Association between the physical activity and metabolic syndrome in residents of a foot-hill area in India

Background and aimsPhysical inactivity, has been linked to development of metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Aim of the study was to assess the level of physical activity and it's association with prevalence of metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress in a semiurban foothill population of India.MethodsParticipants (n = 288), >18 years of age were enrolled. Their demographics and clinical details were recorded. Fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity were measured. Physical activity was estimated using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and converted into metabolic equivalent in minutes per week.Results37.5% of study population was found to be physically active, with more males (43.3%) being active than females (23.3%). Inactivity was associated with higher triglycerides levels in males and with higher hip circumference, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose in females. No significant difference was found in the oxidative stress, indicated by decreased glutathione peroxidase activity, between active and inactive persons or persons with normal and increased body mass index.ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of physical inactivity in this region of India, with prevalence of physical inactivity higher is females as compared to males. No significant co-relation was found between the levels of activity and components of metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress in the study population.     

Association of the metabolic syndrome with physical activity performance in patients with schizophrenia

Aim

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) limits physical activity (PA) in patients with schizophrenia. A secondary aim was to investigate cross-sectional associations of leisure-time PA, sports participation and PA performance with MetS parameters.

Methods

Patients with schizophrenia who had MetS (n = 37) were compared with those without MetS (n = 69). Patients were assessed for PA performance using a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and PA participation using the Baecke PA questionnaire, as well as for antipsychotic medication dose (expressed in chlorpromazine equivalents), negative symptoms and smoking behaviour.

Results

The two patient groups were similar in age, gender, mean antipsychotic medication dose, negative symptomatology and smoking behaviour. Distance achieved on the 6MWT was 13.7% shorter (P < 0.001) in patients with versus patients without MetS (527.6 ± 108.9 m vs 610.0 ± 93.7 m, respectively). Patients with MetS were also significantly less involved in sports activities (P = 0.001) and less physically active during leisure time (P = 0.002). Also, the distance of the 6MWT was moderately correlated with body mass index (r = −0.44, P < 0.001), waist circumference (r = −0.43, P < 0.001), sports participation (r = 0.60, P < 0.001) and leisure-time PA (r = 0.42, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

MetS is associated with poorer PA performance in patients with schizophrenia. The additional burden of MetS places patients with schizophrenia at even greater risk for physical and functional limitations in daily life.     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the association with socio-demographic characteristics and physical activity in urban population of Iranian adults: A population-based study

BackgroundThe metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the main concern of health problem in transition population. The objective was to determine the prevalence of MetS and its association with socio-demographic and physical activity in Iranian adults.MethodsA population-based cross-sectional study of 1000 representative samples aged 20–70 years was conducted in urban area in northern Iran. The socio-demographic data were collected by interview and the physical activity was assessed by standard International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Weight, height, waist circumference and the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured by standard methods. Fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level and low density lipoprotein cholesterol level were measured using enzymatic method. The ATP III criteria were used for diagnosis of MetS.ResultsThe prevalence rate of MetS was 42.3% (36.5% men and 47.1% women, p = 0.001). The higher education at university level was appeared inversely associated with MetS (age adjusted OR = 0.34, p = 0.001) compared with illiterate. The prevalence rates of MetS were 49.0%, 42.5% and 22.6% in low, moderate and vigorous physical activity level respectively (p = 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the vigorous physical activity was inversely associated with MetS compared with low level (adjusted OR = 0.46, p = 0.001).ConclusionThese results highlight an immediate action of preventive measures programs for modification of cardio metabolic risk factors.     

Associations of TV viewing and physical activity with the metabolic syndrome in Australian adults

Aims/hypothesis We analysed a sample of Australian adults to determine the strength of associations of TV viewing and participation in physical activity with the metabolic syndrome.Methods This population-based cross-sectional study included 6,241 adults aged 35 years who were free from diagnosed diabetes mellitus and self-reported ischaemic disease and were not taking lipid-lowering or antihypertensive drugs. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 1999 World Health Organization criteria. Participants self-reported TV viewing time and physical activity time for the previous week.Results The adjusted odds ratio of having the metabolic syndrome was 2.07 (95% CI 1.49–2.88) in women and 1.48 (95% CI 0.95–2.31) in men who watched TV for >14 h per week compared with those who watched 7.0 h per week. Compared with those who were less active (<2.5 h per week), the odds ratio for the metabolic syndrome was 0.72 (95% CI 0.58–0.90) in men and 0.53 (95% CI 0.38–0.74) in women who were active (2.5 h per week). Longer TV viewing (>14 h per week) was associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance, obesity and dyslipidaemia in both men and women. A total physical activity time of 2.5 h per week was associated with a reduced prevalence of both insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in both sexes and reduced prevalence of both obesity and hypertension in women.Conclusions/interpretation Increased TV viewing time was associated with an increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, while physical activity was associated with a reduced prevalence. Population strategies addressing the metabolic syndrome should focus on reducing sedentary behaviours such as TV viewing, as well as increasing physical activity.     

Association between behavioural risk factors and metabolic syndrome among adult population in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

AimsThe impact of behavioural risk factors on the metabolic syndrome has not been well understood by the researchers. This information is important to the policymakers for developing effective strategies and implement relevant policies or programs. Hence, we undertook this meta-analysis to estimate the effect of behavioural risk factors on the burden of metabolic syndrome.Data synthesisWe conducted a search in the databases, such as PubMed Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane library, and search engines, such as ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, from inception until March 2021. We used the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) to assess the quality of published studies. We carried out a meta-analysis with random-effects model and reported pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).In total, we analysed 30 studies with 41,090 participants. The majority of the studies had good to satisfactory quality as per NOS. Physical activity had a statistically significant association with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (pooled OR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.28 to 1.93, I² = 91%). However, smoking (pooled OR = 0.96; 95%CI: 0.75 to 1.23, I² = 90.5%) and alcohol (pooled OR = 1.00; 95%CI: 0.75 to 1.33, I² = 90.8%) did not reveal a statistically significant association with the burden of metabolic syndrome.ConclusionPhysical inactivity was found to be a significant risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Given the evidence, it is important that the clinicians and policymakers are alike to recommend regular physical activity among the patients and general population.     

Effects of vitamin D supplementation along with endurance physical activity on lipid profile in metabolic syndrome patients: A randomized controlled trial

Background and objectivesThis study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation along with endurance physical activity on lipid profile among metabolic syndrome patients.Materials and methodsIn a parallel randomized placebo controlled trial, 70 metabolic syndrome patients, were randomly assigned into three groups. Biochemical tests were assessed as baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.ResultsThe mean vitamin D levels was increased significantly in both vitamin D and vitamin D plus physical activity groups (P value < 0.05). No significant change was observed in the placebo group. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-C in vitamin D plus physical activity group (P value < 0.05). No significant differences in changes of triglycerides and HDL-C among the three groups (P value > 0.05). While, in vitamin D group a decreased in total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and increase in triglycerides were observed, but did not reach a statistically significant.ConclusionDaily supplementation of vitamin D for 12 weeks, along with moderate endurance physical activity, significantly increase vitamin D concentration and induce a significant reduction in lipid profile in metabolic syndrome patients.     

Peripheral neuropathy in prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome

Peripheral neuropathy is a major cause of disability worldwide. Diabetes is the most common cause of neuropathy, accounting for 50% of cases. Over half of people with diabetes develop neuropathy, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a major cause of reduced quality of life due to pain, sensory loss, gait instability, fall‐related injury, and foot ulceration and amputation. Most patients with non‐diabetic neuropathy have cryptogenic sensory peripheral neuropathy (CSPN). A growing body of literature links prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome to the risk of both DPN and CSPN. This association might be particularly strong in type 2 diabetes patients. There are no effective medical treatments for CSPN or DPN, and aggressive glycemic control is an effective approach to neuropathy risk reduction only in type 1 diabetes. Several studies suggest lifestyle‐based treatments that integrate dietary counseling with exercise might be a promising therapeutic approach to early DPN in type 2 diabetes and CSPN associated with prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome.     

辽宁省阜新农村地区高血压人群代谢综合征患病率调查

采用分层整群抽样方法对阜新农村6412名高血压成年人进行现场调查及实验室检查。按国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）及美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组第三次指南（NCEP-ATPⅢ）标准，代谢综合征（MS）患病率分别为36．2％及25．9％，女性高于男性。MS患病率随年龄增加而降低，随血压级别升高而增加。     

Increasing overall physical activity and aerobic fitness is associated with improvements in metabolic risk: cohort analysis of the ProActive trial

Aims/hypothesis Our aim was to examine the association between change in physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), total body movement (counts per day) and aerobic fitness (maximum oxygen consumption []) over 1 year and metabolic risk among individuals with a family history of diabetes. Methods Three hundred and sixty-five offspring of people with type 2 diabetes underwent measurement of energy expenditure (PAEE measured using the flex heart rate method), total body movement (daily activity counts from accelerometry data), predicted from a submaximal graded treadmill exercise test and anthropometric and metabolic status at baseline and 1 year (n = 321) in the ProActive trial. Clustered metabolic risk was calculated by summing standardised values for waist circumference, fasting triacylglycerol, insulin and glucose, blood pressure and the inverse of HDL-cholesterol. Linear regression was used to quantify the association between changes in PAEE, total body movement and fitness and clustered metabolic risk at follow-up. Results Participants increased their activity by 0.01 units PAEE kJ kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ over 1 year. Total body movement increased by an average of 9,848 counts per day. Change in total body movement (β = −0.066, p = 0.004) and fitness (β = −0.056, p = 0.003) was associated with clustered metabolic risk at follow-up, independently of age, sex, smoking status, socioeconomic status and baseline metabolic score. Conclusions/interpretation Small increases in activity and fitness were associated with a reduction in clustered metabolic risk in this cohort of carefully characterised at-risk individuals. Further research to quantify the reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes associated with feasible changes in these variables should inform preventive interventions. Clinical trial registration number: ISRCTN61323766. The other members of the ProActive research team, besides the authors, are listed in Acknowledgements.     

国际糖尿病联盟新标准下北京地区成人代谢综合征的特点调查

目的比较两种不同诊断标准下北京地区成人代谢综合征(MS)的患病率和特点。方法用分层随机抽样方法对北京市长期居住成人1416名进行心血管危险因素横断面调查。MS分别按照国际糖尿病联盟(MS-1)和美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组第三次报告的定义(NCEPATP-Ⅲ,MS-2)进行诊断。结果(1)1416例研究人群中MS-1患病率为25.9%,高于MS-2的患病率(29.4%),P<0.05;(2)两种MS的性别、年龄分布比较无明显差异,MS-1中肥胖的患病例明显高于MS-2(P<0.05),其余各组分的患病率和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)水平无明显差异(P>0.05);(3)分别分析空腹血糖、腰围、收缩压、舒张压、血甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白对MS-1和MS-2诊断的贡献,分别以腰围、空腹血糖最大。结论新定义的MS患病率比ATP-Ⅲ定义的略减少。     

Association between hematological parameters and metabolic syndrome components in a Chinese population

Insulin resistance, an essential core contributing to the metabolic syndrome (MS), has been demonstrated in some studies to be associated with white blood cell (WBC) or red blood cell (RBC) counts. The present study was undertaken to assess systemically the relationship between WBC or RBC counts and various clinical features of MS in a large Chinese population at Taiwan. A total of 4938 subjects (2891 men and 2047 women with a mean age of 50.1±12.6 years), who had attended health examination at this hospital were enrolled. The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) definition of MS components was adopted in this study with the exception of the definition of obesity. This was defined as body mass index (BMI) greater than 27 kg/m². Overall, 14% had high serum total triglyceride (TG), 8% had low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and 18% were obese. WBC counts showed a statistically significant (P<.001) correlation with TG (r=.265), HDL(r=−.187), fasting glucose (r=.084), and BMI (r=.172) but not with blood pressure levels. In addition, RBC counts correlated significantly (P<.001) with TG (r=.250), HDL(r=−.269), fasting glucose (r=.098), and BMI (r=.228). WBC and RBC counts in subjects grouped according to the presence of 0, 1, 2, and ≥ 3 features of MS were 6268±1633, 6555±1782, 6995±1880, and 7185±1696 cells/mm³, and 4.63±0.56×10⁶, 4.73±0.54×10⁶, 4.84±0.60×10⁶, and 4.91±0.55×10⁶ cells/mm³, respectively (P for trend <.001). Subjects in the highest quartile of WBC or RBC counts demonstrated a three- or twofold increase, respectively, in the odds ratio for MS with 3 or more metabolic features compared to subjects in the lowest quartile of WBC or RBC counts. Increased WBC and RBC counts, albeit normal, were associated with a variety of MS features in a Taiwan Chinese population, suggesting that hematological parameters could potentially be used as indicators of this syndrome.     

Correlates of metabolic syndrome in patients with depression: A study from north-western India

Background and AimsMetabolic syndrome (MS) is found to be prevalent in patients with mental illness including depression. Data is sparse on the role of lifestyle factors on MS in depression.MethodsThis study was aimed to assess correlates of MS in patients with depression. Methodology: Three hundred eighty-two patients with depressive disorders were assessed for the prevalence of MS by using modified National Cholesterol Education Program- Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria (NCEP ATP-III). Their illness severity, functionality, physical activity and nutritional habits were also assessed.ConclusionsMajority of patients with depression (82.2%) were drug naive. One-fourth of the patients had metabolic syndrome (27.7%). Additionally, other 59% of patients had one or two metabolic abnormalities and one-third of patients were obese. Lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol level was the most common abnormality (65%), while abnormal blood pressure was the least common abnormality (18%). Significant correlates of MS were greater age, and age at onset of depression, greater illness duration, lesser physical activity and lower nutritional score.ConclusionNearly one-fourth of patients with depression had MS; another three-fifth of patients had one or two metabolic abnormalities. MS was more commonly seen with sedentary lifestyle and poor nutritional habits. It calls for comprehensive assessment and timely management of cardiovascular risk factors as well as lifestyle factors in depression.     

The effectiveness of pistachio on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes,prediabetes and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and aimsPistachio nuts have been considered to improve dysglycemia. However, there are controversial results. This systematic review and meta-analysis carried out to evaluate the effects of pistachio nuts on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), prediabetes, and metabolic syndrome.MethodsMedline/PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Cochrane library, and ScienceDirect were systematically searched to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist was used to conduct the study.ResultsSix RCTs were included in the review. Treatment with pistachio nuts exerted a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) level (OR = 1.7, 95% CI; 1.2–2.4, P = 0.002, I² = 0.0%, P = 0.731) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (OR = 1.5, 95% CI; 1.0–2.4, P = 0.043, I² = 0.0%, P = 0.617), but no significant improvement was observed in regard to hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level (OR = 1.4, 95% CI; 0.9–2.1 P = 0.089, I² = 0.0%, P = 0.957) and fasting plasma insulin (FPI) level (OR = 1.3, 95% CI; 0.9–1.9, P = 0.133, I² = 0.0%, P = 0.776).ConclusionsPistachio nuts might cause a significant reduction in FBG and HOMA-IR, although HbA1c and FPI might not significantly improve in patients suffering from or at risk of T2DM.     

Relationships of physical activity with metabolic syndrome features and low-grade inflammation in adolescents

Aims/hypothesis Physical activity has beneficial effects on symptoms of the metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation in adults. These associations have rarely been studied in adolescents. Moreover, it has not been established whether they depend on adiposity, fat localisation and adipokines.Subjects, materials and methods We used cross-sectional data of 640 12-year-old adolescents participating in the Intervention Centred on Adolescents’ Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Study (ICAPS). Weight, height, body fat mass and WHR were measured. Metabolic syndrome components, two inflammatory markers (IL-6 and C-reactive protein), plasma leptin, adiponectin and soluble TNF-α receptor 1 (sTNF-α R1) were determined. Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and energy expenditure due to organised leisure-time physical activity (PAE) assessed by questionnaire.Results The metabolic syndrome was present in 5.8% of the adolescents. After adjustment for sex, sexual maturity and socio-economic status, a beneficial relationship between PAE and all metabolic syndrome features was found, but only the associations with HOMA and IL-6 were independent of body fat mass and WHR. Adjusted means from the lowest to the highest tertile of PAE were 1.99, 1.80 and 1.78 for HOMA (p=0.04), and 0.88, 0.69 and 0.70 pg/ml for IL-6 (p=0.02). PAE was inversely associated with leptin, independently of body fat mass and WHR (p<10⁻²), but not with adiponectin or sTNF-α R1. Further adjustment for adipokines did not change the relationships of PAE with HOMA and IL-6.Conclusions/interpretation In adolescents, physical activity is inversely related to HOMA and IL-6, independently of adiposity and fat localisation. These relationships are not accounted for by adipokines.     

Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation could improve metabolic syndrome in prediabetic adults: A randomized controlled trial

AimsModulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome is suggested to contribute to the progression of metabolic syndrome associated diseases. This study was designed to assess the effects of probiotics and synbiotics on metabolic syndrome in individuals with prediabetes.Methods120 adults with prediabetes were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized parallel-group clinical trial. Participants were randomized to a multi-species probiotic or inulin-based synbiotic or placebo. Blood samples and anthropometric measures were collected at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks after treatment. The primary outcome measures were the changes between groups in metabolic syndrome and its components' prevalence.ResultsA significant trend for a reduction in the prevalence of hyperglycemia in probiotic and synbiotic groups (p = 0.01 and 0.005 respectively), and hypertension in probiotic group (p = 0.04) was found. The decreases in metabolic syndrome prevalence were significant after taking probiotic and synbiotic supplementation as compared with placebo (p = 0.02). Also, the prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol level was decreased during the study in the probiotic group compared with placebo (p = 0.02).ConclusionsThe potential benefits of using probiotic and synbiotic for metabolic syndrome management in prediabetes have been supported by the results in the current study which might provide an important strategy to combat metabolic syndrome-associated diseases.     

老年男性血清睾酮与代谢综合征的关系

目的 探讨老年男性中血清睾酮与代谢综合征的关系。方法 研究对象为48例老年男性,测定身高、体重、体质指数、腰围、血糖、血胰岛素、血脂,用放射免疫法测定血清睾酮浓度,并用稳态公式（HOMA）计算胰岛素抵抗（HOMA-IR）,采用2001年美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗小组（NCEP-ATPⅢ）提出的诊断标准进行分组,分析血清睾酮与代谢综合征的关系。结果 在老年男性中,有代谢综合征者睾酮浓度水平低于无代谢综合征者（P〈0.05）,通过调整年龄、吸烟、饮酒、体力活动后,睾酮浓度与代谢综合征发生显著负相关（P〈0.01）。结论 老年男性血清睾酮浓度与代谢综合征的发生密切相关,低睾酮水平是代谢综合征发生的重要参考标志之一。     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with metabolic syndrome rather than insulin resistance

The aim of this study was to investigate cross-sectionally the prevalence and covariates of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and its relationship to metabolic syndrome (MS), insulin resistance (IR), and coronary heart disease (CHD) in a population sample of 1,946 men and women representative of Turkish adults. OSAS was identified when habitual snoring and episodes of apnea were combined with another relevant symptom. MS was diagnosed based on modified criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III and IR by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). OSAS was identified in 61 men (6.4%) and 58 women (5.8%), at a similar prevalence, after adjusting for covariates. Among individuals with OSAS, significantly higher odds ratios (ORs), adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), and waist girth, were observed for MS, hypertension, and prevalent CHD, but not for HOMA or menopause. Significantly higher C-reactive protein existed only in women with OSAS who were also more frequent smokers. In logistic regression models, waist circumference, but not BMI nor hypertension, was significantly associated with OSAS among men. In women, by contrast, current cigarette smoking and hypertension were the significant independent covariates. Regression models controlling for sex, age, and smoking revealed that MS (and not IR per se) was associated significantly with OSAS (OR 1.94) in nondiabetic individuals. To conclude, abdominal rather than overall obesity in men and smoking among women are significant independent determinants of OSAS in Turkish adults. OSAS is associated with MS rather than IR per se. Relatively high prevalence of OSAS is observed in Turkish women in whom it is significantly associated with CHD.