颅颈交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊治分析

目的探讨颅颈交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘的临床及影像学特点、诊断及外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析11例颅颈交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘病人的临床资料。行枕下后正中入路C1半椎板切除引流静脉切断术9例,1例合并小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘病人仅行硬脑膜动静脉瘘栓塞术,观察随访1例。结果9例引流静脉切断病人中,6例以蛛网膜下腔出血起病者术后无明显神经功能障碍;1例术前双下肢肌力0级．大便困难、小便失禁者术后双下肢肌力逐渐恢复至Ⅳ级,大小便能控制;2例以肢体麻木就诊者术后症状消失。术后脊髓动脉造影显示原瘘口及粗大的引流静脉、动脉瘤样改变等均消失;随访1个月～5年,均未见复发。结论颅颈交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘多表现为蛛网膜下腔出血。血管造影检查应尽量全面,避免漏诊。枕下后正中入路硬脊膜动静脉瘘引流静脉切断术适用于治疗本病。     

寰枕交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗(2例报告并文献复习)

目的探讨寰枕交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘诊断与治疗。方法采用多模式影像学方法诊断,枕下后正中入路手术治疗寰枕交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者2例,并结合文献进行分析。结果本组2例寰枕交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者均表现为自发性蛛网膜下腔出血,均经DSA确诊,并经枕下后正中入路成功阻断瘘口后引流静脉。结论寰枕交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘发病率低,缺乏特征性临床表现,诊断困难;多模态影像、尤其是DSA是确诊的主要方法;开颅手术切断瘘口后引流静脉是相对安全、有较高病灶闭塞率的治疗方法。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的手术治疗

目的探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断及总结手术治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析13例经脊髓血管造影确诊的硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的临床资料，均行手术夹闭瘘口，其中经全椎板切除入路9例，经半椎板切除入路4例。结果瘘口位于上胸段2例，中胸段3例，下胸段6例，腰段2例。全部病例手术后行脊髓血管造影复查，均未见异常瘘口及迂曲引流静脉。随访2—36个月，13例中症状基本消失、痊愈5例，症状改善、好转7例，无变化1例。结论脊髓血管造影可以准确定位瘘口位置，是诊断硬脊膜动静瘘的金标准。手术夹闭瘘口方法简单，夹闭瘘口确切可靠，效果肯定，可作为硬脊膜动静脉瘘的首选治疗方法。     

阻断软脑膜静脉回流治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目前治疗硬脑膜动静脉瘘(AVF)的主要方法是手术切除病变。由于硬脑膜AVF的病灶通常较大,且涉及颅底或邻近硬膜形成的静脉窦,所以,手术损伤较大;相反,硬脊膜的AVF只有硬脊膜内静脉至脊髓静脉系的引流,手术只需在其引流静脉进入蛛网膜下腔处阻断,即可获得成功治愈。作者发现有一部分硬脑膜AVF与硬脊膜AVF相似,其引流静脉只有软脑膜静脉,故采用在引流静脉进入蛛网膜下腔处单纯阻断的方法,治疗了4例这类患者,疗效满意。 本组4例中2例位于岩骨天幕,1例位于中颅窝,1例位于后颅窝底,均经脑血管造影证实痿是由颈内和/或颈外动脉系统供血,且只通过软脑膜     

误诊为表皮样囊肿的高颈段硬脊膜动静脉瘘1例报告

正硬脊膜动静脉瘘(spinal dural arteriovenous fistula,SDAVF)指硬脊膜上的动静脉之间存在微小的瘘口,是一种常见的脊髓血管畸形,约占所有脊髓血管畸形的80%,40岁以上多见,常发生于胸腰段,可见于骶段,颈段和颅颈交界区相对少见~[1～3]。而巨大高颈段硬脊膜动静脉瘘罕见。1984年Symon[4]等首次报道颅颈交界区的SDAVF。复习文献,国内外报道颅颈交界区及高颈段硬脊膜动静脉瘘数10例,而国内仅见1例巨大高颈段SDAVF报道,与本例相似,其患者     

手术夹闭治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘(附6例报道)

目的探讨显微手术夹闭硬脊膜动静脉瘘的方法和疗效。方法回顾分析6例经脊髓血管造影明确的硬脊膜动静脉瘘,采用后正中入路显微镜下探查硬脊膜动静脉瘘口,电灼硬膜上瘘口,夹闭引流静脉近端并观察手术疗效。结果术后双下肢麻木无力,大小便障碍等临床症状明显改善3例,好转2例,无变化1例。无手术死亡、截瘫及其他严重并发症。结论术前精确定位,采用显微手术直接夹闭硬脊膜动静脉瘘口,可取得良好疗效。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的临床诊断与显微手术治疗分析

目的分析和总结硬脊膜动静脉瘘的临床诊断及显微手术切除治疗经验。 方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年1月在平煤神马医疗集团总医院确诊并行显微手术切除治疗的硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者8例,并从临床症状、影像学资料及显微手术切除治疗效果总结了临床诊断及治疗的经验。 结果所有病例均经半椎板入路行动静脉瘘显微手术切除术,术后复查脊髓血管造影,均未发现异常的瘘口及迂曲扩张的引流静脉显影。随访24个月,其中痊愈5例,好转2例,有效率87.5%。 结论MRI是筛选硬脊膜动静脉瘘的无创手段,脊髓血管造影是确定诊断的金标准。显微手术方法简单,疗效确切,可作为治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘的首选方法。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断及手术治疗

目的 探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断及手术治疗。方法 1996年9月～2002年9月收治硬脊膜动静脉瘘病人20例，均行术前MRI、脊髓血管造影证实，手术切断瘘口处硬脊膜动脉与引流静脉的异常交通。结果 12例完全康复，8例症状改善，脊髓功能部分恢复。结论 脊髓MRI是硬脊膜动静脉瘘的无创筛选检查，而脊髓血管造影是确诊的金标准；手术电凝切断瘘口效果肯定，可明显改善症状，防止脊髓损害进一步加重。     

荧光造影技术在脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘手术中的应用

目的 探讨荧光造影技术在脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)显微手术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析四川大学华西医院神经外科2012年1月—2018年1月收治的28例脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的资料。患者均行脊髓血管造影确诊。手术采用全椎或半椎板入路,术中用吲哚菁绿荧光造影明确瘘口的位置、引流静脉及供血动脉,行瘘口切除后再次造影检查。采用改良Aminoff-Logue量表(ALS)评估患者手术前后的脊髓功能。结果 本组患者中瘘口位于颅颈交界、胸髓上段、胸髓下段、脊髓腰段的患者,分别为2例、8例、10例、8例。患者手术均成功,瘘口均完全切除,术后影像学复查无复发者。随访时间6～72个月,结果显示治愈为18例、改善8例、无变化2例,好转率为92. 85%。患者术后的改良ALS评分(2. 1±1. 4)比术前(4. 6±1. 9)明显好转(P 0. 05)。结论 显微外科手术是治疗脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘最有效的方法。术中采用荧光造影,能准确定位瘘口位置,同时对瘘口切除进行评估,极大地提高了手术的精准度。     

24例胸段硬脊膜动静脉瘘的DSA诊断及手术治疗

目的总结胸段硬脊膜动静脉瘘的DSA诊断经验及手术治疗体会。方法选取近5年我院经脊髓数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊的胸段硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)24例,回顾性分析其临床及随访资料。结果本组患者分别经全椎板入路(4例)及半椎板入路(20例),紧靠硬脊膜下电凝并切断瘘结构向脊髓表面的引流静脉,术后予以扩容、血液稀释、改善循环、减轻水肿等药物治疗,24例患者均于刀口拆线后复查造影,证实脊髓表面引流静脉未再显影,术后3个月脊髓MRI检查及6~18个月随访,大部分患者脊髓表面静脉流空影消失,水肿减退,临床症状明显改善。结论胸段硬脊膜动静脉瘘临床症状多变,查体定位不准确,需根据脊髓MRI发现异常,并行脊髓DSA确诊,瘘口多偏于一侧,经半椎板入路多可显露并切断引流静脉,是治疗本病的首选方法,早期明确诊断、准确定位并行手术治疗,是预后的关键。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘(附1例临床分析)

目的探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的病因、发病机制、临床表现、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析了1例患者的相关临床资料。结果本例患者以双下肢渐进性麻木、无力1年余,加重伴大小便障碍9个月为主要临床表现,脊髓MRI显示T9~L1髓内以长T2长T1为主之异常信号,超选择DSA造影可见位于入LT12椎管处一硬脊膜动静脉之瘘口,成功地进行了经单侧椎板开窗夹闭瘘口术。结论SDAVF为一具有直接的动静脉交通性病变,常伴有小型畸形团,多发生于中年男性,误诊率高,主要表现为渐进性的肢体麻木、无力及大小便障碍,MRI有助于诊断,但仍须DSA确诊。阻断连接瘘口与冠状静脉丛的引流静脉是治疗SDAVF的有效方法,显微外科手术效果可靠、复发率低,尽早地确诊和治疗是取得良好疗效的根本前提。     

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula with spinal venous drainage]

Two cases of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae draining into the medullary veins are reported. One patient was a 68-year old man who experienced brief and repeated episodes of paraplegia, followed by a permanent spinal cord syndrome. The other patient was a 74-year-old woman who rapidly developed a syndrome of the medulla and spinal cord. In both cases spinal cord angiography failed to show vascular malformations, but myelography revealed venous imprints and magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spinal cord disclosed a pre-medullary signal. Cerebral angiography showed an intracranial arteriovenous fistula fed by the external carotid artery and draining into the veins of the posterior fossa and the spinal venous network. Complete occlusion of the fistula was achieved by embolization with microparticles. Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae draining into the medullary veins are rare: to our knowledge, only 4 cases have been reported. Such lesions must be considered whenever a spinal cord syndrome has no detectable cause.     

应用复合手术平台治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨复合手术平台在硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年10月复合手术治疗的18例SDAVF的临床资料。结果 18例手术时间3.1～4.6 h,平均(3.5±0.8)h。术后即刻造影未发现瘘口及异常引流静脉。无手术死亡病例,未发生与造影相关并发症。术后3个月复查脊髓造影均无复发,18例症状均明显改善;术后1年,造影复查未发现复发。结论利用复合手术平台治疗SDAVF,定位准确,手术损伤小,复发率低,疗效好。     

最大密度投影、双容积及双容积动态成像对硬脊膜动静脉瘘诊治的研究

目的 探讨最大密度投影、3D-DSA/Dyna-CT双容积及双容积动态成像对硬脊膜动静脉瘘诊断及手术的应用价值。方法 对8例硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者术前均行最大密度投影、3D-DSA/Dyna-CT双容积和双容积动态成像,协助术前诊断、判断瘘口的部位、供血动脉与椎间孔的关系、引流静脉所在椎管内的部位,然后手术灼闭瘘口。结果 最大密度投影冠状位、矢状位和轴位成像、3D-DSA/Dyna-CT双容积成像、双容积动态成像可使硬脊膜动静脉瘘的供血动脉、瘘口位置、引流静脉与其毗邻的椎间孔、棘突、上下椎体的空间三维解剖关系清晰的显现,弥补了单一3D-DSA、MRA、CTA等影像的不足,不仅可在术前协助诊断,模拟手术入路,而且可指导手术过程的顺利进行,有效的避免并发症的发生,取得良好临床效果。结论 双容积与双容积动态成像,尤其是最大密度投影成像对硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断、治疗有较大的应用价值。     

Dural arteriovenous fistula at the foramen magnum presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage: case reports and literature review

Background and purpose: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) may arise at any level from the foramen magnum to the sacrum. Only a few case series of DAVFs at the foramen magnum have been reported, especially with patients presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We performed a retrospective study of four such cases and summarize experiences in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a DAVF at the foramen magnum. Methods: Four male patients, aged from 35 to 51 years, were admitted with severe headache. The cranial computerized tomography scans of all four patients showed SAH, with hemorrhage in the fourth ventricle with or without hemorrhage in the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles. Pre‐operative digital subtraction cerebral angiography showed a DAVF at the foramen magnum draining to medullary veins and/or the straight sinus and the confluence of sinuses. Two DAVFs were fed by the vertebral artery, whilst the others were fed by dural branches of the occipital artery and/or the ascending pharyngeal artery. Results: Three patients underwent direct microsurgical electrocoagulation and disconnection of the arteriovenous shunt via an enlargement of the foramen magnum and a hemilaminectomy at C1 by the far lateral suboccipital approach. Post‐operative angiography confirmed complete obliteration of the fistula. Conclusions: Cerebral digital subtraction angiography is an effective and accurate method for examination of a DAVF at the foramen magnum. It can be treated effectively and with minimal surgical trauma by microsurgical electrocoagulation and disconnection of the shunt.     

Hypointensity of draining veins on susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance images might indicate normal venous flow and a lower risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with intracranial arteriovenous shunt(s)

Patients with intracranial arteriovenous shunt(s) have a risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated the signal intensity of draining veins on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and the status of venous drainage shown by digital subtraction angiography (DSA). We then evaluated whether the signal intensity of draining veins on SWI is related to normal venous flow (NVF) and/or ICH. We analyzed SWI and DSA in 10 consecutive patients with intracranial arteriovenous shunt(s). Opacification of draining veins in the normal venous phase by DSA was judged as NVF. We evaluated the relationship between the intensity of draining veins on SWI and the presence of NVF before and after treatment. The relationship between the intensity of draining veins on SWI and the presence of ICH surrounding the draining veins was also evaluated. Of 10 patients with untreated arteriovenous shunt(s), two had arteriovenous malformation and eight had a dural arteriovenous fistula with cortical venous reflux. We analyzed 26 draining veins before treatment. In preoperative analysis, draining veins with hypointensity were significantly more likely to show NVF than were draining veins with isointensity or hyperintensity (45.5% vs. 0.0%, P = 0.007). While 69.2% of the areas surrounding draining veins with isointensity or hyperintensity showed ICH, no veins with hypointensity showed ICH (P = 0.011, odds ratio 0.036; 95% confidence interval 0.0017–0.80). In conclusion, draining veins with hypointensity on SWI may contain NVF, despite arteriovenous shunting. The areas surrounding these veins might have a lower risk of ICH because of less venous hypertension.