Incidence and risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis in pancreas divisum patients without chronic pancreatitis

Abstract

Aims: The studies on post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) in pancreas divisum (PD) patients without chronic pancreatitis (CP) are rare. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the incidence of PEP in PD patients without CP and the risk and protective factors for PEP.

Methods: Consecutive patients with symptomatic PD that underwent ERCP from January 2005 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into PD without CP group and CP group. The basic information and medical records of patients were collected. The risk and protective factors for PEP in PD patients without CP were analyzed by univariate logistic analysis.

Results: A total of 89 ERCP procedures were performed in 51 PD patients without CP, and 249 procedures in 136 patients with CP. The incidence of PEP was significantly higher in PD patients without CP than those with CP (15.7% vs. 5.6%, p?=?.005). Female gender were independent risk factors for PEP, while dorsal duct stent placement was a protective factor.

Conclusion: CP may be a protective factor against PEP in PD patients. Female was a risk factor for PEP in PD patients and dorsal duct stent placement was a preventive factor that reduced the incidence of PEP in PD patients without CP.     

口服硫酸镁对ERCP术后胰腺炎发生和血淀粉酶水平的影响

目的:探讨口服硫酸镁对预防经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(encoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP)后胰腺炎发生和血淀粉酶水平的影响.方法:将120例拟行ERCP的胆总管结石患者随机分为观察组和对照组各60例,观察组ERCP前30min口服50%硫酸镁100mL,对照组不予硫酸镁,观察两组术前及术后3、24h血清淀粉酶水平及术后高淀粉酶血症和胰腺炎发生情况.结果:两组患者术前血清淀粉酶水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组术后3、24h血清淀粉酶水平均显著低于对照组3、24h血清淀粉酶水平(P<0.05).观察组ERCP术后的高淀粉酶血症和胰腺炎发生率均分别显著低于对照组(P<0.05).结论:口服硫酸镁在一定程度上可降低ERCP术后血清淀粉酶水平,对预防ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及胰腺炎可能有一定积极作用,当需大样本证实.     

Aggressive hydration with lactated ringer solution in prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Acute pancreatitis is the most common complication of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). There was no conclusion on the prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis (PEP) by Lactated Ringer Solution.Aim:The purpose of this meta analyses is to determine whether aggressive hydration with Lactated Ringer Solution reduced the incidence of PEP.Methods:We retrieved randomized clinical trials comparing the preventive effects of aggressive hydration with Lactated Ringer Solution and standard hydration on PEP from PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, the Web of Science, Clinical Trial.gov, Scopus database, CNKI, CQVIP and WanFang Data. Primary outcome was incidence of PEP. Secondary outcomes included incidence of hyperamylasemia, abdominal pain and adverse events.Results:Ten randomized controlled trials with 2200 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed that compared with standard hydration, aggressive hydration reduced the incidence of PEP (odds ratio [OR], 0.40; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.26–0.63; P < .0001). Compared with standard hydration, aggressive hydration also reduced the incidence of hyperamylasemia after ERCP (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.38–0.60; P < .0001). There was significant difference between aggressive hydration and standard hydration in the incidence of abdominal pain (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11–0.73; P = .008). There was no difference in adverse events between aggressive hydration and standard hydration (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.21–4.13; P = .93). Sensitivity analyses showed that neither alternative effect measures nor statistical models regarding heterogeneity affected the conclusions of this meta-analysis.Conclusion:Aggressive hydration with Lactated Ringer Solution during perioperative period of ERCP can prevent PEP.     

经内镜鼻胆管引流对接受经内镜逆行胰胆管造影的胆总管结石患者并发术后胰腺炎的预防效果观察

目的探讨经内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD)预防胆总管结石经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后胰腺炎(PEP)及高淀粉酶血症的临床作用。方法收集2010年10月-2013年12月行ERCP取石治疗的胆总管结石患者560例,根据术中是否放置鼻胆管分为ENBD组(试验组)371例和非ENBD组(对照组)189例,观察术后3、24 h血清淀粉酶水平及PEP和高淀粉酶血症的发生率。两组间计量资料的比较采用t检验,率的比较采用卡方检验。结果试验组PEP及高淀粉酶血症发生率分别为8.1%(30/371)和13.7%(51/371),显著低于对照组13.8%(26/189)(χ2=4.47,P=0.034)和21.2%(40/189)(χ2=5.06,P=0.024)。试验组患者术后3及24 h血清淀粉酶值分别为(215.34±304.00)U/L、(199.38±273.32)U/L,显著低于对照组(283.28±261.76)U/L、(257.05±199.25)U/L,差异有统计学意义(t=2.61、2.57,P均=0.01)。结论 ENBD可有效预防PEP及高淀粉酶血症的发生。     

Oral allopurinol to prevent hyperamylasemia and acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

AIM： To assess the efficacy of allopurinol to prevent hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （PEP）.
METHODS： One hundred and seventy patients were enrolled and randomized to two groups： a study group （n = 85） who received 300 mg of oral allopurinol at 15 h and 3 h before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） and a control group （n = 85） receiving an oral placebo at the same times. Main Outcome Measurements included serum amylase levels and the number severity of the episodes of pancreatitis. Serum amylase levels were classified as normal （〈 150 IU/L） or hyperamylasemia （〉 151 IU/L）. Episodes of PEP were classified following Ranson＇s criteria and CT severity index.
RESULTS： Gender distribution was similar between groups. Mean age was 53.5 ±18.9 years for study group and 52.8 ± 19.8 years for controls. Also, the distribution of benign pathology was similar between groups. Hyperamylasemia was more common in the control group （P = 0.003）. Mild PEP developed in two patients from the study group （2.3%） and eight （9.4%） from control group （P = 0.04）, seven episodes were observed in high-risk patients of the control group （25%） and one in the allopurinol group （3.3%, P = 0.02）. Risk factors for PEP were precut sphincterotomy （P = 0.02）, pancreatic duct manipulation （P = 0.002） and multiple procedures （P = 0.000）. There were no deaths or side effects.
CONCLUSION： Oral allopurinol before ERCP decreased the incidences of hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis in patients submitted to high-risk procedures.     

Comparison between ulinastatin and nafamostat for prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography complications: A prospective,randomized trial

ObjectivesPancreatitis is the most common complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The aim of this prospective trial was to compare the effect of ulinastatin and nafamostat on the prophylaxis of post-ERCP complications.MethodsA total of 159 patients who underwent ERCP were divided into ulinastatin (n = 53), nafamostat (n = 53) and control (n = 53) groups. Each patient received ulinastatin (150,000 units), nafamostat (20 mg), or placebo from 2-4 h before ERCP to 6–8 h after ERCP. The primary endpoint was the incidence of PEP, and the secondary endpoints were the incidence of post-ERCP hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia and abdominal pain.ResultsThe overall incidence of PEP was 6.3% (10/159) and no significant differences were observed between ulinastatin and nafamostat groups in terms of the incidences of PEP (1.9% and 3.8%, P = 0.560), hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, and abdominal pain, although these were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThere was no significant difference for preventing PEP between ulinastatin and nafamostat and both drugs were efficacious for preventing post-ERCP complications.     

Updated meta-analysis of pancreatic stent placement in preventing post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

AIM: To investigate the efficacy and safety profile of pancreatic duct (PD) stent placement for prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP).METHODS: We performed a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled clinical trials of prophylactic PD stent placement after ERCP. RevMan 5 software provided by Cochrane was used for the heterogeneity and efficacy analyses, and a meta-analysis was performed for the data that showed homogeneity. Categorical data are presented as relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and measurement data are presented as weighted mean differences and 95%CIs.RESULTS: The incidence rates of severe pancreatitis, operation failure, complications and patient pain severity were analyzed. Data on pancreatitis incidence were reported in 14 of 15 trials. There was no significant heterogeneity between the trials (I² = 0%, P = 0.93). In the stent group, 49 of the 1233 patients suffered from PEP, compared to 133 of the 1277 patients in the no-stent group. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that it may be possible to prevent PEP by placing a PD stent.CONCLUSION: PD stent placement can reduce postoperative hyperamylasemia and might be an effective and safe option to prevent PEP if the operation indications are well controlled.     

Rectal INdomethacin,oral TacROlimus,or their combination for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis (INTRO Trial): Protocol for a randomized,controlled, double-blinded trial

BackgroundAcute pancreatitis remains the most common and morbid complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The use of rectal indomethacin and pancreatic duct stenting has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP), but these interventions have limitations. Recent clinical and translational evidence suggests a role for calcineurin inhibitors in the prevention of pancreatitis, with multiple retrospective case series showing a reduction in PEP rates in tacrolimus users.MethodsThe INTRO trial is a multicenter, international, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. A total of 4,874 patients undergoing ERCP will be randomized to receive either oral tacrolimus (5 mg) or oral placebo 1–2 h before ERCP, and followed for 30 days post-procedure. Blood and pancreatic aspirate samples will also be collected in a subset of patients to quantify tacrolimus levels. The primary outcome of the study is the incidence of PEP. Secondary endpoints include the severity of PEP, ERCP-related complications, adverse drug events, length of hospital stay, cost-effectiveness, and the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenomics of tacrolimus immune modulation in the pancreas.ConclusionsThe INTRO trial will assess the role of calcineurin inhibitors in PEP prophylaxis and develop a foundation for the clinical optimization of this therapeutic strategy from a pharmacologic and economic standpoint. With this clinical trial, we hope to demonstrate a novel approach to PEP prophylaxis using a widely available and well-characterized class of drugs.Trial registrationNCT05252754, registered on February 14, 2022.     

Suppository naproxen reduces incidence and severity of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: Randomized controlled trial

AIM: To determine the efficacy of rectally administered naproxen for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) pancreatitis(PEP).METHODS: This double-blind randomized control trial conducted from January 2013 to April 2014 at the Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center in Rasht, Iran. A total of 324 patients were selected from candidates for diagnostic or therapeutic ERCP by using the simple sampling method. Patients received a single dose of Naproxen(500 mg; n = 162) or a placebo(n = 162) per rectum immediately before ERCP. The overall incidence of PEP, incidence of mild to severe PEP, serum amylase levels and adverse effects were measured. The primary outcome measure was the development of pancreatitis onset of pain in the upper abdomen and elevation of the serum amylase level to 3 × the upper normal limit(60-100 IU/L) within 24 h after ERCP. The severity of PEP was classified according to the duration of therapeutic intervention for PEP: mild, 2-3 d; moderate 4-10 d; and severe, 10 d and/or necessitated surgical or intensive treatment, or contributed to death.RESULTS:PEP occurred in 12 %(40/324) o f participants, and was significantly more frequent in the placebo group compared to the naproxen group(P 0.01). Of the participants, 25.9%(84/324) developed hyperamylasemia within 2 h of procedure completion, among whom only 35 cases belonged to the naproxen group(P 0.01). The incidence of PEP was significantly higher in female sex, in patients receiving pancreatic duct injection, more than 3 times pancreatic duct cannulations, and ERCP duration more than 40 min(P s 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the procedures or factors that might increase the risk of PEP, sphincterotomy, precut requirement, biliary duct injection and number of pancreatic duct cannulations. In the subgroup of patients with pancreatic duct injection, the rate of pancreatitis in the naproxen group was significantly lower than that in the placebo(6 patients vs 23 patients, P 0.01, RRR = 12%, AR = 0.3, 95%CI: 0.2-0.6). Naproxen reduced the PEP in patients with ≥ 3 pancreatic cannulations(P 0.01, RRR = 25%, AR = 0.1, 95%CI: 0.1-0.4) and an ERCP duration 40 min(P 0.01, RRR = 20%, AR = 0.9, 95%CI: 0.4-1.2).CONCLUSION: Single dose of suppository naproxen administered immediately before ERCP reduces the incidence of PEP.     

Prophylactic Effect of Somatostatin in Preventing Post-ERCP Pancreatitis: An Updated Meta-Analysis

Background/Aims:Somatostatin is regarded as a prophylactic agent on post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP), but studies are still controversial.Results:Eleven randomized controlled trials (RCTs), enrolling a total of 2869 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. After data were pooled from somatostatin trials, PEP occurred in 8.36% of controls versus 5.62% of the treated group, with a slight significance [relative risk (RR) =0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35–0.98, P = 0.04]. The funnel plot showed no asymmetry with a negative slope (P = 0.108). The meta-analysis produced negative results for short-term infusion of somatostatin (RR = 1.40, 95% CI 0.93–2.12, P = 0.11), whereas a bolus or long-term injection of the drug proved effective (RR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.13–0.47, P < 0.0001; RR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.27–0.71, P = 0.0008). Postprocedure hyperamylasemia and pain was also observed in the meta-analysis, the pooled RR was significant for reduced risk of postprocedure hyperamylasemia (RR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.63 to 0.81, P < 0.00001), but not for the pain (RR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.08, P = 0.10).Conclusion:The current meta-analysis on the prophylactic use of somatostatin in patients undergoing ERCP documents a lack of benefit when given as short-term infusion, but showed an advantage of a single bolus or long-term injection. The beneficial effect of somatostatin, in reducing the incidence of postprocedural hyperamylasemia seems of marginal clinical significance. However, more new confirmatory data are needed to settle residual doubts.     

胰管支架预防困难胆管插管ERCP术后急性胰腺炎的前瞻性研究

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）中置入胰管支架对困难胆管插管患者ERCP术后急性胰腺炎（PEP）的预防效果。方法120例行ERCP诊疗发生困难胆管插管的患者采用随机数字表法随机分成2组,一组术中置入胰管支架（观察组）,另一组未置入（对照组）,对比分析2组ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症、PEP的发生率以及术后患者腹痛评分结果。结果观察组发生ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症15例（27．3％）,PEP5例（8．3％）,无一例重症PEP,术后患者腹痛评分（3．82±1．48）分;对照组发生ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症18例（30．0％）,PEP14例（23．3％）,重症PEP2例（3．3％）,术后患者腹痛评分（4．78±1．93）分。2组ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;观察组PEP、重症PEP发生率以及术后患者腹痛评分均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论置入胰管支架可以有效降低胆管插管困难所引起的PEP的风险,并能有效缓解患者术后疼痛,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

吲哚美辛在预防ERCP术后胰腺炎中作用的研究

目的观察直肠应用吲哚美辛对ERCP术后胰腺炎（PEP）及高淀粉酶血症的预防作用。方法将行ERCP检查的168例患者随机分为两组,吲哚美辛组在ERCP术前30 min直肠内给予吲哚美辛栓剂100 mg,对照组在ERCP术前30 min直肠内给予安慰剂栓。ERCP术后观察患者有无腹痛,并于术后12 h做血清及尿淀粉酶测定。结果吲哚美辛组PEP发生率（6.0%）与安慰剂组PEP发生率（10.6%）无显著差异（P=0.28）,但是吲哚美辛组ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症的发生率（18.1%）显著低于安慰剂组（37.6%,P=0.005）。结论直肠应用吲哚美辛可以预防ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症的发生。     

青少年慢性胰腺炎的内镜诊断与治疗

目的：研究诊断性和治疗性经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在青少年慢性胰腺炎(CP)诊断及治疗中的价值。方法：回顾分析1997年2月～2002年2月间确诊为青少年CP并行ERCP的13例临床资料。结果：13例中12例存在腹痛症状，10例有“胰腺炎”病史。ERCP见胰管扩张12例，胰管结石7例，胰腺假性囊肿2例，胰腺分裂症3例，胆囊结石l例。内镜下治疗：乳头括约肌切开术7例，胰管取石6例，支架置入5例，胰管狭窄扩张术4例，副乳头切开2例。ERCP后高淀粉酶血症4例，胰腺炎急性发作3例，均为水肿型胰腺炎。经6—68个月随访，ll例未复发，2例复发者经再次ER-CP治疗后腹痛未再出现。结论：ERCP对青少年CP的诊断及治疗有较高的价值。但青少年CP患者ERCP术后具有较高的并发症发生率，对此内镜医师应高度重视。     

Relationship between post-ERCP pancreatitis and the change of serum amylase level after the procedure

AIM： To clarify the relationship between the change of serum amylase level and post-ERCP pancreatitis.
METHODS： Between January 1999 and December 2002, 1291 ERCP-related procedures were performed. Serum amylase concentrations were measured before the procedure and 3, 6, and 24 h afterward. The frequency and severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis and the relationship between these phenomena and the change in amylase level were estimated.
RESULTS： Post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred in 47 patients （3.6%）. Pancreatitis occurred in 1% of patients with normal amylase levels 3 h after ERCP, and in 1%, 5%, 20%, 31% and 39% of patients with amylase levels elevated 1-2 times, 2-3 times, 3-5 times, 5-10 times and over 10 times the upper normal limit at 3 h after ERCP, respectively （level 〈 2 times vs ≥ 2 times, P 〈 0.001）. Of the 143 patients with levels higher than the normal limit at 3 h after ERCP followed by elevation at 6 h, pancreatitis occurred in 26%. In contrast, pancreatitis occurred in 9% of 45 patients with a level higher than two times the normal limit at 3 h after ERCP followed by a decrease at 6 h （26% vs 9%, P 〈 0.05）.
CONCLUSION： Post-ERCP pancreatitis is frequently associated with an increase in serum amylase level greater than twice the normal limit at 3 h after ERCP with an elevation at 6 h. A decrease in amylase level at 6 h after ERCP suggests the unlikelihood of development of post-ERCP pancreatitis.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后急性胰腺炎与高淀粉酶血症对比观察

目的 比较经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)后急性胰腺炎(PEP)与高淀粉酶血症(PEHA)患者的临床特点及影响因素,为预防病情进展提供依据。 方法 选取武汉大学人民医院2017年1月-2019年8月住院行ERCP的患者117例,所有患者术前均预防性使用双氯芬酸钠栓塞肛。术后发生PEHA组77例,PEP组40例,比较2组患者临床特点及影响因素。符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料2组间比较采用χ2检验;采用多因素logistic回归分析PEP的独立影响因素。结果 术前ALP(Z=-2.518,P=0.012)、GGT(Z=-2.313,P=0.021)、TBil(Z=-2.978,P=0.003)、DBil(Z=-3.069,P=0.002)水平及术中是否行导丝进入胰管检查(χ2=4.176,P=0.041)在两组之间差异显著。进一步logistic回归分析结果显示,导丝进入胰管次数≥3次[优势比(OR)=2.469,95%可信区间(95%CI): 1.199~5.188,P=0.047]、ALP<125 U/L(OR=5.499,95%CI: 1.452~18.830,P=0.012)、TBil<22 μmol/L(OR=4.249,95%CI: 1.023~17.648,P=0.046)是影响PEP发生的独立危险因素。结论 即使预防性使用双氯芬酸钠栓剂,术前ALP、TBil水平正常及术中导丝多次进入胰管的患者更易发生PEP,需引起手术医师警惕。根据病情,术前及术后采取早期干预措施可能减少PEHA向PEP进展,减少中重度PEP的发生,改善预后。     

生长抑素和硝酸甘油预防经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的疗效观察

目的探讨生长抑素和硝酸甘油对经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）术后胰腺炎（PEP）及高淀粉酶血症的预防效果。方法184例ERCP诊疗患者按随机数字表法随机分入3组,ERCP术后分别给予生长抑素（生长抑素组）、硝酸甘油（硝酸甘油组）、生理盐水（安慰剂组）静脉内持续泵注12h,观察ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症和PEP发生率并行对比分析。结果9例给予硝酸甘油后发生不良反应,停药并退出本次研究。ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症发生率生长抑素组、硝酸甘油组、安慰剂组分别为38．7％（24／62）、51．8％（28／54）和37．3％（22／59）,各组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。PEP发生率生长抑素组、硝酸甘油组、安慰剂组分别为6．4％（4／62）、9．3％（5／54）和23．7％（14／59）,生长抑素组（x2=7．13,P=0．01）和硝酸甘油组（x2=4．22,P=0．03）均明显低于安慰剂组,差异均有统计学意义,但生长抑素组与硝酸甘油组比较差异无统计学意义（x2=0．32,P=0．41）。结论ERCP术后静脉给予生长抑素或硝酸甘油均能有效预防PEP的发生,效果大致相同,且前者安全性好于后者,但两者对ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症均无明显预防作用。     

Impact of introduction of wire-guided cannulation in therapeutic biliary endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Background and Aim: Wire‐guided cannulation (WGC) might increase the biliary cannulation rate and decrease the risk of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP). We assessed the learning curve for WGC in therapeutic biliary ERCP (study 1) and compared WGC and conventional contrast‐assisted cannulation (CC) by a matched case‐control study (study 2). Methods: Prospectively collected data of 500 therapeutic biliary ERCP cases (250 consecutive cases of WGC and 250 matched controls of CC) were retrospectively studied. Rate and time of biliary cannulation, total procedure time, PEP, and hyperamylasemia were analyzed. Results: In study 1, biliary cannulation by WGC was successful in 96% of the first 50 cases, with a median time to cannulation of 3 min. Rates of hyperamylasemia were within 10% after 100 WGC. In study 2, there were no significant differences in the overall cannulation rate and PEP between WGC and CC, but the total procedure time was shorter in WGC (30 vs 35 min, P = 0.059). Rates of hyperamylasemia and the change in serum amylase levels was lower (9% vs 14%, P = 0.069, and + 62.8 U/L vs+ 169.5 U/L, P = 0.043) in WGC, which was more prominent in experienced endoscopists (9% vs 17%, P = 0.025, and + 68.9 U/L vs+ 229.3 U/L, P = 0.014). Conclusions: The introduction of WGC was effective in the first 50 cases and did not increase the rate of PEP in biliary therapeutic ERCP.     

The use of gabexate mesylate and ulinastatin for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

Background/Aims

Acute pancreatitis is a common complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Only a few pharmacologic agents have been shown to have potential efficacy for the prophylactic treatment of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). The aim of this study was to determine whether prophylactic gabexate and ulinastatin can decrease the incidence of PEP.

Methods

From January 2005 to April 2010, 1,679 patients undergoing ERCP treatment were consecutively enrolled in the study. After selective exclusion, a total of 1,480 patients were included in the analysis. The patients were separated into 3 groups according to the prophylactic administration of gabexate (593 patients), ulinastatin (229 patients), or saline solution (658 patients) and analyzed retrospectively. The primary outcome measurements were the incidence of pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia.

Results

PEP occurred in 21 of the 593 (3.5%) patients who received gabexate, 16 of the 229 (7.0%) patients who received ulinastatin, and 48 of the 658 (7.3%) patients who received a saline solution. The incidence of PEP was significantly different between the gabexate and ulinastatin or saline solution groups (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Gabexate prophylaxis is effective in preventing PEP. However, there is no difference in the beneficial effects of the prophylactic administration of ulinastatin and a saline solution.     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎预防策略研究进展

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP）已成为诊治胆胰系统疾病的主要手段。在ERCP介入治疗越来越多的趋势下,术后不良事件发生率也呈上升趋势。其中,ERCP术后胰腺炎（post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP）是最常见的术后并发症,严重时甚至会威胁患者生命,并使得ERCP广泛开展受到一定困扰。如何有效预防和降低该并发症发生是目前临床研究的热点和难点。本文对PEP的定义、发病机制、危险因素和预防措施的研究现状进行综述,并对其优化的预防策略进行概括和总结。     

Indomethacin down-regulating HMGB1 and TNF-α to prevent pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Abstract

Background and aims: Several articles demonstrated that non-steroidal anti-inflammation drugs (NSAIDs) were effective in reducing the incidence of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (PEP). However, studies revealed inconsistent results. The mechanism of NSAIDs in preventing PEP is still little known. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of NSAIDs for PEP prophylaxis and further to explore the mechanism of NSAIDs for prevention of PEP.

Methods: Patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were randomly assigned to receive 100?mg rectal indomethacin or glycerin suppository 15–20?min before ERCP. The primary outcome was the rate of PEP. And the levels of serum HMGB1 and TNF-α were also measured before ERCP and 3 and 24?h after ERCP. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were carried out to estimate the independent risk factors for PEP.

Results: Totally, 100 patients were enrolled, 50 received indomethacin and 50 with placebo (glycerin suppository). PEP developed in six patients in indomethacin group and 16 in the control group, the difference was significant (p?=?.016). The levels of HMGB1 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in indomethacin group at 3 (p?p?p?=?.008) and usage of NSAIDs (OR, 0.278; 95% CI, 0.090–0.861; p?=?.026) were independent predictors of PEP.

Conclusions: Rectal indomethacin could significantly reduce the risk of PEP by down-regulating the levels of HMGB1 and TNF-α.