窒息后新生儿食管测压及双PH监测的研究

目的 探讨出生窒息对新生儿胃肠运动功能的影响。方法 用多导生理记录仪测定了３５例窒息后新生儿和１７名对照新生儿的食管和胃内压力，并用晶体锑双ＰＨ微电极和便携式２４小时ＰＨ记录仪，对受试者进行了２４小时胃食管双ＰＨ动态监测。结果 两组食管及胃内测压差异不显著：双ＰＨ动态监测发现，窒息组反映酸性胃食管返流的各项参数均明显高于对照组，其中酸性返流指数窒息组／对照组为７．１／１．３；返流次数为１３７．４／     

小儿哮喘与胃食管返流的研究

为探讨小儿哮喘与胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ）的关系，采用便携式ｐＨ自动记录仪对４１例反复发作的哮喘患儿进行了２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测，以２０例健康儿作为对照组。结果：哮喘组胃食管返流发生率为５３．７％（２２／４１），显著高于对照组（０／２０）；哮喘组Ｂｏｉｘ－Ｏｃｈｏａ综合评分、酸性返流指数、返流≥５分钟次数均显著大于对照组，而ｐＨ值＜４的次数、最长返流持续时间则与对照组差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：反复发作的哮喘患儿胃食管返流发生率较高，哮喘与胃食管返流之间有密切的关系。     

小儿反复呼吸道感染与胃食管返流关系的探讨

目的　探讨小儿反复呼吸道感染（ＲＲＩ）与胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ） 的关系。方法　采用便携式ｐＨ 自动记录仪对３５ 例反复呼吸道感染患儿进行２４ 小时食管ｐＨ 值监测,以３０ 例健康儿为对照组。结果　ＲＲＩ组ｐＨ 值＜ ４的检出次数、返流持续时间≥５ 分钟的检出次数、最长返流持续时间、总ｐＨ＜４ 的时间占总监测时间的百分率、Ｂｏｉｘ－ Ｏｃｈｏａ 综合评分均显著大于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ,ＲＲＩ组胃食管返流发生率为５７－１ ％ （２０／３５）,显著高于对照组（１／３０）。结论　ＲＲＩ患儿胃食管返流的发生率高,两者之间有密切关系。     

24小时食管pH值监测在小儿支气管哮喘诊治中的应用

目的探讨胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ）与小儿支气管哮喘的关系，了解２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿哮喘诊治中的作用。方法用便携式２４小时ｐＨ自动记录仪，监测３８例支气管哮喘患儿食管下端ｐＨ值变化，３０例无症状儿为对照组，对１５例合并病理性ＧＥＲ患儿进行抗返流治疗，复查８例。结果哮喘组８项返流指标均显著大于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），其病理性ＧＥＲ的检出率为３９％（１５／３８），显著高于对照组（１／３０）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；小儿哮喘合并病理性ＧＥＲ者其返流以卧位和夜间时严重；经雷尼替丁抗返流治疗后，各项返流指标除了立位ｐＨ＜４时间百分比外，均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１或＜０．０５），近期随访结果显示，哮喘得到有效控制。结论ＧＥＲ是诱发小儿哮喘发作的一个重要因素，哮喘合并病理性ＧＥＲ的患儿对制酸药物抗返流治疗有良好的反应，２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿哮喘的病因诊断和疗效观察上有重要的应用价值。     

动态24小时食管pH值监测小儿胃食管返流

为了解２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ）诊治中的作用，研究小儿病理性ＧＥＲ的特点及其诊断标准，对５０例经钡餐造影诊为ＧＥＲ的患儿进行动态２４小时食管内ｐＨ值监测，３０例健康小儿为对照组，复查１３例病理性ＧＥＲ患儿治疗后（９例为手术治疗）的食管ｐＨ值。结果表明，ＧＥＲ组各项返流指标显著高于对照组。对照组中１例为病理性ＧＥＲ，ＧＥＲ组３１例为病理性，另１９例则为生理性。１３例食管裂孔疝（ＨＨ）患儿均有明显的病理性返流，其各项返流指标除ｐＨ值＜４次数外均显著高于单纯病理性ＧＥＲ；ＨＨ组卧位时返流≥５分钟次数、最长返流时间、总ｐＨ值＜４的时间占总观察时间的百分比和平均返流周期均显著大于立位时；单纯病理性ＧＥＲ组卧位时返流≥５分钟次数、最长返流时间和平均返流周期显著大于立位时，而返流次数则小于立位时。提示小儿病理性ＧＥＲ以卧位时明显，伴有食管裂孔疝者返流更为严重。动态２４小时食管内ｐＨ值监测可用于小儿ＧＥＲ的诊断、分析和疗效评定。     

胃食管双pH监测小儿十二指肠胃食管返流

采用胃、食管双ｐＨ电极对２１例１～１２个月小儿进行２４ｈｐＨ值监测。７例无返流小儿为对照组，１４例有返流的小儿中９例为酸性返流（６４％），５例（３６％）为碱性返流即十二指肠胃食管返流（其中４例合并酸性返流）。碱性返流可引起严重的食管病变。传统的单一食管下端ｐＨ监测难以作出准确诊断，增加胃底ｐＨ监测为准确判定返流，特别是十二指肠胃食管返流提供重要根据，对于提高胃食管返流诊断率和指导临床对不同类型的返流进行有效治疗具有重要意义。     

胃源性哮喘患儿雷尼替丁治疗及随访观察

目的探讨胃源性哮喘患儿经雷尼替丁治疗的随访结果。方法对５２例经便携式２４小时ｐＨ自动记录仪确诊的胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ）阳性哮喘患儿加用雷尼替丁治疗３个月,临床随访２年;１７例治疗后第２次复查食道ｐＨ值。结果雷尼替丁治疗的有效率９３６％（４４／４７）,治疗后酸性返流指数、最长返流时间、Ｂｏｉｘ－Ｏｃｈｏａ综合评分低于治疗前,Ｐ＜００５,而ｐＨ＜４的返流次数及返流≥５分钟的次数与治疗前无显著差异（Ｐ＞００５）。结论ＧＥＲ是诱发小儿哮喘的原因之一,ＧＥＲ阳性时胃酸分泌增多,雷尼替丁是治疗胃源性哮喘的有效药物。     

胃食管双PH监测小儿十二脂肠胃食管返流

采用胃、食管双ＰＨ电极对２１例１～１２个月个月小儿进行２４ｈｐＨ值监测。７例无返流小儿为对照组，１４例有返流的小儿中９例为酸性返流（６４％），５例（３６％）为碱性返流即十二指肠胃食管返流（其中４例合并酸性返流）。碱性返流可引起严重的食管病变。传统的单一食管下端ＰＨ监测难以作出准确诊断，增加胃底ＰＨ监测为准确羊定返流，特别是十二脂肠胃食管返流提供重要根据，对于提高胃食管返流诊断率和指导临床对不同类型     

幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎患儿的食管胃pH值监测及部分胃肠激素研究

目的探讨幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｐ）相关性胃炎患儿的胃肠动力变化特点。方法应用放射免疫分析和食管胃ｐＨ监测技术对５８例Ｈｐ阳性和４７例Ｈｐ阴性慢性胃炎患儿的血清胃泌素、血浆胃动素、十二指肠胃食管返流等进行了对比研究。结果Ｈｐ阳性组血清胃泌素水平高于Ｈｐ阴性组和正常对照组（ｔ值分别为３．３２６、３．８３７，Ｐ均＜０．０１）；Ｈｐ阳性组血浆胃动素水平低于Ｈｐ阴性组和正常对照组（ｔ值分别为２．５９４、４．４３２，Ｐ＜０．０５和０．０１）。Ｈｐ阳性组胃食管返流发生率为２１％，低于Ｈｐ阴性组中的４８％（χ２＝３．８１２，Ｐ＞０．０５）；Ｈｐ阳性组十二指肠胃返流发生率为５０％，高于Ｈｐ阴性组中的１３％（χ２＝７．３８３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论Ｈｐ感染可以导致慢性胃炎患儿血中胃泌素水平升高和血中胃动素水平降低；Ｈｐ相关性胃炎患儿胃食管返流的发生有减少的可能，十二指肠胃返流的发生显著增多     

消化性溃疡患儿24小时胃pH值的动态研究

目的了解消化性溃疡患儿胃ｐＨ值的动态变化。方法对２５例经胃镜确诊的消化性溃疡患儿作２４小时胃ｐＨ值测定,２５例健康儿作对照组。结果胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡患儿各项胃ｐＨ值监测指标的差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）;溃疡组胃ｐＨ平均值、平均中位数低于对照组（１．８±０．５比２．３±０．６,１．４±０．４比１．７±０．５,Ｐ分别＜０．０１、＜０．０５）,而胃ｐＨ值＜２和＜３的时间百分比则高于对照组（７４．８±１３．７比６２．８±１５２,８５．９±８．６比７４．２±１３．１,Ｐ均＜０．０１）;溃疡组夜间胃ｐＨ平均值、平均中位数低于白天（１．６±０．５比２．１±０．５,１．３±０．４比１．６±０．５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,而夜间胃ｐＨ值＜２和＜３的时间百分比则高于白天（８３．２±１４．０比６６．２±１９．９,９２．１±８．１比７９．７±１２．７,Ｐ均＜０．０１）。结论小儿消化性溃疡时胃酸分泌增多,夜间胃酸分泌明显多于白天,提示抑制夜间胃酸分泌是治疗小儿消化性溃疡的重要环节     

Xanthines in apnea of premature infants. Influence on gastroesophageal reflux

Theophylline and caffeine are two xanthine-derivated drugs frequently administered for their stimulating effects on the respiratory center in premature babies presenting with "idiopathic apnea". These drugs are known to increase the gastric acid secretion and to decrease the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, that in turn possibly increase gastroesophageal reflux. We studied 14 premature babies presenting with "idiopathic apnea", treated with caffeine at recommended dose (2.5 mg/kg/day). At 24 hour continuous esophageal pH monitoring was performed 3 to 5 days after starting the treatment. In 6 babies total reflux time (5.6% of the investigation time with ph less than 4) and the number of refluxes in 24 hours (15.3) were significantly increased compared to the other 8 babies (pH less than 4: 0.92%; number of refluxes 6.1). These results were also compared to the results obtained ina symptomatic full term neonates (5-10 days old) (pH less than 4: 0.87; number 5.3/24 hours). The results we obtained in the caffeine treated group were independent of the plasma xanthine levels (all within or below therapeutic ranges). A second pH monitoring 2 weeks after stopping caffeine administration was always within normal ranges. The increase of gastroesophageal reflux seems individual for each patient. Gastroesophageal reflux can lead to pulmonary aspiration, and, in this way, it can be the origin of obstructive apnea or aspiration pneumonia.     

近端食管胃酸反流与胃食管反流患儿呼吸道症状的关系

目的了解胃食管反流(GER)患儿近端食管胃酸反流与呼吸道症状发生的关系。方法采用食管双pH动态监测法，对31例单纯性呕吐、23例伴有反复呼吸道症状的GER患儿同时监测食管近端和远端pH值的变化，以35例健康儿作为对照组。结果单纯呕吐组远端食管各项酸反流指标、近端食管酸反流指标除最长反流时间外均大于对照组，差异有显著性；呼吸道症状组远端食管、近端食管各项酸反流指标均大于对照组，差异有显著性；但单纯呕吐组与呼吸道症状组相比较，无论在近端食管还是在远端食管，各项指标的差异无显著性；病例组远端食管各项酸反流指标均大于近端食管，差异有显著性。结论近端食管酸反流并不是GER患儿发生呼吸道症状的主要因素，而远端食管酸反流是小儿GER的主要反流形式。     

24 Сʱθʳ�ܶ�̬˫pH ��⼼����������θʳ�ܷ�����ؼ����е�Ӧ��

??The 24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring is a widely used method in diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux diseases. It has been regarded as the diagnositic standard of these diseases. Due to the technical limitation?? the traditional pH monitoring can only show the acid refluxes in the lower esophagus instead of the mixed and alkaline ones. As a result?? there is inevitably a proportional rate of misdiagnosis in the traditional pH monitoring. The 24-hour gastric and esophageal double pH monitoring can perfectly solve this problem. In this method?? both the gastric and esophageal pH is recorded for 24 hours. Both the acid refluxes in the lower esophagus and the duodenogastric reflux and the mixed and alkaline refluxes can be clearly demonstrated. With improvement of accuracy?? the 24-hour gastric and esophageal double pH monitoring has been used in adults and adolescent?? but rarely in the neonates. In this paper??the key point of this method and its application in neonates and prematures was reviewed and introduced.     

Simultaneous monitoring of gastric and oesophageal pH reveals limitations of conventional oesophageal pH monitoring in milk fed infants.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring oesophageal pH conventionally detects "acid reflux" (pH less than 4). The pH of the gastric contents determines whether or not reflux can be detected. AIM: To monitor gastric and oesophageal pH simultaneously in order to determine the effect of milk feeds on gastric pH and how this would influence interpretation of the oesophageal pH record. METHODS: Milk fed infants for whom oesophageal pH monitoring was requested underwent simultaneous gastric and oesophageal pH monitoring using a dual channel pH probe. RESULTS: Twenty of 24 records were technically satisfactory. Mean reflux index was 1.0%, range 0.0-4.0%. Gastric pH was less than 4 for 24.5% (range 0.6-69.1%) of the total time. The average time the gastric pH was greater than 4 after feeds was 130 minutes (range 29-212 minutes). The corrected reflux index (limited to the time the gastric pH was less than 4) was 2.6% (range 0.0-11.0%). CONCLUSION: The pH of the gastric contents may be greater than 4 for prolonged intervals, during which oesophageal pH monitoring using current criteria cannot detect reflux nor correlate it with clinical events. A low reflux index may reflect prolonged buffering of gastric acidity rather than the absence of reflux.     

Multipoint measurement of intragastric pH in healthy preterm infants

BACKGROUND: The diagnostic use of 24 hour oesophageal pH monitoring in infants is controversial because of the impact of feed buffering of gastric acidity. AIM: To re-evaluate the effect of feeding on gastric pH and reflux using multipoint pH measurements. SUBJECTS: Fifteen healthy premature infants fed every four hours. METHODS: Oesophageal pH and intragastric pH at 3, 6, and 9 cm below the lower oesophageal sphincter were simultaneously measured using a four channel pH probe for four hours after bolus feeding. Parameters of pH were compared for the different levels within the stomach. During reflux episodes, the nadir pH was compared with intragastric pH at all levels. RESULTS: The proximal stomach was more significantly buffered by feeding and slower to re-acidify postprandially than the mid and distal stomach (42.2% of the time at pH < 4 compared with 58.7% and 55.7% respectively). During 27 of 62 gastro-oesophageal reflux episodes, nadir oesophageal pH was lower than the pH of the proximal stomach but always equal to or higher than the pH of the distal stomach. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that previous studies may have overestimated the effect of feeding on gastric acidity and reflux.     

PH monitoring in the distal and proximal esophagus in symptomatic infants

BACKGROUND: Standard distal esophageal pH monitoring data are sometimes within normal ranges in children with clinically suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that the amount of acid reflux reaching the proximal esophagus may be greater in some subgroups of patients than in healthy controls or in other subgroups of patients. METHODS: The parameters of 24-hour pH monitoring in the proximal part of the esophagus were analyzed in 120 symptomatic infants in who the reflux parameters in the lower esophagus were clearly within normal ranges (reflux index < 5.0%). The infants were classified into four patient groups: excessive regurgitation (n = 41): inconsolable crying (n = 31), apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) (n = 18), and chronic respiratory disorders (n = 30). The control group consisted also of 120 infants. The following parameters were calculated: reflux index, the number of reflux episodes, the number of reflux episodes lasting longer than 5 minutes, the duration of the longest reflux episode, and the acid clearance time (ACT, duration of reflux episodes divided by number of reflux episodes). RESULTS: The patients with chronic respiratory disorders were significantly older than the patients in the other groups and the controls. In the distal esophagus, there was no statistically significant difference between the reflux parameters. As could be expected, every parameter was statistically (paired t test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) significantly smaller in the proximal than in the distal esophagus, except for the ACT in infants who presented with inconsolable crying. In the proximal esophagus, there was no statistically significant difference between the different patient subgroups or controls, except for the number of reflux episodes in the group with chronic respiratory disorders and the group with inconsolable crying, applying one-way analysis of variance. As determined by applying the Mann-Whitney test, the number of reflux episodes in the upper esophagus was significantly higher in the group with chronic respiratory disorders than in the other patient groups and controls. Therefore, the authors' data do not support the hypothesis that reflux reaching the proximal esophagus is a frequent cause of ALTE. However, the data may suggest that the number of reflux episodes reaching the proximal esophagus in children with chronic respiratory disorders and with distal pH monitoring data within normal ranges may be increased. Whether this finding reflects reality or a statistical coincidence, or is influenced by the older age of this patient group, needs further evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: In theory, dual simultaneous esophageal pH monitoring in the distal and proximal esophagus may increase the diagnostic accuracy of pH monitoring in infants. Our results do not support a substantial advantage of a systematic application of this new technique, especially not in infants presenting with ALTE, excessive regurgitation, or inconsolable crying. In the subgroup of patients with chronic respiratory disorders, more data are needed before conclusions can be determined and recommendations can be made.     

Simultaneous monitoring of gastric and oesophageal pH reveals limitations of conventional oesophageal pH monitoring in milk fed infants

BACKGROUND—Monitoring oesophageal pH conventionally detects "acid reflux" (pH less than 4). The pH of the gastric contents determines whether or not reflux can be detected.AIM—To monitor gastric and oesophageal pH simultaneously in order to determine the effect of milk feeds on gastric pH and how this would influence interpretation of the oesophageal pH record.METHODS—Milk fed infants for whom oesophageal pH monitoring was requested underwent simultaneous gastric and oesophageal pH monitoring using a dual channel pH probe.RESULTS—Twenty of 24 records were technically satisfactory. Mean reflux index was 1.0%, range 0.0-4.0%. Gastric pH was less than 4for 24.5% (range 0.6-69.1%) of the total time. The average time the gastric pH was greater than 4 after feeds was 130 minutes (range 29-212 minutes). The corrected reflux index (limited to the time the gastric pH was less than 4) was 2.6% (range 0.0-11.0%).CONCLUSION—The pH of the gastric contents may be greater than 4 for prolonged intervals, during which oesophageal pH monitoring using current criteria cannot detect reflux nor correlate it with clinical events. A low reflux index may reflect prolonged buffering of gastric acidity rather than the absence of reflux.     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿胃排空及胃食管反流的影响

目的评价非营养性吸吮(NNS)对早产儿胃排空及胃食管反流的影响.方法将38例需经鼻胃管喂养(INGF)的健康早产适于胎龄儿,用同一种配方乳喂养.根据是否辅以非营养性吸吮随机分为非营养性吸吮(NNS)组和单纯鼻胃管喂养(N-NNS)组.记录入液量、奶量、热卡及肠道营养达418.4 kJ/(kg·d)的时间,记录喂养相关情况;测定胃窦纵切面积(ACSA),计算胃半排空时间(T1/250%ΔACSA);同时进行食管24小时pH监测,记录以下指标24小时内总反流次数;反流指数(RI);反流持续时间>5分次数;pH<4总时间;最长酸反流时间.结果 NNS组胃半排空时间快于对照组[分别为(58.33±22.94)分,(73.75±17.76)分],差异有显著意义(P<0.05).38例早产儿中出现GER者32例,占84.2%;NNS组反流次数明显少于对照组[分别为9(2～31)次,(5～31)次,P<0.05];pH<4的总时间和反流指数与对照组比较,有下降趋势,但差异无显著意义(P>0.05).NNS组胃残留发生率(16.7%)低于对照组(50%),差异有显著意义(P<0.05);肠道营养达418.4kJ/(kg·d)的时间比对照组明显缩短[分别为(12.36±4.29)天,(15.50±4.58)天,P<0.05].结论鼻胃管喂养期间给予NNS是一种简单而安全的喂养方式,可促进胃排空,减少胃食管反流次数,对胃肠动力发育有促进作用,有助于早产儿生后肠道营养的建立.     

Effect of general anaesthesia on prolonged intraoesophageal pH monitoring.

Investigation of gastro-oesophageal reflux often includes endoscopy, usually under general anaesthesia, and pH monitoring. In most cases, the pH probe is passed when the child is awake and is poorly tolerated. The effect of general anaesthesia on pH monitoring is unknown. The aim of the study was to determine if placing the probe in the anaesthetised child gives a representative pH study. Twenty children aged 4 months to 13 years underwent oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy under general anaesthesia. A pH electrode was placed under direct vision in the distal oesophagus. pH monitoring was begun after completion of anaesthesia and continued for 18-24 hours. The study was repeated within 14 days without anaesthetic. The reproducibility of values of percent pH < 4, number of reflux episodes/hour, reflux episodes lasting > 5 min, and longest reflux episode was 85%, 90%, 75%, and 75% respectively. These results are comparable with those in adults and children in whom pH studies were performed on consecutive days (without anaesthetic) keeping all variables constant. Therefore pH data collected in a child within 24 hours of endoscopy under general anaesthesia are representative.