术前C-反应蛋白和红细胞沉降率对多发骨折术后感染的预测价值

目的 探讨术前C-反应蛋白(CRP)和红细胞沉降率(ESR)水平对多发骨折术后感染的预测价值.方法 对2006年12月-2009年3月78例多发骨折(合并骨盆骨折,ISS>18分)患者进行研究.记录创伤摔制二次手术术前CRP、ESR和术后感染情况,并通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)和最佳阳性筛选标准对相关资料进行分析.结果 78例患者中术后感染共11例.术前CRP的临界点为50 mg/L,其灵敏度和特异度为0.909,0.821.ESR的临界点为27.5 mm/h,其灵敏度和特异度为0.818,0.791.联合串联检测灵敏度和特异度为0.875,0.900.结论 CRP(50 mg/L)是多发骨折(合并骨盆骨折)术后感染敏感的预测指标,联合串联检测CRP和ESR可以提高对术后感染的诊断价值.     

Role of scintigraphy in musculoskeletal and spinal infections

Clinical findings are still the mainstay for suspecting the diagnosis of musculoskeletal infections, especially osteomyelitis. No single complementary imaging technique has 100% specificity and sensitivity for every case of musculoskeletal infection. Depending on the age of the patient, presence of orthopedic hardware, location of infection, underlying bone, and systemic conditions, the choice of imaging modalities must be tailored to the patient's condition. Plain radiographs are performed first and may be sufficient. In children, bone scan is highly accurate to diagnose osteomyelitis. Labeled leukocytes with complementary bone or bone marrow studies are recommended for orthopedic hardware or diabetic foot. Finally, gallium scanning is useful for the diagnosis of vertebral osteomyelitis. Current radiopharmaceuticals used for diagnosing infection also label inflammation. Newer products, as Infecton, should in the future allow better differentiation between infection and sterile inflammation.     

Role of MR imaging in the management of spinal infections.

Infection of the spine is a major category of spinal disease that is difficult to differentiate clinically from degenerative disease, noninfective inflammatory lesions, and spinal neoplasm. The infection can affect the vertebrae, intervertebral disks, paraspinal soft tissues, the epidural space, the meninges, and/or the spinal cord. Specific causative organisms include bacteria (pyogenic, granulomatous), fungi, parasites (Echinococcus, Schistosoma), and viruses. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent permanent neurologic deficit and/or spinal deformity. Imaging plays an important role in the overall evaluation of these lesions, and the ideal technique is expected to provide information that will help characterize and delineate the disease process, guide biopsy and/or drainage procedures, suggest method of treatment (medical vs surgical), and assess response to therapy. The aim of this article is to review the advantages and limitations of MR imaging in the management of spinal infections.     

血清降钙素原和C-反应蛋白在细菌感染性疾病诊断中的意义

目的评价血清降钙素原（PCT）和C-反应蛋白（CRP）对细菌感染性疾病诊断的临床价值。方法112例重症监护病房（ICU）细菌感染的患者作为感染组,并以110例ICU非细菌感染性患者作为对照组,测定并比较分析两组患者血清PCT和CRP结果。结果①感染组血清PCT水平显著高于对照组（P〈0.05） 感染组的PCT检测阳性率为94.6%,高于对照组（16.4%）（P〈0.05） ②感染组血清CRP水平显著高于对照组（P〈0.05） 感染组的CRP检测阳性率为31.3%,高于对照组（28.2%）,但两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05） ③PCT检测对细菌感染性诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和诊断符合率均高于CRP检测结果,相比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论PCT对于严重细菌感染性疾病的诊断较CRP敏感,监测血清PCT水平可以作为严重细菌感染的特异性监测指标,对临床诊治具有指导意义。     

Shortened total spine MRI protocol in the detection of spinal cord compression and pathology for emergent settings: a noninferiority study

Emergency Radiology - Spinal cord compression (SCC) requires rapid diagnosis in the emergent setting; however, current MRI protocols may be cumbersome for patients and clinicians. We sought to...     

MRI of infections and neoplasms of the spine and spinal cord in 55 patients with AIDS

Our purpose was to describe the range of MRI findings in infectious and neoplastic involvement of the spine and spinal cord in symptomatic patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). MRI studies in 55 patients with AIDS and neurological signs and symptoms thought to be related to the spine or spinal cord were reviewed. We categorized the findings according to the spinal compartment involved. There were 29 patients with extradural, 11 with intradural-extramedullary and 9 with intramedullary disease. In 6 patients more than one compartment was involved simultaneously, and patients presented with multiple lesions in the same compartment. The most common causes of extradural disease were bone lesions (28); an epidural mass was seen in 14 and spondylodiscitis in 4 patients. Cytomegalovirus polyradiculitis was the most common cause of intradural-extramedullary disease (in 10 cases); herpes radiculitis was seen in two, and tuberculous infection in another two. In three cases leptomeningeal contrast enhancement was due to lymphoma. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) myelitis was seen in two patients, presumed vacuolar myelopathy in two, toxoplasma myelitis in four, intramedullary lymphoma in one, and herpes myelitis in one. Familiarity with the various potential pathological entities that can affect the spine and spinal cord in the AIDS population and their imaging characteristics is crucial for initiation of further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical or surgical treatment. Received: 2 July 1999 Accepted: 3 September 1999     

MRI in spinal lumbosacral dysraphism

The value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in lumbosacral spinal dysraphism is reviewed. Althoigh some technical problems still remain to be overcome, it is obvious tha MRI is the examination of choice for the preoperative assessment of these congenital disesses.     

MRI features of spinal ganglioglioma

Spinal cord ganglioglioma is a rare tumor most often encountered in the first three decades. Scanty computed tomography (CT) reports on the tumor describe it as a hypodense or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dense area with little contrast enhancement despite its solid nature. We report two cases of spinal ganglioglioma both involving almost the whole spinal cord. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the tumors appear hypointense to the spinal cord on T1 and hyperintense to the cord on T2 images, and were mainly solid at exploration. It is important to recognize these tumors as long survival can be achieved after surgical resection.     

MRI of acute spinal trauma

The clinician managing patients who have suffered trauma to the spine requires several questions answered from imaging studies. In the acute stage, a full assessment of the complete injury to the bony, ligamentous, disc and neural tissues will determine the stability of the injury and help decide the nature of clinical management, either conservative or surgical, and also help in determining the surgical approach. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is established as a vital imaging technique and can answer many of the questions posed above. The purpose of this article is to review the current status of MRI in the assessment of acute spinal trauma. Received: 24 August 2000 Revision requested: 13 December 2000 Revision received: 31 January 2001 Accepted: 15 February 2001     

SPIR MRI in spinal diseases.

We report on our experience with the fat suppression technique of spectral presaturation with inversion recovery MR in imaging certain spinal disorders. This technique may assist in demonstrating or excluding the presence of fat within a lesion (such as lipoma, dermoid, teratoma) or within a normal structure (i.e., vertebral body or epidural space). The method can also be used to suppress normal fat (such as marrow or epidural fat) thus increasing the conspicuity of adjacent high signal intensity lesions seen on T1-weighted images (such as blood and contrast-enhancing tumors or inflammatory lesions).     

脊柱转移瘤的MRI诊断

目的探讨MRI对脊柱转移瘤的诊断价值。方法对62例经手术证实的脊柱转移瘤均行平扫和增强扫描，分别采用SE序列T1WI，T2WI及STIR序列。结果62例中，单椎体受累12例，多椎体受累50例。单纯附件受累1例，并椎旁软组织肿块9例，椎管受累11例，合并椎体压缩性骨折7例。结论MRI是脊柱转移瘤的高敏感性检查方法，有助于临床确定治疗方案和评价预后。     

脊椎转移瘤MRI特点分析

目的评价高场强磁共振成像对脊椎转移瘤的诊断潜能。方法回顾性分析经临床病理证实的30例脊椎转移瘤的MRI改变。结果30例脊椎转移瘤中脊椎转移病灶56个，单发9例，多发21例；T1WI以低信号为主；T2WI以高低混杂信号为主；压脂序列所有病例均表现为高信号。结论高场强磁共振成像是诊断脊椎转移瘤的可靠方法，T1压脂序列可以对其生长方式、转移部位及累及范围进行很好的评估。     

MRI of spinal epidural lymphoma

We reviewed the MRI features in eight patients with spinal epidural lymphoma (clinically primary in 4 patients); one patient had multiple lesions. The cervical spine was involved in one patient, the thoracolumbar spine in 5 and the sacrum in two. Mean longitudinal extension of the epidural lesion was 2.6 vertebral segments. The tumours were homogeneously isointense with the spinal cord on T1-weighted images and isointense or hyperintense on proton-density and T2-weighted images. The spinal cord was compressed in four patients but showed signal changes in only one. In five patients the lesions communicated through the intervertebral formaina with paravertebral soft tissue masses. In all but one of the patients diffuse signal changes in the vertebral body marrow consistent with osteolytic or osteobalstic changes were identified adjacent to or at distance from the epidural lesion. Vertebral collapse was observed in two patients.     

MRI in chronic spinal cord trauma

Summary Eighty-seven patients aged 16–68 years have been examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following spinal injury. The MRI findings have been correlated with length of history between trauma and investigation, extent of residual function and site of injury. They include changes at the site of injury consistent with myelomalacia in 37%, a syrinx in 40%, persistent cord compression in 32% and atrophy in 18%. An extensive syrinx can develop within 2 months of injury and it is nearly twice as common in patients with complete paralysis as in those whose paralysis was incomplete. It is suggested that investigation and management of spinal trauma should include early and repeated MRI examinations to detect sequelae at an early stage.     

Radionuclide imaging of spinal infections

Background The diagnosis of spinal infection, with or without implants, has been a challenge for physicians for many years. Spinal infections are now being recognised more frequently, owing to aging of the population and the increasing use of spinal-fusion surgery.Discussion The diagnosis in many cases is delayed, and this may result in permanent neurological damage or even death. Laboratory evidence of infection is variable. Conventional radiography and radionuclide bone imaging lack both sensitivity and specificity. Neither in vitro labelled leucocyte scintigraphy nor ^99mTc-anti-granulocyte antibody scintigraphy is especially useful, because of the frequency with which spinal infection presents as a non-specific photopenic area on these tests. Sequential bone/gallium imaging and ⁶⁷Ga-SPECT are currently the radionuclide procedures of choice for spinal osteomyelitis, but these tests lack specificity, suffer from poor spatial resolution and require several days to complete. [¹⁸F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) PET is a promising technique for diagnosing spinal infection, and has several potential advantages over conventional radionuclide tests.Results The study is sensitive and is completed in a single session, and image quality is superior to that obtained with single-photon emitting tracers. The specificity of FDG-PET may also be superior to that of conventional tracers because degenerative bone disease and fractures usually do not produce intense FDG uptake; moreover, spinal implants do not affect FDG imaging. However, FDG-PET images have to be read with caution in patients with instrumented spinal-fusion surgery since non-specific accumulation of FDG around the fusion material is not uncommon.Conclusion In the future, PET-CT will likely provide more precise localisation of abnormalities. FDG-PET may prove to be useful for monitoring response to treatment in patients with spinal osteomyelitis. Other tracers for diagnosing spinal osteomyelitis are also under investigation, including radiolabelled antibiotics, such as ^99mTc-ciprofloxacin, and radiolabelled streptavidin-biotin complex. Antimicrobial peptides display preferential binding to microorganisms over human cells and perhaps new radiopharmaceuticals will be recruited from the array of human antimicrobial peptides/proteins. In experiments with Tc-ubiquicidin-derived peptides, radioactivity at the site of infection correlated well with the number of viable bacteria present. Finally, radiolabelled antifungal tracers could potentially distinguish fungal from bacterial infections.This paper is dedicated to the memory of Frederic De Winter and his daughter Ibe.