心泵或胸泵,心肺复苏时经食管超声心动图的观察

目的　对院内心脏骤停患者于心肺复苏期间行经食管超声心动图检查,以进一步探讨心肺复苏时的血液动力学机制.方法　对6例院内心脏骤停患者依照进一步心血管生命支持指南行心肺复苏术.于心肺复苏15 min内,在喉镜指引下,插入多平面食管超声探头,采用二维及脉冲波多普勒超声心动图技术,观察整个心肺复苏过程中二尖瓣、三尖瓣和主动脉瓣的运动状况,左室内径、胸主动脉内径的变化和二尖瓣、主动脉瓣的血流频谱.结果　所有的6例病人,胸按压时,二尖瓣和三尖瓣关闭,同时主动脉瓣开放,前向血流自心室进入体循环和肺循环；发生在胸按压时的主动脉瓣峰值前向血流速度为58.8±11.6?cm/s.而在按压放松时,主动脉瓣关闭伴房室瓣迅速开放,出现心室充盈,二尖瓣峰值前向血流速度为60.6±20.0?cm/s.有5例病人在按压期出现二尖瓣反流,提示存在着室至房的压力阶差.所有的6例病人于胸按压时出现左室内径减小和胸主动脉内径增加,表明直接的心室受压是前向血流产生的机制.结论　上述资料支持心泵理论是人类心肺复苏时产生前向血流的主导性机制.     

Pump models assessed by transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonar y resuscitation

目的　对院内心脏骤停患者于心肺复苏期间行经食管超声心动图检查 ,以进一步探讨心肺复苏时的血液动力学机制。方法　对 6例院内心脏骤停患者依照进一步心血管生命支持指南行心肺复苏术。于心肺复苏 15min内 ,在喉镜指引下 ,插入多平面食管超声探头 ,采用二维及脉冲波多普勒超声心动图技术 ,观察整个心肺复苏过程中二尖瓣、三尖瓣和主动脉瓣的运动状况 ,左室内径、胸主动脉内径的变化和二尖瓣、主动脉瓣的血流频谱。结果　所有的 6例病人 ,胸按压时 ,二尖瓣和三尖瓣关闭 ,同时主动脉瓣开放 ,前向血流自心室进入体循环和肺循环 ;发生在胸按压时的主动脉瓣峰值前向血流速度为 5 8 8± 11 6cm/s。而在按压放松时 ,主动脉瓣关闭伴房室瓣迅速开放 ,出现心室充盈 ,二尖瓣峰值前向血流速度为 6 0 6± 2 0 0cm/s。有 5例病人在按压期出现二尖瓣反流 ,提示存在着室至房的压力阶差。所有的 6例病人于胸按压时出现左室内径减小和胸主动脉内径增加 ,表明直接的心室受压是前向血流产生的机制。结论　上述资料支持心泵理论是人类心肺复苏时产生前向血流的主导性机制。     

Evaluate of transesophageal echocardiography during lung transplantation

<正>Objective To investigate the clinical value of transesophageal echocardiography during the lung transplantation. Methods From August 2005 to August 2009, 19 patients with advanced lung diseases received lung transplantation. The average age was (48. 35 ± 13. 04) years. The echocardiographic probe was placed in patient’ s esophagus before surgery. The left and right pulmonary     

血管加压素在心肺复苏中的应用

目的：探讨血管加压素联合肾上腺素在心肺复苏术（CPR）中的作用。方法：将67例呼吸心跳骤停患者随机分为肾上腺素组（对照组）32例和血管加压素联合肾上腺素组（治疗组）35例,观察自主心律恢复时间、1h有效率、24h有效复苏成功率。结果：对照组、治疗组自主心律恢复时间分别为（21.5±4.5）min、（9.5±3.5）min;1h有效率分别为41%和77%;24h有效复苏成功率分别为13%和43%。治疗组的自主心律恢复时间明显短于对照组,1h有效率、24h有效复苏成功率明显高于对照组。结论：对心脏骤停患者,在标准心肺复苏中,联合应用血管加压素和肾上腺素,可有效缩短自主心律恢复时间,提高1h有效率和24h有效复苏成功率。     

End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has been found to correlate with cardiac output during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in animal models. We monitored end-tidal CO2 values continuously during cardiac resuscitation in 23 humans while ventilation was held constant with a computer-controlled CPR Thumper. This report focuses on ten of the 23 patients who experienced return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) during monitoring. There was no significant difference in the end-tidal CO2 value of patients without ROSC (1.8% +/- 0.9%) and the end-tidal CO2 value of patients before ROSC in patients who had ROSC (1.7% +/- 0.6%). The end-tidal CO2 concentration increased immediately in all patients who had ROSC, from 1.7% +/- 0.6% to 4.6% +/- 1.4%, then gradually returned to a new baseline (3.1% +/- 0.9%). Change in the end-tidal CO2 value was often the first clinical indicator that ROSC had occurred. Our findings suggest that end-tidal CO2 monitoring may provide clinically useful information that can be used to guide therapy during CPR.     

Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Context  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines recommend target values for compressions, ventilations, and CPR-free intervals allowed for rhythm analysis and defibrillation. There is little information on adherence to these guidelines during advanced cardiac life support in the field. Objective  To measure the quality of out-of-hospital CPR performed by ambulance personnel, as measured by adherence to CPR guidelines. Design and Setting  Case series of 176 adult patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated by paramedics and nurse anesthetists in Stockholm, Sweden, London, England, and Akershus, Norway, between March 2002 and October 2003. The defibrillators recorded chest compressions via a sternal pad fitted with an accelerometer and ventilations by changes in thoracic impedance between the defibrillator pads, in addition to standard event and electrocardiographic recordings. Main Outcome Measure  Adherence to international guidelines for CPR. Results  Chest compressions were not given 48% (95% CI, 45%-51%) of the time without spontaneous circulation; this percentage was 38% (95% CI, 36%-41%) when subtracting the time necessary for electrocardiographic analysis and defibrillation. Combining these data with a mean compression rate of 121/min (95% CI, 118-124/min) when compressions were given resulted in a mean compression rate of 64/min (95% CI, 61-67/min). Mean compression depth was 34 mm (95% CI, 33-35 mm), 28% (95% CI, 24%-32%) of the compressions had a depth of 38 mm to 51 mm (guidelines recommendation), and the compression part of the duty cycle was 42% (95% CI, 41%-42%). A mean of 11 (95% CI, 11-12) ventilations were given per minute. Sixty-one patients (35%) had return of spontaneous circulation, and 5 of 6 patients discharged alive from the hospital had normal neurological outcomes. Conclusions  In this study of CPR during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, chest compressions were not delivered half of the time, and most compressions were too shallow. Electrocardiographic analysis and defibrillation accounted for only small parts of intervals without chest compressions.      

Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest

Context  The survival benefit of well-performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is well-documented, but little objective data exist regarding actual CPR quality during cardiac arrest. Recent studies have challenged the notion that CPR is uniformly performed according to established international guidelines. Objectives  To measure multiple parameters of in-hospital CPR quality and to determine compliance with published American Heart Association and international guidelines. Design and Setting  A prospective observational study of 67 patients who experienced in-hospital cardiac arrest at the University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Ill, between December 11, 2002, and April 5, 2004. Using a monitor/defibrillator with novel additional sensing capabilities, the parameters of CPR quality including chest compression rate, compression depth, ventilation rate, and the fraction of arrest time without chest compressions (no-flow fraction) were recorded. Main Outcome Measure  Adherence to American Heart Association and international CPR guidelines. Results  Analysis of the first 5 minutes of each resuscitation by 30-second segments revealed that chest compression rates were less than 90/min in 28.1% of segments. Compression depth was too shallow (defined as <38 mm) for 37.4% of compressions. Ventilation rates were high, with 60.9% of segments containing a rate of more than 20/min. Additionally, the mean (SD) no-flow fraction was 0.24 (0.18). A 10-second pause each minute of arrest would yield a no-flow fraction of 0.17. A total of 27 patients (40.3%) achieved return of spontaneous circulation and 7 (10.4%) were discharged from the hospital. Conclusions  In this study of in-hospital cardiac arrest, the quality of multiple parameters of CPR was inconsistent and often did not meet published guideline recommendations, even when performed by well-trained hospital staff. The importance of high-quality CPR suggests the need for rescuer feedback and monitoring of CPR quality during resuscitation efforts.      

Endotracheal administration of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

A hypoxia-induced canine cardiac model was used to study the effectiveness hemodynamic response, arterial blood gas and pulmonary pathologic changes after endotracheal (ET) epinephrine administration in comparison with those from intravenous (IV) administration. The results indicated that the survival rate was the same with the drug given by either route. The increase of hemodynamic indices was lower in the group after ET administration than that after IV administration. No significant influence was exerted on the drug effects whether the drug is diluted in normal saline or in distilled water and no serious detrimental effects occurred on the lung tissues following ET epinephrine administration.

     

垂体后叶素在心肺复苏中的应用研究

目的研究垂体后叶素在心肺复苏中的作用。方法68例心跳停搏患者随机分为两组，肾上腺素标准剂量组（对照组）31例，肾上腺素联合垂体后叶素（治疗组）37例，各组分别观察自主循环恢复率及恢复时间。结果对照组、治疗组自主循环恢复率分别为25．8％、37．8％，治疗组的自主循环恢复率明显高于对照组；同时，治疗组自主循环恢复时间较对照组明显缩短。结论心肺复苏期间，联合使用肾上腺素、垂体后叶素较单独应用标准剂量肾上腺素能显著提高自主循环恢复率，缩短自主循环恢复时间。     

心肺复苏中基础及进一步生命支持阶段优化实施的探讨

目的 初步探讨2005年国际心肺复苏指南方案中基础及进一步生命支持阶段优化实施的疗效.方法 选取2007年9月至2009年9月我院急诊科收治的心跳停搏患者386例,按随机数字表法分为2组.A组:196例,按2005年国际心肺复苏指南方案治疗;B组:190例,在2005年国际心肺复苏指南方案基础上优化实施治疗.具体方案为:(1)基础生命支持阶段的优化.判断神志→呼救→摆放体位→开放气道→人工循环→人工呼吸(人工循环∶人工呼吸为30∶2),由传统的ABC步骤调整为ACB.(2)进一步生命支持阶段的优化,①成立5人心肺复苏小组(2名医生,3名护士);②基于复苏指南中已肯定疗效的复苏药物,在目前应用的合理剂量及时间内建立复苏药物的统一应用流程,保证复苏药物应用的规范化;③在1 min内完成电除颤;④在3 min内完成气管插管;⑤"THUMPER"1007型心肺复苏仪适当延长心肺复苏时间至1 h,保证有效按压.分别观察两组自主循环恢复率、自主呼吸恢复率、自主循环恢复时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、24 h存活率和出院存活率.结果 A、B组自主循环恢复率分别为15.82%(31/196)和26.84%(51/190), A、B组自主呼吸恢复率分别为14.80%(29/196)和25.26%(48/190),B组自主循环恢复率为及自主呼吸恢复率明显高于A组(P<0.05);A、B组自主循环恢复时间分别为(12.38±3.96 )min和(7.52±2.87 )min,A、B组自主呼吸恢复时间分别为(152.70±10.80)min和(76.56±8.29)min,B组自主循环恢复时间及自主呼吸恢复时间明显短于A组(P<0.05);A、B组24 h存活率分别为15.82%(31/196)和26.84%(51/190),A、B组出院存活率分别为13.27%(26/196)和21.58%(41/190),B组24 h存活率及出院存活率显著高于A组(P<0.05).结论 2005年国际心肺复苏指南优化实施方案较2005年国际心肺复苏指南方案可以明显提高自主循环恢复率、自主呼吸恢复率和24 h存活率、出院存活率,缩短自主循环恢复时间及自主呼吸恢复时间.     

Ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: which method?

A questionnaire was circulated to assess the influence of the presence of vomitus, secretions and infection on the willingness of 70 hospital staff members to use methods of ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The responses showed that only 13% would use mouth-to-mouth and 59% mouth-to-mask ventilation in the presence of these features. Thirty-five of these subjects were then tested for their ability to ventilate a manikin adequately (tidal volume, 800 mL). The best performance was seen with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. After instruction, their performance was satisfactory with mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-mask resuscitation and with the Robertshaw resuscitator. Bag-valve-mask ventilation had a 97% failure rate before and after instruction and may be inappropriate for CPR. A resuscitation mask which allows effective ventilation without contamination and with oxygen supplementation is the most cost-effective and best accepted method of emergency ventilation.     

In-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A retrospective review of 399 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) efforts in 329 veterans was performed to evaluate the observation that few geriatric patients were discharged alive after they underwent CPR. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation efforts with witnessed arrests were more frequently successful than efforts with unwitnessed arrests (47.7% vs 29.9%) and resulted in live discharge more often than efforts with unwitnessed arrests. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation efforts that resulted in a live discharge were more brief and involved a lower mean number of medication doses. Of the 77 CPR efforts in patients 70 years of age or older who had arrests, 24 (31%) were successful, and in 22 (92%), patients were alive after 24 hours. None lived to discharge. There were 322 CPR efforts in the younger cohort; 137 (43%) were successful, in 124 (91%) of these 137 efforts, patients were alive after 24 hours, and in 22 (16%), patients were discharged alive. Older patients were significantly less likely to live to discharge both at the time of arrest and 24 hours after successful resuscitation. When a multivariate analysis was used, the presence of sepsis, cancer, increased age, increased number of medication doses administered, and absence of witness were all "predictive" of poor outcome. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be administered only to those who have the greatest potential benefit from this emotionally and physically traumatic procedure.     

序贯性气道开放在急诊心肺复苏中应用探讨

目的：为紧急心肺复苏（CPR）探索一条更快捷、更有效、更易推广普及的气道开放方法,以提高CPR的成功率及存活率。方法：选择心跳、呼吸骤停需紧急心肺复苏的患者110例,随机分为序贯性气道开放实施A组（面罩气囊口咽通气管-气管插管组）、B组（喉罩-气管插管组）和常规气管插管C组,比较三组在心肺脑复苏急救中的实施时效性、复苏成功率、并发症及存活率。结果：①实施组A组、B组一次性置管成功率高于C组（P〈0.05）,有显著性差异;A组、B组反复气管插管次数少于C组（P〈0.05）,有显著性差异;A组、B组插管所需时间、气道有效开放时间均短于C组（P〈0.01）,有显著性差异。②实施A组、B组的复苏成功率高于C组（P〈0.05）,有显著性差异;复苏期间A组、B组的瞳孔由大变小时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、SpO2上升时间均短于C组（P〈0.05、P〈0.01）,有显著性差异。③B组胃内容物误吸率高,与C组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,A组、B组咽部损伤率低于C组,有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。腹胀、肺部感染率三组之间无显著性差异;A组、B组存活率高,与C组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论：序贯性气道开放能及时、有效、可靠地早期开放气道,能更合理地协调与胸外按压的交互性,提高CPR复苏成功率和存活率,适合在CPR中普及推广;而面罩气囊口咽通气管和喉罩在序贯性气道开放术中能达到相同的效果。     

护士的心肺复苏术规范化培训对心肺复苏效果的影响

目的:探讨护士的心肺复苏术规范化培训对心肺复苏效果的影响。方法:统计心肺复苏术规范化培训前和培训后的心肺复苏情况,采用卡方检验回顾性分析相关数据。结果:心肺复苏规范化培训前和培训后的心肺复苏成功率分别为65.1%和84.4%,成功率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:规范化培训能提高ICU护士心肺复苏的成功率。     

Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest successfully reversed by hemodialysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: case report

Severe hyperkalemia is a potential life-threatening cardiac emergency especially in the patients who suffer from a defective renal capacity to excrete potassium such as the dialysis patient. Various conventional therapies including intravenous sodium bicarbonate, insulin with glucose and several beta-2 agonists are commonly employed as transient measures to enhance shift of potassium from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment. If the potassium load is massive and situation is critical, emergency hemodialysis may be useful. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the external cardiac compression can support adequate blood flow for hemodialysis. We report a case of a 68-year-old woman who developed sudden cardiac arrest secondary to hyperkalemia with renal insufficiency. Despite 100 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and conventional treatment for hyperkalemia, the cardiac arrest still persisted. Hemodialysis was then initiated during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the patient restored spontaneous heart beat 20 minutes later. There was no neurologic sequela after her recovery. Hemodialysis should be considered early in the course of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in severe hyperkalemia induced cardiac arrest if conventional therapies were judged to be ineffective.     

心肺复苏和心肺脑复苏成功病例的对比分析

目的探讨影响心肺脑复苏（CPCR）的相关因素。方法收集单纯心肺复苏（CPR）成功（对照组）和心肺脑复苏（CPCR）成功（观察组）患者的临床资料,分析其基础疾病、心脏骤停原因、心脏骤停持续时间和脑缺血缺氧时间对CPCR的影响。结果两组患者基础疾病的分布不同;与对照组相比,观察组心脏骤停持续时间、自主心跳恢复时间和脑缺血缺氧时间较短（P〈0.01）。结论基础疾病和心脏骤停持续时间与心肺脑复苏成功有关。     

Visualization of patent foramen ovale by biplanar transesophageal echocardiography

Summary It is difficult for conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), by which precise and accurate images of interatrial septum (IAS) can not be acquired, to diagnose patent foramen ovale (PFO) clearly. To evaluate the diagnostic value of biplanar transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for PFO, TTE and biplanar TEE were performed simultaneously in 270 patients. It was found that in 7 patients patent foramen ovale was detected only through longitudinal planes of biplanar TEE. IAS, which consists of primitive septum and membrane of fossa ovalis, can be directly visualized by two-dimensional images of TEE; in patients with PFO, a dull color flow, which shunts from the right atria to the left atria through the gap between primitive septum and fossa ovalis, can be detected by color Doppler flow images. Furthermore, some right-to-left shunting microbubbles through the valve of patent fossa ovalis can be discovered by cardiac acoustic contrast echocardiography. In conclusion, biplanar TEE combined with color Doppler image and cardiac acoustic contrast facilitates a definite diagnosis of patent foramen ovale as the excellent anatomic images of IAS can be obtained from multiple views under this kind of performance.