲动性、服农药、家庭纠纷或为解脱痛苦。Logistic回归分析显示年龄40岁、文盲、现患精神障碍、对自杀接受性高、近1月因心理问题难以工作、近1年有生活事件、急性应激高、攻击性高、家庭亲密性低进入方程。结论:服药是天水市农村女性最常见的自杀方式;年龄40岁、文盲、现患精神障碍、对自杀接受性高、近1月因心理问题难以工作、近1年有生活事件、急性应激高、攻击性高、家庭亲密性低是天水农村女性自杀行为的危险因素。     

综合医院自杀未遂者精神障碍和自杀意念强度特征

目的探讨自杀未遂者精神障碍和自杀意念强度特征,为自杀未遂的心理危机干预策略提供参考。方法在沈阳市4所三级综合医院急诊室同一时段内收集到资料完整的239例自杀未遂者,以贝克自杀意念量表(BSS)评估自杀意念及其强度,以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定自杀前1周的抑郁程度。精神障碍诊断标准按照美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)。结果①自杀未遂者总的精神障碍发生率为69.46%(166/239),前3位依次为:心境障碍47.70%(114/239),焦虑障碍38.91%(93/239),精神病性障碍8.37%(20/239);②有自杀意念的自杀未遂组总的精神障碍发生率为84.34%(140/166),其中心境障碍和焦虑障碍的发生率分别为61.45%(102/166)和48.19%(80/166),均明显高于从无自杀意念组(P0.01);HAMD总分以及其中焦虑/躯体化、体重减轻、认知障碍、日夜变化、迟缓、睡眠障碍、绝望感等因子中的项目得分明显高于从无自杀意念组(P0.01);③在有自杀意念的自杀未遂患者中,有精神障碍组BSS中13个条目的自杀意念强度较无精神障碍组高(经秩和检验,P0.05)。结论自杀未遂者中以精神障碍患者居多,且有自杀意念并伴精神障碍的自杀未遂者其自杀意念严重程度更重。     

15～24岁人群自杀特征及危险因素的病例对照研究

目的了解全国15～24岁自杀死亡者的特征,并通过与其他伤害死亡案例的比较了解青年自杀的危险因素。方法由精神科医师运用心理解剖方法对全国有地理代表性的23个疾病监测点上报的15～24岁的88例自杀案例(自杀组)和76例其他伤害死亡案例(对照组)的家属和周围知情人进行深入调查。结果(1)自杀组的平均受教育年限为(6.2±3.2)年,59%为女性,88%居住在乡村,82%服毒或服药自杀,26%为现婚,76%自杀前一直在工作或学习,26%有自杀未遂既往史,14%有血缘关系的人曾有自杀行为,31%朋友或熟人有过自杀行为,50%自杀当时有精神疾病,18%曾因心理问题寻求过帮助。(2)有既往自杀未遂史(经单因素分析)、自杀前2周有抑郁症状、自杀当时急性应激强度大和自杀前1个月生命质量低(后3项经多因素logistic回归分析)是自杀的危险因素。结论15～24岁自杀死亡者中50%有精神疾病,仅极少数自杀死亡者曾因心理问题寻求帮助。自杀未遂既往史、近2周有抑郁症状、经历急性负性生活事件和近1个月生命质量低为青年自杀死亡的主要危险因素。     

伴精神病性症状的双相障碍患者自杀未遂的危险因素分析

目的:探讨伴有精神病性症状的双相障碍(BD)患者自杀未遂的危险因素。方法:对2010~2011年"中国BD患者诊断评估服务"项目的数据进行二次分析;对306例BD患者中伴有精神病性症状的99例(32.4%)患者应用简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)中自杀模块分为自杀未遂组和对照组,比较两组的人口学及临床资料,Logistic回归分析伴有精神病性症状的BD患者自杀未遂的危险因素。结果:分别有36例(36.5%)及63例患者入自杀未遂组和对照组;自杀未遂组年龄明显高于对照组(t=-2.37,P=0.020);发作频繁(χ~2=8.526)、伴有不典型特征(χ~2=6.673)、有自杀观念(χ~2=6.314)、有季节性特征(χ~2=4.956)及有精神障碍家族史(χ~2=6.189)比率明显高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄及自杀观念与伴有精神病性症状BD患者的自杀未遂相关(OR=1.055,P=0.008,95%CI:1.014~1.098;OR=4.467,P=0.002,95%CI:1.750~11.403)。结论:年龄大及有自杀观念是伴有精神病性症状BD患者自杀未遂的主要危险因素。     

Comparative studies on in-patients following suicide attempts

In the course of the survey a total of 311 patients were examined, who had been admitted for treatment to the clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology of the Vogtland-Klinikum Plauen GmbH, following suicide attempts in the years 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 1995. Simultaneously, a survey of successful suicide attempts in the city of Plauen was carried out. The main point of interest was the motivation for the suicide attempts and the personal situation of the persons involved, most especially the influence of the social changes after 1990, towards their suicidal behaviour. As expected, the number of patients in full-time employment in 1995 was noticeably lower than in the preceding years, despite the fact that unemployment was not more often given as a reason for suicide attempts. In all the periods examined, conflicts within partnership structures played an outstanding role amongst the reasons for attempted suicides. An increase in attempted suicides due to endogenous depression was observed only in 1990.     

Factors associated with completed suicide in borderline personality disorder

Fifteen patients with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) who had committed suicide while under inpatient care or within a month after discharge were compared with a group of 13 inpatients with a diagnosis of BPD who did not kill themselves. Suicides occurred in all ages from 20 to 49 years. Age, sex, and age when first in contact with psychiatry did not differ between groups. DIB profiles differed only with respect to slightly higher scores on the affect section among patients who committed suicide. Axis I affective disorders were equally frequent. The patients who committed suicide had been more often hospitalized and they had made more suicide attempts in their lifetime. Male patients who killed themselves showed a more extensive suicidal behavior at admission than did their matched control subjects. Earlier suicide attempts during inpatient treatment were only identified among the patients who committed suicide. An imminent mandatory discharge preceded the inpatient suicides in five of 11 cases.     

Risk of suicide after attempted suicide in the population of Slovenia from 1970 to 1996.

OBJECTIVE: All suicide attempts cannot predict suicide, therefore we examined those characteristics of suicide attempt which could most accurately predict completed suicide. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Subjects were all individuals registered as committed suicides (N=16,522) or attempted suicides (N=15,057) in the register of suicides of the Republic of Slovenia between 1970 and 1996. Log linear analysis of a frequency table was used to uncover relationship between categorical variables. RESULTS: The model we found fit between variables: mode, number of repetitions and type, then between number of repetitions, type and gender, and between mode, type and gender. DISCUSSION: The risk of suicide in those who previously attempted suicide is approximately 773 times higher than the risk of suicide without a previous suicide attempt. Those who attempt suicide by hanging (hanging being in Slovenia the most frequent mode of completed suicide) are at even greater risk to commit suicide. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that clinicians should heighten their awareness that any suicide attempt can in some 20% predict suicide. Someone who has attempted suicide by hanging is at the highest risk of suicide.     

Suicide and attempted suicide in general practice, 1979-1986

Using data from the Continuous Morbidity Registration Sentinel Stations over the period 1979-1986, the authors tried to determine the incidence and the characteristics of patients in general practice who attempted or committed suicide. Almost half of the suicide attempts and suicides had contacted their general practitioner (GP) shortly before the suicidal act. A minority of these cases were recognized by the GP as having a high suicide risk. In almost 70% of the suicides and 58% of the suicide attempters the GPs reported the existence, currently or previously, of a depressive episode. About half of both the suicides and the suicide attempters had been treated or seen by mental health professionals or social workers. Given the fact that suicide and suicide attempt are relatively rare events in general practice, and given the fact that for the patients who contact their GP shortly before the suicidal act, it is not at all certain whether they present clearly recognizable signs of suicide risk at that time, the authors conclude that GPs cannot play an important role in the prevention of suicidal behaviour.     

Relationship of childhood trauma to age of first suicide attempt and number of attempts in substance dependent patients

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether childhood trauma effect the age of first attempting suicide and the number of attempts. METHOD: One thousand twelve hundred and eighty substance dependent patients were interviewed about whether or not they had ever attempted suicide, the age of first attempt and the number of attempts. Patients completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - 34 item version. RESULTS: Five hundred and thirty-eight patients (42%) had attempted suicide. Significantly more of the patients who had attempted suicide were female. Patients who had made three or more attempts had significantly higher childhood trauma scores than patients who had made two attempts, who had higher scores than patients who had made one attempt, who had higher scores than patients who had never attempted. Patients who first attempted suicide before the age of 20 years had significantly higher childhood trauma scores than patients who first attempted after 20 years of age. CONCLUSION: Childhood trauma may be a determinant of the age of onset of suicidal behavior and of the number of suicide attempts.     

Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and suicide

Prospective studies of the serotonergic system and suicide report that low 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and a history of attempted suicide predict suicide risk. Low CSF homovanillic acid (HVA) is reported to be associated with past and future lethality of suicide attempts but not with suicide. The interrelationships between monoamine metabolites, violent method, suicide intent and lethality of suicidal behaviour are complex. We hypothesized that CSF 5-HIAA and HVA levels are related to suicide intent, violence and lethality of suicidal behaviour. Fifteen male suicide attempters admitted to a psychiatric ward at the Karolinska University Hospital and eight healthy male volunteers were submitted to lumbar puncture and CSF 5-HIAA and HVA were assayed. Suicide intent with the Beck Suicide Intent Scale (SIS), lethality and violence of suicidal behaviour were assessed. All patients were followed up for causes of death. Six suicides and one fatal accident were identified with death certificates. Mean CSF 5-HIAA but not CSF HVA differed between suicides and survivors. Violent suicides had higher suicide intent and CSF 5-HIAA than non-violent suicides. In violent suicides, CSF 5-HIAA levels were negatively correlated with SIS. Greater suicide intent may be associated with greater aggressive intent and predicts a violent suicide method.     

Follow-up of attempted suicide in Christchurch

Ninety-eight subjects who had attempted suicide and 102 general practice controls previously interviewed were followed-up at 18-24 months. The former continued to show greater social and psychiatric disability than controls and more than one-third made repeat suicide attempts. Nevertheless, as a group, the attempted suicides showed significant improvement in mental state, and familial and interpersonal relationships, whereas controls reported little change in most measures. Persistence of suicidal ideation and repeat attempts were correlated with the diagnosis of psychosis and personality disorder and predictions about the likelihood of further suicidal activity were accurate. Although 92% of patients were referred for further treatment, 38% of these were judged to have dropped out prematurely. Completion of treatment and being in ongoing treatment were positively correlated with patients' self reports of improvement. The findings are compared to experience elsewhere and to a previous Christchurch follow-up study.     

In-patient suicide in psychiatric hospitals

OBJECTIVE: In-patient suicides continue to be a matter of concern in hospital psychiatry. In-patients at risk for suicide need to be identified. METHOD: In-patient suicides in two psychiatric hospitals were assessed over a time-span of 8 years. Cases were detected by comparing police suicide data with the hospitals' admission and discharge records. Further information was then gathered from patients' records. RESULTS: During the period under investigation 44 in-patients committed suicide, the majority of them being diagnosed with affective disorders (45.4%) or schizophrenia (27.3%). The most commonly used method was 'jumping in front of a vehicle' (34.1%); 79.5% were treated in an open ward at the time of their suicide, 15.9% in a locked unit. The majority of open ward suicides happened outside the hospital; 39.4% of patients had left the ward without giving notice. CONCLUSION: Additional cautionary measures are warranted especially for patients in open wards.     

A prospective study of the association of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels with lethality of suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder

Objectives:  Bipolar disorder is a severe illness that is associated with suicidal behavior. A biological predictor of highly lethal suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder would be valuable. We hypothesized that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine metabolite levels are related to lethality of suicide attempts in bipolar patients and examined the relation between CSF 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) levels and maximum lethality of suicide attempts at baseline and during a 2-year follow up.
Methods:  Twenty-seven bipolar depressed patients participated in the study. Demographic and clinical parameters were examined and recorded. Lumbar punctures were performed and CSF 5-HIAA, HVA, and MHPG were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Following discharge, patients were evaluated after 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Each follow-up interview included an in-depth assessment of suicidal behavior during the intervening time period.
Results:  Six subjects made suicide attempts during the 2-year follow-up. Bipolar patients who attempted suicide during the follow-up period had higher aggression and hostility scale scores compared to bipolar subjects who did not make a suicide attempt during the follow-up period. CSF 5-HIAA, HVA, and MHPG levels were negatively correlated with the maximum lethality of suicide attempts during the 2-year follow-up period.
Conclusions:  Our finding is the first observation that CSF monoamine metabolite levels may be predictors of lethality of suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder. Further studies are necessary to answer the question whether CSF monoamine metabolite levels are clinically useful biochemical predictors of highly lethal suicide attempts or completed suicides.