Concordance of Shape Risk Scale,a new pressure ulcer risk tool,with Braden Scale

The occurrence of pressure ulcers was examined in a cross‐sectional study in 23 health care facilities and in home care involving 548 patients. The screening of pressure ulcer risk was assessed simultaneously using the Braden Scale and the new Shape Risk Scale (SRS), and the results were compared. The overall prevalence of pressure ulcers in the study population was 15·5% (85/548). The Braden Scale was performed as described in the literature. The direct concordance of the Braden and SRS scales was 46%. In more than 90% of cases, the SRS classified patients as well as or better than the Braden Scale. The SRS allocates patients significantly different from the Braden Scale into the risk categories, especially the difference is significant between the low and medium‐risk categories. The greatest advantage of SRS to Braden Scale is that it correctly identifies patients with low risk of pressure ulcers. It is interesting that the two risk scores, taking into consideration the basically different pathophysiological factors, can still give rather similar results. The users considered that both scales are easy to use.     

Subscales, subscores, or summative score: evaluating the contribution of Braden Scale items for predicting pressure ulcer risk in older adults receiving home health care.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain Braden subscales or subscores were more important than others or the summative score in predicting stage I to IV pressure ulcers among older adults receiving home health care. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study (secondary analysis) was used. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: The cohort sample included 1684 nonhospice patients who were not receiving intravenous therapy and who were admitted to the Intermittent Skilled Nursing Division of a large midwestern home health care agency between January 1995 and March 1996. The patients were > or =60 years and free of pressure ulcers. METHODS: Demographic data and data on the Braden Scale were extracted from admission information. Patient records were followed forward chronologically to 1 of 2 outcomes: development or absence of pressure ulcers (ie, free of pressure ulcers upon discharge, institutionalization, death, or the end of the study period). RESULTS: Following admission, a stage I to IV pressure ulcer developed in 107 subjects (incidence = 6.3%). Cox regression analysis revealed that activity and moisture subscale scores predicted pressure ulcer development. Regression modeling of individual Braden Scale subscores (response categories) revealed that problems with friction/shear, being very limited in mobility, and being constantly moist, very moist, or occasionally moist predicted pressure ulcer development. When the overall level of risk was added to each of these models, the Braden Scale summative score was most strongly related to pressure ulcer development. No simplified scale improved risk prediction. CONCLUSIONS: When the Braden Scale was used, the summative score rather than any subscale or subscore best predicted pressure ulcer risk among the older adults receiving home health care.     

Munro与Braden压疮评估表用于手术患者压疮评估预测效度比较

目的比较Munro与Braden评估表预测手术患者压疮的效果。方法 2名护士分别应用2种评估表,同时、独立、连续地于术前、手术结束、术后返回病房2h内对111例外科手术患者进行压疮风险评估,另1名护士在手术结束、返回病房交接、术后24h、48h、72h评估压疮发生情况并记录,计算ROC曲线下面积、灵敏度和特异度。结果手术结束11例发生压疮(9.9%),术后24h内共有4例压疮患者,其中2例新发(1.8%);Munro评估表术前、中、后的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.850、0.889、0.864,高于Braden评估表(0.727、0.724、0.600);术前、中、后Braden评估表最佳临界值分别为19分、13分、14分,灵敏度分别为0.545、0.909、0.250,特异度0.700、0.350、0.916;术前、中、后Munro评估表最佳临界值为9分、22分、29分,灵敏度分别为0.818、0.909、0.750,特异度为0.610、0.730、0.822。结论 Munro评估表评估压疮更具有针对性,对手术压疮诊断价值高于Braden评估表,但在使用过程中需要与其他医务人员配合,且个别评估指标不是常规监测项目,增加了护理工作量,需进一步研究和加以完善。     

The effect of Web-based Braden Scale training on the reliability and precision of Braden Scale pressure ulcer risk assessments.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of Web-based Braden Scale training on the reliability and precision of pressure ulcer risk assessments made by registered nurses (RN) working in acute care settings. DESIGN: Pretest-posttest, 2-group, quasi-experimental design. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Five hundred Braden Scale risk assessments were made on 102 acute care patients deemed to be at various levels of risk for pressure ulceration. Assessments were made by RNs working in acute care hospitals at 3 different medical centers where the Braden Scale was in regular daily use (2 medical centers) or new to the setting (1 medical center). INSTRUMENT: The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk was used to guide pressure ulcer risk assessments. A Web-based version of the Detroit Medical Center Braden Scale Computerized Training Module was used to teach nurses correct use of the Braden Scale and selection of risk-based pressure ulcer prevention interventions. RESULTS: In the aggregate, RN generated reliable Braden Scale pressure ulcer risk assessments 65% of the time after training. The effect of Web-based Braden Scale training on reliability and precision of assessments varied according to familiarity with the scale. With training, new users of the scale made reliable assessments 84% of the time and significantly improved precision of their assessments. The reliability and precision of Braden Scale risk assessments made by its regular users was unaffected by training. CONCLUSION: Technology-assisted Braden Scale training improved both reliability and precision of risk assessments made by new users of the scale, but had virtually no effect on the reliability or precision of risk assessments made by regular users of the instrument. Further research is needed to determine best approaches for improving reliability and precision of Braden Scale assessments made by its regular users.     

Characteristics of hospitalised US veterans with nosocomial pressure ulcers

The objective of this study was to describe demographic and clinical characteristics of hospitalised US veterans with nosocomial pressure ulcer (NPU) referred to a certified Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nurse (WOCN). We conducted a retrospective review of electronic records at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center in the northwestern USA. Records of veterans with NPU referred to a WOCN (n = 29) from May 2005 to June 2006 were reviewed. Location and stage of pressure ulcer(s), Braden score on admission and when the ulcer was first noted, day of hospital stay when the ulcer was first noted, medical diagnoses and clinical conditions and events such as surgery, hypoxemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypotension were recorded. Mean age of the patients was 69·8. The most common location was the sacrum/coccyx. Most ulcers were stage 1 when identified. Braden score during admission classified half of the sample at risk, but 81% of Braden scores at ulcer occurrence were <18. Ninety percent of the sample had three or more comorbidities. Over half had died in the 1–14 months after the reviewed hospitalisation. Hospitalised veterans referred for WOCN consultation had multiple risk factors and comorbid conditions, including hypoxemia, serum albumin depletion, anaemia and hypotension. Veterans cared for in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers are known to have multiple health problems, and those in this sample not only had nosocomial pressure ulcer, but also other physiological derangements that may shorten survival.     

Enhancing Braden pressure ulcer risk assessment in acutely ill adult veterans

This study sought to determine if a parsimonious pressure ulcer (PU) predictive model could be identified specific to acute care to enhance the current PU risk assessment tool (Braden Scale) utilized within veteran facilities. Factors investigated include: diagnosis of gangrene, anemia, diabetes, malnutrition, osteomyelitis, pneumonia/pneumonitis, septicemia, candidiasis, bacterial skin infection, device/implant/graft complications, urinary tract infection, paralysis, senility, respiratory failure, acute renal failure, cerebrovascular accident, or congestive heart failure during hospitalization; patient's age, race, smoking status, history of previous PU, surgery, hours in surgery; length of hospitalization, and intensive care unit days. Retrospective chart review and logistic regression analyses were used to examine Braden scores and other risk factors in 213 acutely ill veterans in North Florida with (n = 100) and without (n = 113) incident PU from January–July 2008. Findings indicate four medical factors (malnutrition, pneumonia/pneumonitis, candidiasis, and surgery) have stronger predictive value (sensitivity 83%, specificity 72%, area under receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve 0.82) for predicting PUs in acutely ill veterans than Braden Scale total scores alone (sensitivity 65%, specificity 70%, area under ROC curve 0.70). In addition, accounting for four medical factors plus two Braden subscores (activity and friction) demonstrates better overall model performance (sensitivity 80%, specificity 76%, area under ROC curve 0.88).     

Relationship between Braden scale score and pressure ulcer development in patients admitted in trauma intensive care unit

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the scores of Braden scale and pressure ulcer development among critically ill patients. All patients who admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) in 3 months (during July-October 2010) were surveyed with Braden scale. Patients who gained higher score of Braden scale were at lower risk for pressure ulcer development compared with the other patients. Braden scale is a useful tool for predicting pressure ulcer development in trauma ICU patients. Also, factors such as age and level of consciousness may influence pressure ulcer development.     

The Norton, Waterlow, Braden, and Care Dependency Scales: comparing their validity when identifying patients' pressure sore risk.

OBJECTIVES: We compared the sensitivity and specificity of the Norton, Waterlow, and Braden Scales in identifying patients at pressure sore risk. An additional goal was to determine whether or not the Care Dependency Scale (CDS) is able to detect patients at risk for pressure sore development. METHODS: The investigation was part of a prevalence study involving 754 patients in 3 Berlin hospitals. A questionnaire was used containing the subscales of the 3 risk calculators (Norton, Waterlow, and Braden), and the CDS. On the specified day nurses filled in the questionnaire using data obtained from the patients' charts and direct visualization of the patients' skin. RESULTS: Thirty-four out of 754 patients had at least 1 pressure ulcer. Comparing the 3 risk assessment tools, the Waterlow scale demonstrated the highest sensitivity (0.86) and the Norton scale demonstrated the highest specificity (0.75). Individuals with pressure sores were more likely to be care dependent (t-test: P< .01); 27 of them had a CDS score lower than 55. Using the score of 55 as the cut-off point, the CDS demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.74 and a specificity of 0.83. SUMMARY: This study demonstrated remarkable differences among the 3 commonly used risk assessment tools, in regards to sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the CDS seems to have a diagnostic value similar to the 3 commonly used risk assessment calculators.     

预见性护理对晚期肿瘤老年卧床患者压疮发生率及Braden评分的影响

分析将预见性护理用于晚期肿瘤老年卧床患者对压疮发生率、Braden评分的影响。 方法 选取南通大学附属医院2021年-2022年收治的74例晚期肿瘤老年卧床患者为研究对象，根据患者的 入院先后顺序分为对照组和观察组，每组37例。对照组实施常规护理，观察组实施预见性护理，比较两组 压疮发生情况及Braden评分。结果 观察组压疮发生率为5.41%，低于对照组的18.92%，差异有统计学意义 （P ＜0.05）；观察组护理后知觉、营养、皮肤剪切力及摩擦力、潮湿度评分均高于对照组，差异有统计 学意义（P ＜0.05）。结论 将预见性护理用于晚期肿瘤老年卧床患者护理中可有效预防压疮风险，并提高 Braden评分。     

Inter‐rater reliability of three most commonly used pressure ulcer risk assessment scales in clinical practice

The objective of this study was to evaluate inter‐rater reliability of Braden Scale, Norton Scale and Waterlow Scale for pressure ulcer risk assessment in clinical practice. The design of the study was cross‐sectional. A total of 23 patients at pressure ulcer risk were included in the study, and 6 best registered nurses conducted three subsequent risk assessments for all included patients. They assessed alone and independently from each other. An intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine the inter‐rater reliability. For the Braden Scale, the ICC values ranged between 0·603 (95% CI: 0·435–0·770) for the item ‘moisture’ and a maximum of 0·964 (95% CI: 0·936–0·982) for the item ‘activity’; for the Norton Scale, the ICC values ranged between 0·595 (95% CI: 0·426–0·764) for the item ‘physical condition’ and a maximum of 0·975 (95% CI: 0·955–0·988) for the item ‘activity’; and for the Waterlow Scale, the ICC values ranged between 0·592 (95% CI: 0·422–0·762) for the item ‘skin type’ and a maximum of 0·990 (95% CI: 0·982–0·995) for the item ‘activity’. The ICC values of total score for three scales of were 0·955 (95% CI: 0·922–0·978), 0·967 (95% CI: 0·943–0·984), and 0·915 (95% CI: 0·855–0·958) for Braden, Norton, and Waterlow scales, respectively. Although the inter‐rater reliability of Braden Scale, Norton Scale and Waterlow Scale total scores were all substantial, the reliability of some items was not so good. The items of ‘moisture’, ‘physical condition’ and ‘skin type’ should be paid more attention. However, some studies are needed to find out high reliable quantitative items to replace these ambiguous items in new designed scales.     

Peer-to-peer nursing rounds and hospital-acquired pressure ulcer prevalence in a surgical intensive care unit: a quality improvement project

We conducted a quality improvement project in order to evaluate the effect of nurse-to-nurse bedside "rounding" as a strategy to decrease hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPU) in a surgical intensive care unit. We instituted weekly peer-to-peer bedside skin rounds in a 17-bed surgical intensive care unit. Two nurses were identified as skin champions and trained by the hospital's certified WOC nurse to conduct skin rounds. The skin champion nurses conducted weekly peer-to-peer rounds that included discussions about key elements of our patients' skin status including current Braden Scale for Pressure Sore Risk score, and implementation of specific interventions related to subscale risk assessment. If a pressure ulcer was present, the current action plan was reevaluated for effectiveness. Quarterly HAPU prevalence studies were conducted from January 2008 to December 2010. Nineteen patients experienced a HAPU: 17 were located on the coccyx and 2 on the heel. Ten ulcers were classified as stage II, 3 PU were stage IV, 5 were deemed unstageable, and 1 was classified as a deep tissue injury. The frequency of preventive interventions rose during our quality improvement project. Specifically, the use of prevention surfaces increased 92%, repositioning increased 30%, nutrition interventions increased 77%, and moisture management increased 100%. Prior to focused nursing rounds, the highest HAPU prevalence rate was 27%. After implementing focused nursing rounds, HAPU rates trended down and were 0% for 3 consecutive quarters.     

Predictive and concurrent validity of the Braden scale in long‐term care: A meta‐analysis

Pressure ulcer prevention is an important long‐term care (LTC) quality indicator. While the Braden Scale is a recommended risk assessment tool, there is a paucity of information specifically pertaining to its validity within the LTC setting. We, therefore, undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis comparing Braden Scale predictive and concurrent validity within this context. We searched the Medline, EMBASE, PsychINFO and PubMed databases from 1985–2014 for studies containing the requisite information to analyze tool validity. Our initial search yielded 3,773 articles. Eleven datasets emanating from nine published studies describing 40,361 residents met all meta‐analysis inclusion criteria and were analyzed using random effects models. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive values were 86%, 38%, 28%, and 93%, respectively. Specificity was poorer in concurrent samples as compared with predictive samples (38% vs. 72%), while PPV was low in both sample types (25 and 37%). Though random effects model results showed that the Scale had good overall predictive ability [RR, 4.33; 95% CI, 3.28–5.72], none of the concurrent samples were found to have “optimal” sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, the appropriateness of the Braden Scale in LTC is questionable given its low specificity and PPV, in particular in concurrent validity studies. Future studies should further explore the extent to which the apparent low validity of the Scale in LTC is due to the choice of cutoff point and/or preventive strategies implemented by LTC staff as a matter of course.     

终末期肝病模型用于慢性重症肝炎患者肝移植预后的评估

目的 探讨终末期肝病模型(MELD)预测慢性重症肝炎患者肝移植后早期存活率的价值.方法 共有42例慢性重症肝炎患者接受了肝移植,所有患者的原发病均为乙型肝炎.按照2000年修订的重症肝炎临床分期标准,19例为早期,16例为中期,7例为晚期.Child-Pugh分级,除1例为B级外,其余均为C级.对所有患者进行MELD评分和Child-Pugh评分,并进行比较.绘制ROC曲线,根据ROC曲线下面积评估MELD评分和Child-Pugh评分对肝移植后早期死亡率的预测价值.依据两种评分的ROC曲线临界值,分别绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,Log-Rank检验比较生存曲线的组问差异.采用Spearman等级相关检验分析两种评分方式的相关性.结果 随访至术后3个月,42例中,死亡7例.死亡者的MELD评分和Child-Pugh评分分别为(32.97±7.11)分和(12.57±0.98)分,明显高于存活者的(24.90)±4.96)分和(11.51±1.17)分(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).MELD评分评估患者术后3个月内存活率的最佳临界值是25.67,敏感性和特异性分别是85.7 %和60.0 %,ROC曲线下面积为0.841.Child-Pugh评分评估患者术后3个月内存活率的最佳临界值是11.5,敏感性和特异性分别是85.7 %和54.3 %,ROC曲线下面积为0.747.根据两种评分方法绘制的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线均能有效区分可能死亡和可能存活的患者.Spearman等级相关分析表明两种评分方法的相关系数为0.307(P＜0.05).结论 MELD评分和Child-Pugh评分对慢性重症肝炎患者肝移植后早期存活率均有预测价值;MELD评分能够更好的预测慢性重型肝炎患者术后近期死亡率.     

青年患者小手术后近期认知功能的变化

目的 探明青年患者小手术后近期认知功能的变化.方法 择期行脐部以下部位小手术(手术时间＜2 h)青年患者(18岁～39岁)60例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,采用完全随机设计法分为全凭静脉麻醉组与硬膜外麻醉组各30例,对照组为青年健康志愿者30例.分别于术前1 d,术后3 d行6项认知功能测定.结果 完成全程测验60例,其中对照组21例,全麻组18例,硬膜外组21例.术后各项测验值普遍高于术前测验值(P＜0.05).全麻组和硬膜外组多项测验数值在术前和术后低于对照组(P＜0.05).按Z计分诊断术后第3天认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)发生5例,其中对照组1例,全麻组3例,硬膜外组1例.组间差异无统计学意义(x2=2.338,P=0.31).结论 小手术青年患者在术前注意力已有所下降,术后注意力、记忆力和思维能力都有一定程度的受损.全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉后近期各项认知功能的变化及POCD的发生率差异无统计学意义.     

集束化护理在骨折压疮高危病人管理中的应用

目的：探讨集束化护理对骨折压疮高危病人（Braden评分≤12分）的护理效果。方法将2015年9月至2016年9月于贵州省人民医院骨科治疗的126例骨折压疮高危病人纳入本研究,按入院的先后顺序分为两组,其中2015年9月至2016年3月入院的69例纳入对照组,采取常规压疮预防措施;2016年4月至2016年9月入院的57例纳入研究组,采取集束化护理预防压疮。出院时评估并比较两组病人的压疮发生率,并通过Braden评分评估两组病人的护理效果。结果对照组69例中,49例达有效护理,护理有效率为71.01%,12例发生压疮,压疮发生率为17.39%;研究组57例中,51例达有效护理,护理有效率为89.47%,3例发生压疮,压疮发生率为5.26%。两组间护理有效率和压疮发生率的差异均具有统计学意义（χ2=6.495,P=0.011;χ2=4.378,P=0.036）。结论集束化护理能提高骨科骨折压疮高危病人的护理有效率,降低压疮发生率。     

Early extubation after cardiac surgery: emotional status in the early postoperative period

OBJECTIVE: To compare the emotional state during the first 3 days after coronary artery surgery of patients who had undergone early versus conventional extubation. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: University hospital, single center. PARTICIPANTS: Eligible patients (n = 100) presenting for elective coronary artery surgery, randomized to an early extubation group or a conventional extubation group. INTERVENTIONS: Emotional status was measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), the Self Assessment Manikin (SAM), and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R). Tests were administered preoperatively and on the 1st and 3rd days postoperatively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of patients in the conventional extubation group, 30% showed moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (HAD score >10) on day 3 postoperatively compared with 8% of patients in the early extubation group (p = 0.02). There was a clinically insignificant increase in MAACL-R depression score on the 1st postoperative day within both groups but no other differences within or between groups in SAM or MAACL-R scores. CONCLUSION: Early extubation results in fewer patients displaying depressive symptoms on the 3rd postoperative day but appears to have little effect on other measurements of emotional status. Anesthetic management during coronary artery bypass graft surgery may play an important role in the overall well-being of the patient by decreasing the incidence of postoperative depression.     

Evaluation of validity of the new diabetic foot ulcer assessment scale in Indonesia

We developed a new assessment tool for diabetic foot ulcers because no such tool specifically for diabetic foot ulcer exists. The diabetic foot ulcer assessment scale (DFUAS) has 11 domain items. The minimum and maximum scores on this scale are 0 and 98, respectively; higher scores indicate more severe wounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concurrent validity, construct validity and predictive validity of DFUAS in Indonesia. A prospective cohort study was conducted on patients with diabetic foot ulcer at Kitamura wound clinic in Indonesia. A total of 62 patients with 70 diabetic foot ulcers were assessed with DFUAS tool, Bates‐Jensen wound assessment tool (BWAT), and pressure ulcer scale for healing (PUSH). Concurrent validity was determined by correlation of the DFUAS total score with the external criterion (BWAT, PUSH, and wound surface area). A comparison between the total DFUAS score and chronic wound status was made to determine construct validity. We also analyzed 41 wounds that were followed for 4 weeks to evaluate predictive validity. The correlation coefficient total scores of the DFUAS against the BWAT, PUSH, and wound surface area were 0.92, 0.87, and 0.82, respectively. The comparison of the total DFUAS score with chronic wound status was p < 0.001. The predictive validity test indicated that a DFUAS cutoff score of 12 produced the best balance of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value (89%, 71%, 86%, and 77%, respectively). In conclusion, the newly developed DFUAS is a valid tool for assessing diabetic foot ulcers.     

Screening for PTSD in motor vehicle accident survivors using the PSS-SR and IES

The current study compares the total scores of two potential posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screening tools, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the PTSD Symptom Scale, Self-Report (PSS-SR), to the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) in a large sample of motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors (N = 229, of whom 43% met criteria for PTSD). For the IES using a cutoff score of 27, sensitivity was .91, specificity was .72, and overall correct classification was .80. For the PSS-SR using a cutoff score of 14, sensitivity was .91, specificity was .62, and overall correct classification was .74. Compared to those in studies of other trauma populations, the identified IES cutoff score is somewhat lower for this population of MVA survivors and the identified PSS-SR cutoff score is consistent with previous findings. These data support the use of the IES and the PSS-SR as PTSD screening tools in MVA samples.