局灶性脑干胶质瘤的临床特点及显微手术治疗

目的探讨局灶性脑干胶质瘤的临床表现及显微手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2017年1月在功能MRI、术中神经电生理监测及神经导航辅助下显微手术治疗的25例局灶性脑干胶质瘤的临床资料。病灶位于桥脑的16例中,采用枕下乙状窦后入路13例,枕下后正中入路3例;病灶位于延髓的2例采用枕下后正中入路;病灶位于中脑的7例采用颞下入路。结果肿瘤近全切除19例,部分切除6例。术后16例神经功能障碍较术前好转,4例无明显变化,5例出现新的神经功能损害。术后病理检查结果均为星形细胞瘤,其中WHOⅠ~Ⅱ级15例,Ⅲ~Ⅳ级10例。出院时按GOS评分评估预后,预后良好(GOS评分4~5分)19例,差(2~3分)5例,死亡(1分)1例。20例术后随访3个月至1年,平均6个月;3例死亡,2例复发,余15例未见肿瘤有明显进展。结论在功能MRI、术中神经电生理监测及神经导航辅助下显微手术治疗局灶性脑干胶质瘤,有助于提高手术安全性、降低术后并发症,并能最大限度的切除脑干胶质瘤,改善病人神经功能障碍。     

颅内神经节细胞胶质瘤(附8例报告)

目的探讨颅内神经节细胞胶质瘤的临床特征及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析8例颅内神经节细胞胶质瘤的临床资料。结果平均发病年龄27岁,肿瘤位于大脑半球6例,脑干2例。临床表现主要为癫,影像学检查无特异性表现。显微手术全切5例,大部切除3例,放、化疗4例。随访3个月～5年,7例症状明显缓解,1例复发。结论神经节细胞胶质瘤呈相对良性过程,癫为其主要临床表现,治疗上应手术全切;对有术后残留或间变者可给予放、化疗,预后相对良好。     

小儿脑干胶质瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨显微手术在小儿脑干胶质瘤治疗中的作用以及手术的适应证。方法对18例显微手术治疗的脑干胶质瘤患儿的临床资料,术中影像资料和术后随访检查结果进行分析总结。结果肿瘤全切除12例,次全切除4例,部分切除2例,其中9例术后进行放疗。平均随访2.8年,总体效果良好。结论适应证明确的脑干胶质瘤患儿应积极显微手术治疗。在选择手术患儿时,除肿瘤系外生型、内生局限型或颈延髓型外,MRI上有局限性强化灶和神经功能缺失不明显也是重要的手术指征。     

神经节细胞胶质瘤(附28例分析)

目的 分析手术切除范围及放疗对预防神经节细胞胶质瘤术后复发的意义。方法 回顾性分析28例经手术治疗神经节细胞胶质瘤的手术切除范围及放疗后病人肿瘤复发情况，随访7个月～6年10个月。结果 18例肿瘤全切病人中，2例复发，均未经放疗；6例近全切除的病例中2例复发，其中4例术后加行了放疗；4例大部切除的病例中3例复发，其中2例术后加行放疗。死亡1例，失访1例。结论 手术治疗与神经节细胞胶质瘤术后是否复发关系最密切，全切能够明显减少肿瘤的复发．放疗不能有效地控制肿瘤复发，但对于分化较差的肿瘤可考虑加行放疗。     

显微手术切除脑干海绵状血管瘤

目的 探讨显微手术切除腩十海绵状血管瘤的时机、方法和预后.方法 回顾性分析显微手术切除及病理证实的10例脑干内海绵状血管瘤的临床资料.所有病例均行CT及MRI检查.海绵状血管瘤位丁中脑1例、桥脑7例、延髓2例.采用颞下入路切除中脑海绵状血管瘤1例;乙状窦后入路切除桥腑海绵状血管瘤3例;枕下中线经第四脑室入路切除延髓海绵状血管瘤2例、桥脑海绵状血管瘤4例.采用GOS分级对于术结果进行评估.结果 显微镜下将肿瘤全切,无手术死亡.10例患者均获得随访,随访时间3-48个月(平均18.5个月).术后3个月GOS分级:Ⅴ级5例,Ⅳ级5例;术后1年GOS分级:Ⅴ级8例,Ⅳ级2例.无再出血者.结论 显微外科手术是治疗脑干内海绵状血管瘤的有效方法,远期效果满意.     

视交叉-下丘脑胶质瘤的临床分型及手术治疗

目的　提高视交叉 下丘脑胶质瘤显微手术治疗水平。方法　回顾性分析 16例视交叉 下丘脑胶质瘤的影像学、手术资料及疗效。结果　本组全切除 6例 ,次全切除 4例 ,大部分切除 4例 ;根据肿瘤累及部位 ,视交叉 下丘脑胶质瘤可以分为 5型 :单纯视交叉型、视交叉 视神经型、视交叉 垂体柄型、视交叉 下丘脑型和弥散型 ,各型肿瘤在临床表现及手术学特点方面有所不同。 14例经过 2个月～ 5年的随访 ,除 1例再次手术后死亡其余均存活。结论　根据肿瘤累及部位 ,采用合适的手术技巧积极行显微手术切除 ,术后辅以放射治疗可以使大多数视交叉 下丘脑胶质瘤患者获得长期存活。     

延髓胶质瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨延髓胶质瘤的病理特点、显微手术技巧和围手术期处理。方法回顾性分析67例延髓胶质瘤的临床资料,枕下后正中入路48例,远外侧入路16例,枕下乙状窦后入路3例。结果肿瘤全切除10例,次全切除45例,部分切除12例。WHO分级Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级41例,Ⅲ级15例,Ⅳ级5例。术后并发症7.4%,术后2周内无死亡病例。随访时间10~84个月,平均33个月。根据寿命表法计算,术后1年、3年、5年生存率分别为77%、49%和39%。结论延髓胶质瘤多为低级别肿瘤,通过积极显微外科治疗可获得良好预后。     

脑干海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗(附10例报告)

目的分析脑干海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗方法和预后。方法显微手术切除脑干海绵状血管瘤10例,病灶位于桥脑8例,延髓2例。6例桥脑、延髓背侧的海绵状血管瘤,采用枕下正中经四脑室底入路切除; 4例桥脑外侧和腹外侧的海绵状血管瘤,采用枕下乙状窦后入路切除。结果病灶均镜下全切除,病理证实为海绵状血管瘤。4例患者术后症状明显改善,5例患者出现不同程度并发症,在1周至3个月内恢复,1例患者术后因肺内感染死亡。患者术后随访3-58个月,复查MRI均未发现病灶复发,无其他并发症出现。结论在正确选择适应证的前提下,脑干海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗效果良好。     

脑干桥延部肿瘤显微外科手术治疗及并发症的防治

目的 研究脑干桥延部肿瘤的临床特点,探讨其手术方法及术后并发症防治.方法 回顾性分析23例显微手术治疗的脑干桥延部肿瘤病例资料,包括临床表现、影像学检查、手术入路及并发症等.结果 23例中全切除15例,次全切除4例,大部切除4例.胶质瘤15例,海绵状血管瘤3例,血管母细胞瘤4例,恶性淋巴瘤1例.围手术期无死亡病例,症状加重6例,新增神经系统症状4例,颅内感染1例,神经源性肺水肿及延髓麻痹1例.结论 脑干桥延部肿瘤术后并发症多且严重,恰当的手术入路、精细的显微手术操作及预防和处理术后并发症有助于提高治疗效果.     

多种电生理监测技术结合显微手术切除颈髓髓内肿瘤

目的探讨多种电生理监测技术联合辅助显微手术切除颈髓髓内肿瘤的应用价值。方法回顾性分析单中心20例颈髓髓内肿瘤病人的临床资料,应用电生理监测技术辅助显微手术切除肿瘤。肿瘤位于颈髓20例,其中累及延髓5例,累及胸髓5例。结果显微镜下肿瘤全切除17例,次全切除3例。采用脊髓地形图描记脊髓协助判断脊髓后正中沟8例。术中13例躯体感觉诱发电位(SEP)预警1～3次,16例运动诱发电位(MEP)报警1～3次,8例肌电图(EMG)报警1～4次。McCormick评估结果显示:与术前比较,术后3个月脊髓功能好转明显(P 0.05),但是术后3个月和6个月间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。随访20例,时间6～30个月,肿瘤复发3例,术后12～16个月死亡。术后1例出现颈椎后凸畸形,随访观察。结论电生理监测技术辅助显微手术是颈髓髓内肿瘤有效的治疗方法,术后3个月内是脊髓功能恢复的黄金时期。     

Surgical treatment of brain stem lesions with reference to cavernous angioma]

The surgical indications for localized brain stem lesions were evaluated retrospectively through the clinical results of 14 patients: 5 cavernous angiomas and 9 gliomas. Cavernous angiomas were located in fourth ventricle floor (2 cases), in dorsal midbrain (1 case), in right cerebellar peduncle (1 case), and in medulla oblongata (1 case). Those cases had direct surgery because of relapse of clinical symptoms and enlargement of the lesions on follow-up MR imagings. Each lesion was extirpated totally. Consequently, the majority of neurological deficits before operation improved. Therefore, radical extirpation in brain stem cavernous angioma was strongly recommended. Also, total, subtotal resection was performed for gliomas localized in brain stem: 2 low grade astrocytomas, 3 malignant astrocytomas, 3 plexus papillomas, and 1 ependymoma. Most of cases improved without new neurological deficits after surgery. In addition, MR imaging was considered to be essential to accurate diagnosis and surgical strategies for brain stem lesions.     

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in acute brain stem infarction]

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) provides one of the earliest demonstrations of ischemic lesions. However, some lesions may be missed in the acute stage due to technical limitation of DWI. We therefore conducted the study to clarify the sensitivity of DWI to acute brain stem infarctions. Twenty-eight patients with the final diagnosis of brain stem infarction(midbrain 2, pons 9, medulla oblongata 17) who had been examined by DWI within 24 hours of onset were retrospectively analyzed for how sensitively the initial DWI demonstrated the final ischemic lesion. Only obvious(distinguishable with DWI alone without referring clinical symptoms and other informations) hyperintensity on DWI was regarded to show an ischemic lesion. Sixteen(57.1%) out of 28 patients had brain stem infarctions demonstrated by initial DWI. In the remaining 12 cases, no obvious ischemic lesion was evident on initial DWI. Subsequent MRI studies obtained 127 hours, on average after the onset showed infarction in the medulla oblongata in 11 cases and in the pons in one case. Negative findings of DWI in the acute stage does not exclude possibility of the brain stem infarction, in particulary medulla oblongata infarction.     

13例延髓海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨延髓海绵状血管瘤显微手术指征、手术方式及预后。方法对13例行显微手术治疗的延髓海绵状血管瘤患者的临床资料及手术效果进行分析总结。结果 13例均获得全切。术后早期神经功能障碍改善11例,同术前1例,加重1例。结论对有手术指征的延髓海绵状血管瘤,应积极行显微手术治疗。     

Primary medulla oblongata germinoma – an unusual posterior fossa tumors in young adults

We encountered 2 patients with germinoma arising from the medulla oblongata in whom preoperative radiological diagnosis was difficult. A 30-year-old woman presented due to aspiration pneumonia caused by bilateral lower cranial nerve palsies, and a 24-year-old man presented with headache caused by obstructive hydrocephalus. In both patients, there was a midline tumor that extended from the lower part of the fourth ventricle to the C1 lamina level. It was well-demarcated and homogeneously enhanced tumor with a slightly high density on plain CT scan. The preoperative diagnosis for both patients was ependymoma. The former patient had persistent lower cranial nerve palsies due to brain stem injury after tumor resection. Both patients achieved complete remission with adjuvant therapy. Fewer than 10 cases of germinoma affecting the medulla oblongata have been reported. Radiological findings resembling those of the pineal region germinoma were observed in the two patients reported here. We would like to stress the importance of remembering germinoma when making a preoperative differential diagnosis of fourth ventricular tumors in young adults.     

Shy－Drager综合征的临床与MR测量

本文报道了原发性直立性低血压（ＳｈｙＤｒａｇｅｒ’ｓｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ，ＳＤＳ）病人脑干、小脑各径线的ＭＲ测量值。结果表明除中脑横径与对照组无差异外（Ｐ＞０．０５）．桥脑、延髓、小脑各径线比对照组缩短（Ｐ＜０．０５）；脑桥横径与中脑、延髓横径之比值与对照组无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；而脑干各径线与第四脑室前后径之比值比对照组小（Ｐ＜０，００ｌ）。     

脑干胶质瘤磁共振波谱分析

目的探讨磁共振波谱(Magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)在脑干胶质瘤诊断中的意义。方法回顾性分析10例脑干胶质瘤的临床资料,肿瘤位于中脑1例,中脑脑桥1例,脑桥7例,延髓1例。均行MRS检查,对肿瘤区、肿瘤边缘区和正常对照区进行对照研究。结果MRS均显示肿瘤区N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(N-acetylaspartate,NAA)峰值下降,胆碱(Choline,Cho)峰上升。与肿瘤边缘区和正常对照区比较,肿瘤区NAA/Cr明显减低,Cho/Cr和Cho/NAA明显升高。星形细胞瘤4例,间变性星形细胞瘤1例,胶质母细胞瘤2例;另3例根据临床特点和影像学表现诊断为脑干胶质瘤。结论MRS可检测到脑干胶质瘤的代谢改变,具有无创、敏感、诊断准确的特点。     

Respiratory function after lesions in medulla oblongata

Abstract

Objectives: To evaluate the correlation of lesions of the brain as visualized in cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the ability of spontaneous respiration.

Methods: In a prospective concept, cranial MRI after traumatic brain injury or spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage was performed in 250 subjects at an early stage. All MRI findings were correlated with respiratory conditions on the day of examination. Sedation was performed only to facilitate toleration of the artificial ventilation, as and when necessary. Spontaneous respiration could hence be registered clinically.

Results: Thirteen subjects (5.2%) had no spontaneous respiration. In these cases, a bilateral lesion of the distal medulla oblongata could be displayed. In four of these cases, no additional injuries of the brainstem were detected. These subjects awoke 2 days after the impact with tetraparesis and apnea. Combined lesions of the medulla oblongata and other brainstem regions were found in nine subjects. All these patients died without awakening. In the absence of a bilateral lesion of the caudal medulla oblongata, spontaneous respiration was always possible. A unilateral lesion of the caudal medulla oblongata was visualized in one patient who had the ability of spontaneous respiration.

Conclusions: This work confirms the presence of autonomous respiratory centers within the caudal medulla oblongata that allows sufficient adequate respiration in coma. Respiration ceases in the presence of a bilateral lesion of this area.     

延髓血管网状细胞瘤的显微手术治疗

目的总结延髓血管网状细胞瘤的手术经验。方法回顾性分析48例延髓血管网状细胞瘤的临床资料。肿瘤为囊实型16例,实质型32例。肿瘤单发38例,多发10例。术中采用超声辅助寻找小的瘤结节,在脑干与肿瘤之间的胶质增生带整体切除瘤结节及囊变。结果肿瘤全切除45例,有小的结节遗留3例。随访41例,时间3～74个月,术后症状消失19例,好转18例,加重或出现新的症状4例;复发4例,死亡5例。结论延髓血管网状细胞瘤的显微手术效果良好,关键是在不损伤脑干的前提下,整体切除肿瘤及术后呼吸道的管理。     

Surgical technique in operations for brainstem gliomas

The article presents an MRI-based classification of brainstem gliomas into focal, cervicomedullary, dorsal exophytic and diffuse ones. This classification provides the basis for specifying indications for surgical treatment and outcome. The article also presents the most frequent approaches to the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. These approaches include the pterional, orbito-zygomatic, subtemporal transtentorial and supracerebellar approaches to the midbrain. Suboccipital, trans fourth ventricle, subtonsillar, retrosigmoid and anterior petrosal approaches were used in the case of the pons. Suboccipital, trans fourth ventricle and transcondylar approaches were applied for the removal of tumors of medulla oblongata. This paper elaborates on rare approaches: transcondylar, paramedian-supracerebellar, subtonsillar and anterior petrosal ones effectively applied in our clinic. The resection of brain stem tumors is performed by piecemeal resection and not by removal en bloc. We stress the significance of safe entry zones to the brain stem and places at the fossa rhomboidea whose impairment may cause severe disability. Lesion of trigonum nervi hypoglossi, trigonum nervi vagi, colliculus facialis and fasciculus longitudinalis medialis leads to severe disability or death of the patient.     

延髓海绵状血管畸形出血致呼吸障碍的手术治疗

目的 探讨延髓海绵状血管畸形出血导致严重自主呼吸障碍患者的手术适应证及显微外科治疗.方法 回顾性分析4例延髓海绵状血管畸形出血导致严重自主呼吸障碍的临床资料,术前KPS评分平均17.5分,均行枕下后正中人路病灶切除.结果 4例延髓海绵状血管畸形均手术全切,自主呼吸均改善,肢体麻木和行走困难无显著改善,术后KPS评分平均60分,生活质量改善2例,稳定2例.平均随访15.0个月,无症状加重,随访KPS评分平均70分.结论 手术治疗延髓海绵状血管畸形出血伴自主呼吸障碍可取得良好预后.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the surgical management of cavernous malformation (CM) in medulla oblongata with dyspnea after hemorrhage.Methods The clinical data of four patients with CM in medulla oblongata with dyspnea after hemorrhage were analyzed retrospectively.The mean preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) was 17.5.All of the patients underwent operation through posterior midline suboccipital approach.Results Complete resection was achieved in four patients.The main clinical symptoms of dyspnea, facial paralysis and pain were totally improved.But there was no change of motor deficits or sensory disturbance.The mean postoperative KPS was 60.Two patients were improved and others were stabilized.The mean follow - up duration was 15.0 months without recurrent hemorrhage.The recent mean KPS was 70.Conclusions Patients with CM in medulla oblongata suffering from dyspnea could obtain favorable prognosis through surgical treatment.