Plaque growth-inhibiting effects of an abrasive fluoride-chlorhexidine toothpaste and a fluoride toothpaste containing oxidative enzymes

The aim of this 4 times cross-over double-blind clinical trial was to test the plaque-inhibiting effect of 2 fluoride-containing toothpastes. One toothpaste contained 0.8% chlorhexidine together with amine fluoride (0.1% F degrees) and a suitable abrasive agent. The other contained 1.7 U/g glucose oxidase and 8.0 U/g amyloglucosidase, added to an amine fluoride (0.1% F degrees) toothpaste. 1% Hibitane dental gel was used as a positive and a conventional fluoride toothpaste (Vademecum MFP Fluor) as a negative control. 9 dental students, in a randomized sequence, applied the 4 dentifrices twice daily from Monday afternoon to Friday morning with cap splints, designed to cover the teeth and about 2 mm of gingiva. No other oral hygiene measures were allowed during the 4 test periods. On Fridays, the teeth were cleaned professionally and good oral hygiene was maintained during the week-ends. At the beginning and at the end of each test period, per student plaque thickness was recorded using the plaque index, the visible plaque index, and plaque fresh weight as parameters, and the area of plaque as related to the area of the tooth surface was recorded planimetrically and according to the PLQ index. The best plaque growth-inhibiting effect was recorded for the positive control (CHX) with the test chlorhexidine toothpaste (TX) as next best. The enzyme-containing toothpaste (TE) did not differ significantly from the negative control (C). All the significant differences in anti-plaque effect between the 4 toothpastes were obtained by recordings of plaque thickness and none on the basis of area of plaque.     

5种黏结剂的微渗漏实验研究

目的:比较 5种牙齿黏结剂减少复合树脂充填物边缘微渗漏情况。方法:在新近拔除的 30个人磨牙的颊、舌侧颈部分别制洞,将牙齿分为 6组,每组 5个牙, 10个窝洞。在 5组牙齿窝洞上分别应用U-Bond、SingeBondAdhesive、DurafillBond、GlumaOneBond和SuperBondC&B5种黏结剂,另一组作为空白对照(不用黏结剂),然后充填光固化复合树脂, 光照固化。所有牙齿进行冷热循环 600次,之后放入墨水蓝水溶液中浸泡 48h,颊舌向剖开牙齿,在体视显微镜下观察复合树脂充填物边缘的染料渗漏情况,结果作统计学处理。结果: 5种黏结剂中牙合壁和颈壁U-Bond微渗漏最小,其它 4种黏结剂之间无差异, 5种黏结剂与对照组有明显差异。结论: 5种黏结剂中U-Bond效果较好,GlumaOneBond、SingeBondAdhesive、DurafillBond、SuperBond等其余 4种材料次之,对照组最差。     

Titanium dioxide nanotubes with triazine-methacrylate monomer to improve physicochemical and biological properties of adhesives

ObjectiveFormulate experimental adhesives containing titanium dioxide nanotubes (nt-TiO₂) or titanium dioxide nanotubes with a triazine-methacrylate monomer (nt-TiO₂:TAT) and evaluate the effect of these fillers on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the adhesives.MethodsFirst, nt-TiO₂ were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The nt-TiO₂ were mixed with a triazine-methacrylate monomer (TAT) to formulate nt-TiO₂:TAT, which were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nt-TiO₂, TAT, and nt-TiO₂:TAT were evaluated via Fourier Transform Infrared, Ultraviolet–visible, and micro-Raman spectroscopies. An experimental adhesive resin was formulated with bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylates, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and photoinitiator/co-initiator system. nt-TiO₂ or nt-TiO₂:TAT were incorporated at 2.5 wt.% and 5 wt.% in the adhesive. The base resin without nt-TiO₂ or nt-TiO₂:TAT was used as a control group. The adhesives were evaluated for antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, polymerization kinetics, degree of conversion (DC), Knoop hardness, softening in solvent (ΔKHN%), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 24 h- and 1 year- microtensile bond strength (μ-TBS).ResultsTEM confirmed the nanotubular morphology of TiO₂. FTIR, UV–vis, and micro-Raman analyses showed the characteristic peaks of each material, indicating the impregnation of TAT in the nt-TiO₂. Adhesives with nt-TiO₂:TAT showed antimicrobial activity against biofilm formation compared to control (p < 0.05), without differences in the viability of planktonic bacteria (p > 0.05). All groups showed high percentages of pulp cell viability. The polymerization kinetics varied among groups, but all presented DC above 50%. The addition of 5 wt.% of nt-TiO₂ and both groups containing nt-TiO₂:TAT showed higher values ??of Knoop hardness compared to the control (p < 0.05). The groups with nt-TiO₂:TAT presented lower ΔKHN% (p < 0.05) and higher UTS (p < 0.05) than the control group. After one year, the group with 5 wt.% of nt-TiO₂, as well as both groups containing nt-TiO₂:TAT, showed higher μ-TBS than the control (p < 0.05).SignificanceThe mixing of a triazine-methacrylate monomer with the nt-TiO₂ generated a filler that improved the physicochemical properties of the adhesive resins and provided antibacterial activity, which could assist in preventing carious lesions around tooth-resin interfaces. The set of physical, chemical, and biological properties of the formulated polymer, together with the greater stability of the bond strength over time, make nt-TiO₂:TAT a promising filler for dental adhesive resins.     

Influence of human dentine on the antibacterial activity of self-etching adhesive systems against cariogenic bacteria

OBJECTIVES: The incorporation of antibacterial agents into adhesive systems has been proposed to eliminate residual bacteria from dentine. This study used the agar diffusion method to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB), Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB), Clearfil Tri-S Bond (C3SB) and Xeno-III (XIII) self-etching adhesive systems, with or without light-activation, against cariogenic bacteria, and to assess the influence of human dentine on the antibacterial activity of these materials. METHODS: An aliquot of 10 microl per material (and individual components) were pipetted onto paper and dentine discs distributed in Petri dishes containing bacterial culture in BHI agar. Positive control was 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX). RESULTS: After incubation, the adhesive components of CPB and CSEB, liquid A of XIII and C3SB did not present antibacterial activity when applied to paper discs. The non-light-activated CPB primer+adhesive promoted the greatest inhibition of Streptococcus mutans (p<0.05), whereas with light-activation, there was no significant difference between primer+adhesive and primer alone. For Lactobacillus acidophilus, CPB primer presented the greatest antibacterial activity in both light-activation conditions (p<0.05). Regarding the dentine discs, only CHX promoted an inhibitory effect, though less intense than on paper discs (p<0.05). CHX presented greater antibacterial activity against S. mutans than against L. acidophilus (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Light-activation significantly reduced the antibacterial activity of the self-etching adhesive systems; MDPB incorporation contributed to the effect of adhesive systems against cariogenic bacteria; the components eluted from the adhesive systems were not capable to diffuse through 400 microm-thick dentine disc to exert their antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria.     

Perioperative Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Management with Endodontic Microsurgical Techniques

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to review evidence-based recommendations for the safe perioperative management of patients undergoing endodontic microsurgery who are currently taking antiplatelet or anticoagulant medications. Using the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) format, the following scientific question was asked: In patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents, what is the available evidence in the management of endodontic microsurgery?MethodsMEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched to identify current recommendations regarding the management of antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications in the context of outpatient dental surgical procedures. Additionally, the authors hand searched the bibliographies of all relevant articles, the gray literature, and textbooks. Because of the lack of clinical studies and evidence on this subject, articles and guidelines from other organizations and association position statements were included.ResultsBecause any minor surgery can become a major surgery, the treating doctor needs to best assess the risk of bleeding, especially if the surgery is anticipated to take longer than 45 minutes. Every patient should be stratified on a case-by-case basis. Consultation with the patient’s physician is highly recommended.ConclusionsIn order to maximize the effects of these medications (to prevent thrombosis) while minimizing the potential risks (procedural hemorrhage), clinicians should be aware of the best available evidence when considering continuation or discontinuation of antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents perioperatively for endodontic microsurgery. Ideally, a joint effort from an expert panel for microsurgery would be warranted.     

Comparison of effect of desensitizing agents on the retention of crowns cemented with luting agents: an in vitro study

PURPOSE

Many dentists use desensitizing agents to prevent hypersensitivity. This study compared and evaluated the effect of two desensitizing agents on the retention of cast crowns when cemented with various luting agents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ninety freshly extracted human molars were prepared with flat occlusal surface, 6 degree taper and approximately 4 mm axial length. The prepared specimens were divided into 3 groups and each group is further divided into 3 subgroups. Desensitizing agents used were GC Tooth Mousse and GLUMA® desensitizer. Cementing agents used were zinc phosphate, glass ionomer and resin modified glass ionomer cement. Individual crowns with loop were made from base metal alloy. Desensitizing agents were applied before cementation of crowns except for control group. Under tensional force the crowns were removed using an automated universal testing machine. Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey-Kramer post hoc test at a preset alpha of 0.05.

RESULTS

Resin modified glass ionomer cement exhibited the highest retentive strength and all dentin treatments resulted in significantly different retentive values (In Kg.): GLUMA (49.02 ± 3.32) > Control (48.61 ± 3.54) > Tooth mousse (48.34 ± 2.94). Retentive strength for glass ionomer cement were GLUMA (41.14 ± 2.42) > Tooth mousse (40.32 ± 3.89) > Control (39.09 ± 2.80). For zinc phosphate cement the retentive strength were lowest GLUMA (27.92 ± 3.20) > Control (27.69 ± 3.39) > Tooth mousse (25.27 ± 4.60).

CONCLUSION

The use of GLUMA® desensitizer has no effect on crown retention. GC Tooth Mousse does not affect the retentive ability of glass ionomer and resin modified glass ionomer cement, but it decreases the retentive ability of zinc phosphate cement.     

羟基磷灰石脱敏剂对通用型粘接剂粘接性能的影响

目的探讨含羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)的脱敏剂对不同粘接模式下通用型粘接剂粘接性能的影响,为脱敏处理后粘接剂的使用提供依据。方法选取因阻生而拔除的第三磨牙60颗(西安交通大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科提供)。将4颗牙制备为1 mm厚牙本质片,1%柠檬酸处理建立牙本质敏感模型,分为对照组(无任何处理)、脱敏牙膏A和B组(分别用含HA的脱敏牙膏Biorepair和Dontodent Sensitive处理)、脱敏糊剂组(HA糊剂处理)(每组2片),扫描电镜观察各组牙本质表面形貌。剩余牙暴露冠中部牙本质并建立牙本质敏感模型,分入上述4组进行相应处理。每组再分为2个亚组,使用中强酸型通用型粘接剂(G-Premio Bond)分别在酸蚀-冲洗模式或自酸蚀模式下进行粘接,堆塑树脂,制备树脂-牙本质片状试件(每亚组4个)、微拉伸试件(每亚组20个)和片状试件(每亚组6个),分别进行粘接界面微观结构和纳米渗漏情况扫描电镜观察、微拉伸强度(粘接强度)测试及断裂模式记录、粘接界面水渗透情况激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察。结果扫描电镜显示,脱敏牙膏和脱敏糊剂处理均可部分或完全封闭多数牙本质小管。对于酸蚀-冲洗模式,脱敏牙膏A、B组和脱敏糊剂组粘接强度[分别为(40.98±4.60)、(40.89±4.64)和(41.48±3.65)MPa]均显著大于对照组[(38.58±4.28)MPa](F=3.89,P<0.05);对于自酸蚀模式,4组粘接强度差异均无统计学意义(F=0.48,P>0.05);各组自酸蚀粘接模式粘接强度均显著大于同组酸蚀-冲洗粘接模式(P<0.05)。4组总体断裂模式主要为混合破坏和界面破坏。扫描电镜观察显示,酸蚀-冲洗模式下粘接界面银染颗粒沿混合层底部呈斑点状分布,自酸蚀模式几乎不存在银染颗粒沉积。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜显示酸蚀-冲洗模式混合层内存在连续线状渗透,自酸蚀模式混合层内呈不连续线状渗透。结论含HA的脱敏剂处理对中强酸型通用型粘接剂的粘接性能无不利影响,搭配自酸蚀粘接模式可获得良好的粘接效果。     

Collinin Reduces Porphyromonas gingivalis Growth and Collagenase Activity and Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Macrophage Inflammatory Response and Osteoclast Differentiation and Function

Background: Collinin is a secondary plant metabolite belonging to the class of geranyloxycoumarins. We explored the potential beneficial impact of collinin on periodontal health by investigating its effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory response of macrophages, and osteoclastogenesis. Methods: Collinin was synthesized from pyrogallol and propiolic acid. A microdilution assay was used to determine antibacterial activity of collinin. The effect of collinin on collagenase activity of P. gingivalis was determined using fluorescent collagen. Macrophages were treated with collinin before being stimulated with LPS. The secretion of interleukin‐6, chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5, and prostaglandin E₂ was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The inhibitory effect of collinin on differentiation of human preosteoclastic cells was assessed by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining, whereas the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) was measured by ELISA. Bone resorption activity was investigated by using a human bone plate coupled with an immunoassay that detected the release of collagen fragments. Results: Collinin inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis. The effect was more pronounced under iron‐restricted conditions. Collinin dose dependently inhibited the degradation of type I collagen by P. gingivalis. It was also a potent inhibitor of the LPS‐induced inflammatory response in macrophages and completely inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand‐dependent osteoclast differentiation and MMP‐9 secretion. Last, collinin affected bone degradation mediated by mature osteoclasts by significantly decreasing the release of collagen helical peptides. Conclusion: Although clinical trials are required, data from these in vitro analyses support the potential of collinin as a therapeutic agent for treating inflammatory periodontitis associated with bone breakdown.     

Effects of sanguinarium, chlorhexidine and tetracycline on neutrophil viability and functions in vitro

The effectiveness of an ideal antimicrobial agent depends on its ability to kill microbes with minimal toxicity to host cells. Depending on the treatment regimen, antimicrobial agents come into contact with host cells for various intervals of time. Sanguinarium (SANG), chlorhexidine (CHX) and tetracycline (TET) are 3 antimicrobial agents frequently used in the management of periodontal infections. However, their effects on host immune cells during different treatment regimens are not known. Due to their ability to serve as the first line of host defense against microbial infections, we have compared the effects of these antimicrobial agents on human neutrophil functions and viability. The results show that SANG is not lytic to neutrophils from peripheral blood or crevicular fluid, at all concentrations tested. However, exposures of neutrophils to very low concentrations of SANG (0.001%) inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, oxidative metabolism and degranulation within 5 min. Increasing the exposure time results in a similar inhibition of neutrophil functions, albeit at 50–100 fold lower concentrations of SANG. CHX rapidly disrupts the cell membrane of both crevicular and peripheral blood neutrophils at concentrations above 0.005% within 5 min, and inhibition of all neutrophil functions is due to its lytic properties. While TET is least toxic to neutrophils, a dose dependent inhibition of neutrophil functions is dependent on the calcium concentrations of the cellular environment, and is observed only above 0.04% or higher concentrations in the absence of calcium. The data suggest that a critical cumulative concentration of these drugs is essential for their toxicity and inhibition of neutrophil functions. Therefore, both the length of exposure and the dose of the drug both are critical while considering the effectiveness of SANG, CHX or TET in the treatment of infections. Furthermore, due to differences in their mechanisms of action, the consequences of their effects on neutrophils may have significant bearing on tissue pathology as well as on their therapeutic efficacy.     

Antimicrobials as a contributory factor in oral candidosis – a brief overview

The advent of the human immunodeficiency virus infection and the increasing prevalence of compromised individuals in the community due to modern therapeutic advances have resulted in a resurgence of opportunistic infections, including oral candidosis, which is by far the most common oral fungal infection in man. Broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the treatment of a wide range of disease conditions have also been attributed as a predisposing factor of oral candidosis. In this mini review we discuss the research findings on the relationship between antibiotics and oral candidosis and possible mechanisms of pathogenicity following such therapy.     

The effect of gold coating agents on residual stress in alloy-ceramic specimens

The use of gold coating agents has been claimed to reduce residual stress in alloy-ceramic composites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of gold coating agents in preventing cracking of bonded porcelain. Residual stress in alloy-ceramic specimens could be increased by decreasing the coefficient of thermal expansion (alpha) of the porcelain. Vitadur-N porcelain (jacket crown type, low alpha) was mixed in increasing proportions with VMK porcelain (high alpha) to prepare five test blends with decreasing values for alpha. For each test blend, alpha was measured by means of a vitreous silica dilatometer, and varied from 13.6 x 10(-6)/K to 11.0 x 10(-6)/K. The test blends were fused around spherical specimens of a substrate alloy, Option (alpha = 14.0 x 10(-6)/K), both with and without the use of three gold coating agents, Wilkote, Spectra-Seal and Deck-Gold (normal). The composite spheres were examined under 20 x magnification after 24 hours and again after eight weeks for evidence of cracking. There was no significant difference in the failure rate of the alloy-ceramic specimens with or without any of the gold coating agents. In a bonding porcelain, alpha can be lowered in a controlled manner by the addition of varying amounts of jacket crown porcelain. Cracking of the ceramic coating occurred at and above an alpha mismatch of 1.8 x 10(-6)/K. Gold coating agents have an insignificant effect on residual stress in alloy-ceramic specimens.     

Use of food colourants as plaque disclosing agents

The effectiveness of plaque disclosure by several liquid food colourants and disclosing agents was compared in a group of eight subjects. The subjects refrained from all forms of oral hygiene for a 48-hour period prior to rinsing with 5 ml of each dye in turn at weekly intervals. Kodachrome film records were taken and projected for the assessment at weekly intervals. Kodachrome film records were taken and projected for the assessment of plaque staining efficacy by a panel of 38 assessors. Acceptability with respect to taste, extent and duration of mucosal staining and any side effects was also evaluated. The food colourants were as effective as the disclosing agents. Ability to stain plaque appears to be related not only to the constituents of each dye, but also to their concentrations and relative proportions. Other desirable properties of an ideal disclosing agent tended to be fulfilled to a level equivalent to, or better than, that reached by the proprietery disclosing agents. Difficulty in obtaining proprietary disclosing agents should not act as a handicap to achieving better levels of oral cleanliness as inexpensive food colourants of equal effectiveness to the best proprietary agent are readily available.     

In vitro cytotoxicity of six dentin bonding agents

The cytotoxicity of six dentin bonding agents (Syntac, Solobond, Bond 1, Scotchbond 1, Heliobond and F-2000) was tested against an established cell line, L929. Under aseptic conditions 3, 5 and 10 microL dentin bonding agents were placed in the centre of Petri dishes. Each dish was covered with a 5-mL suspension of fibroblasts at a concentration of 40 000 cells mL(-1). The cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C and cytotoxicity was assessed by a quantitative technique at 24 and 72 h. All the dentin bonding agents were found to be cytotoxic. Scotchbond 1 and F-2000 showed the highest cytotoxicity followed by Solobond and Bond 1. Heliobond and Syntac were the least toxic materials.     

Antibacterial response of oral microcosm biofilm to nano-zinc oxide in adhesive resin

ObjectiveVarious nanoparticles are currently under investigation to impart biointeractivity for dental materials. This study aimed to: (1) formulate an experimental dental adhesive containing ZnO nanoparticles; (2) evaluate its chemical and mechanical properties; and (3) assess the antibacterial response against oral microcosm biofilm.MethodsNanosized ZnO was chemically and morphologically evaluated. ZnO was incorporated at 0 (G_CTRL), 2.5 (G_2.5%), 5 (G_5%) and 7.5 (G_5%) wt.% in an experimental dental adhesive. The adhesives were evaluated for the degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (FS), and elastic modulus (E). The antibacterial activity was evaluated using a 48 h-microcosm biofilm model after the formation of acquired pellicle on samples’ surfaces. Colony-forming units (CFU), metabolic activity, and live/dead staining were assessed.ResultsNanosized ZnO presented characteristic peaks of Zn-O bonds, and the particles were arranged in agglomerates. The DC ranged from 62.21 (±1.05) % for G_Ctrl to 46.15 (±1.23) % for G_7.5% (p < 0.05). G_7.5% showed lower FS compared to all groups (p < 0.05). Despite achieving higher E (p < 0.05), G_2.5% did not show differences for G_Ctrl regarding the FS (p > 0.05). G_7.5% had lower CFU/mL compared to G_Ctrl for mutans streptococci (p < 0.05) and total microorganisms (p < 0.05), besides presenting lower metabolic activity (p < 0.05) and higher dead bacteria via biofilm staining.SignificanceThe dental adhesives' physicochemical properties were similar to commercial adhesives and in compliance with ISO recommendations. G_7.5% restricted the growth of oral microcosm biofilm without impairing the physicochemical performance.     

两种牙本质粘接剂修复牙颈部非龋性缺损两年的临床观察

目的评价两种牙本质粘接系统修复牙颈部非龋性缺损两年的临床效果。方法临床完成23例患者的30颗牙颈部非龋性缺损的修复,其中男性11例,女性12例,年龄35～55岁。修复用两种粘接系统分别为Scotchbond Multi-Purpose和Adper Prompt L-Pop,修复树脂为Z250,以改良的USPHS标准评价修复后两年的随访结果。结果Scotchbond Multi-Purpose和Adper Prompt L-Pop两组在各个复查阶段均没有出现C或D的结果,两年的修复成功率均为100%。结论Scotchbond Multi-Purpose和Adper Prompt L-Pop与相应的修复树脂对牙颈部非龋性缺损的临床修复效果稳定。     

牙菌斑产酸能力与龋易感性的关系

目的了解牙菌斑产酸量与龋齿易感性的关系。方法用高效毛细管电泳法分析患者牙菌斑中几种短链有机酸的含量，比较高活动龋者和无龋者体内和体外两种情况下菌斑产酸量的差异。结果无龋者和高龋者各２１人，分别进行体内和体外蔗糖反应实验，分析有机酸的产量。体内实验，高龋组乳酸的产量略高于无龋组，但统计学无显著意义；而体外实验，两组无差异。结论决定龋或非龋的主要因素可能不是菌斑糖代谢后生成有机酸量的多少，而是酸在局部的滞留状态     

使用不同氟制剂后菌斑氟浓度的动态变化

目的 通过测定志愿者使用不同氟制剂后菌斑氟浓度，观察Fluor Protector，Bilfluoride，0．2％NaF漱口水，1．23％APF泡沫四种氟制剂使用后，氟在口腔菌斑中的动态变化，了解不同剂型的氟制剂在口腔中的释放情况，为临床选择有效的氟制剂提供实验依据。方法 选择56名志愿者，用离子选择性氟电极测定使用四种氟制剂后1、3、7天菌斑氟浓度，并与基线水平相比较。结果 无论是使用哪种类型的氟制剂，菌斑氟浓度都显著提高，0．2％NaF漱口水，1．23％APF泡沫只在第一天时高于基线，Fluor Protector和Bilfluoride在第一天、第三天都高于基线，Bilfluoride在第七天时仍然高于基线。结论 作为缓释制剂的双氟漆和氟保护漆延长了氟在菌斑中的停留时间，使氟的清除速度降低，这有利于防龋作用的发挥。     

MAXIMUM INHIBITORY DILUTION OF MOUTHWASHES CONTAINING CHLORHEXIDINE AND POLYHEXAMETHYLENE BIGUANIDE AGAINST SALIVARY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro maximum inhibitory dilution (MID) of two chlorhexidine-based oral mouthwashes (CHX): Noplak®, Periogard®, and one polyhexamethylene biguanide-based mouthwash (PHMB): Sanifill Premium® against 28 field Staphylococcus aureus strains using the agar dilution method.

Materials and Methods:

For each product, decimal dilutions ranging from 1/10 to 1/655,360 were prepared in distilled water and added to Mueller Hinton Agar culture medium. After homogenization, the culture medium was poured onto Petri dishes. Strains were inoculated using a Steers multipoint inoculator and dishes were incubated at 37°C for 24hours. For reading, MID was considered as the maximum dilution of the mouthwash still capable of inhibiting microbial growth.

Results:

Sanifill Premium® inhibited the growth of all strains at 1/40 dilution and of 1 strain at 1/80 dilution. Noplak® inhibited the growth of 23 strains at 1/640 dilution and of all 28 strains at 1/320 dilution. Periogard® showed inhibited growth of 7 strains at 1/640 dilution and of all 28 strains at 1/320 dilution. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, showing significant differences between the mouthwashes evaluated (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between Noplak® and Periogard® (p>0.05). Sanifill Premium® was the least effective (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

It was concluded that CHX-based mouthwashes present better antimicrobial activity against S. Aureus than the PHMB-based mouthwash.