多层螺旋CT血管成像在下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症诊断中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像诊断下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症的临床应用价值。方法对同时接受16层CT血管成像和传统血管造影检查的279例患者进行回顾性分析，MSCTA重建采用最大密度投影（MIP）、容积再现（VRT）、曲面重建（CPR）、仿真内镜（VE）等多种后处理方法。以DSA为“金标准”，评价MSCTA诊断的准确性。结果MSCTA诊断下肢动脉狭窄的敏感性为99．58％，特异性为96．85％，准确率为97．81％，阳性预测值为94．48％，阴性预测值为99．77％。MSCTA对有血流动力学意义的下肢动脉狭窄（血管狭窄程度≥50％）的检出敏感性为97．54％，特异性为98．12％，准确率97．98％。结论多层螺旋CT血管成像诊断下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症有较高的敏感性、特异性和准确率，可部分替代DSA检查，为患者提供一种安全可靠的诊断方法，对临床治疗具有重要指导意义。     

64排螺旋CT血管造影诊断椎动脉起始段狭窄的价值

目的：通过与数字减影（DSA）对比,评价64排螺旋CT血管造影（CTA）诊断椎动脉起始段狭窄的价值。方法：2005年12月～2008年4月同时行DSA与CTA检查的临床脑血管病患者398例。采用NASCET标准,由两名高年资医师分别对398例共796条椎动脉进行CTA与DSA测量,以远心端椎动脉作参考,用敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值评价CTA诊断椎动脉狭窄的价值,用卡方检验评价CTA与DSA检测椎动脉斑块的差异有否显著意义。结果：①以DSA为金标准,CTA诊断椎动脉起始段狭窄的阴性预测值为100%。敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值分别为100%,97.6%,93.9%。②以DSA为金标准,CTA诊断椎动脉起始段≥50%狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100%,97.3%,82.1%,100%。③以DSA为金标准,CTA诊断＜50%向心性狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为92.0%,100%,100%,99.5%;CTA诊断＜50%偏心性狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为78.3%,98.1%,79.4%,97.9%。阳性预测值较低与DSA假阴性有关。④CTA检测椎动脉斑块较DSA有显著差异,χ2=27.26,P<0.05。结论：CTA诊断椎动脉起始段狭窄有很高的敏感性、特异性和阴性预测值,对偏心性狭窄和斑块的评估能力优于DSA,是诊断椎动脉起始段狭窄的可靠手段。     

缺血性脑血管病诊断中磁共振血管造影与数字减影血管造影的对照研究

目的 探讨磁共振血管造影术（MRA）和数字减影血管造影术（DSA）在缺血性脑血管疾病中的诊断价值。 方法 对45例脑缺血患者同时进行DSA和MRA，对结果进行分析比较。 结果 检查缺血性脑血管患者的血管520条，DSA发现130条正常，390条异常（75.0％），其中动脉粥样硬化120处，狭窄201处，闭塞69处；MRA诊断血管狭窄的敏感性为95.4％，特异性为96.2％，假阳性为1.3％，假阴性为15.5％。 结论 MRA在缺血性脑病的中具有方便，安全，准确等优点，可作为有效的筛选检查。     

MRA在糖尿病下肢血管病变中的诊断价值:与DSA对照研究

目的探讨磁共振血管造影（MRA）在诊断糖尿病下肢动脉疾病中的临床价值。方法对21例糖尿病下肢血管病变患者的29条下肢进行MRA和数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查，所有血管分为174个节段，以DSA作为标准，重点对股浅动脉、胭动脉、胫前动脉、胫后动脉、腓动脉、足背动脉进行分析。结果①MRA与DSA比较，对于狭窄≥50％动脉的判断无明显统计学差异，其准确度为94．70％，敏感度为98．43％，特异度为85．11％。②将DSA和MRA检查结果按血管狭窄程度精确分级，两者总符合率为84．5％，足背动脉符合率明显偏低（69．0%）。结论MRA是诊断下肢血管病变的一种可靠方法，在识别血管有无狭窄方面与DSA基本等同，但存在过度评估血管狭窄程度的缺陷。MRA对血管狭窄程度的判断与DSA还有一定差距，特别是对细小血管的诊断仍存在偏差。     

TCD对缺血性脑血管病颅内动脉狭窄的诊断价值

目的：观察经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对颅内血管狭窄诊断的可靠性。方法：对确诊的128例缺血性脑血管病进行TCD与数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查，观察颅内血管的变化情况。结果：128例中共检查血管1112条，TCD发现狭窄血管183条，其中135条与DSA诊断一致，但在TCD检查正常的血管中DSA发现血管狭窄29条，显示TCD诊断血管狭窄的敏感性82．3％，特异性94．9％，阳性预测值73．7％，阴性预测值96．8％，其中对大脑中动脉的价值最大，其后依次为椎动脉、大脑前后动脉。结论：TCD对诊断脑内动脉狭窄具有较高的敏感性和特异性，尤其对大脑中动脉和椎动脉，对大脑前动脉和大脑后动脉诊断须慎重。     

3.0T 3D时间飞跃法磁共振颅内血管成像用于介入术前评价的可靠性研究

目的：探讨3.0T 3D TOF MRA对颅内血管狭窄术前评估的可靠性。方法：哈尔滨医科大学附属二院30例颅内动脉狭窄患者,均行3.0T 3D TOF MRA和旋转数字减影血管成像（DSA）检查。分析30例患者的450个血管片段。以DSA为诊断标准,以有无狭窄、轻度狭窄（10%~＜50%）、狭窄50%、70%、100%为判定点计算敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值（PPV）及阴性预测值（NPV）。结果：共发现115段病变血管,MRA发现狭窄的敏感性、特异性分别为87.0%和99.7%;以50%为界点分别是86.7%和99.5%,PPV 92.9%和NPV 99.1%;以70%为界点分别是95.5%、99.5%、PPV 91.3%和NPV 99.5%。8处闭塞MRA诊断出7处,假阳性、假阴性各1处（分别是基底动脉和椎动脉颅内段）。28段（24.6%）高估,7段低估。结论：对于判定50%、70%颅内动脉狭窄,3.0T 3D TOF MRA与旋转DSA相比具有较高的敏感性及特异性,可作为支架置入术前一种有效的检查手段。     

超声血管增强成像在椎动脉近端狭窄中的诊断价值

目的评价超声血管增强成像（ClarifyvE）技术对椎动脉近端狭窄的诊断价值。方法以数字减影血管造影（DSA）或cT血管造影（CTA）为诊断标准,分析脉冲多普勒（Pw）和Oa~ifyVE诊断椎动脉近端不同程度狭窄的敏感性及特异性。结果67例椎动脉近端不同程度狭窄患者,DSA或CTA诊断椎动脉轻度狭窄4例,中度狭窄34例,重度狭窄29例。PW诊断椎动脉近段狭窄的符合率为91．0％;其诊断敏感性、特异性在轻度狭窄中分别为91．7％、98．5％,中度狭窄中分别为91．4％、79．4％,重度狭窄中分别为89．6％、94．1％。ClarifyVE诊断椎动脉近段狭窄的符合率为92．0％;其诊断敏感性、特异性在轻度狭窄中分别为80．3％、97．1％,中度狭窄中分别为94．1％、81．3％,重度狭窄中分别为93．1％、98．1％。结论ClarifyvE技术能够清晰显示斑块及残余管腔,可快速有效诊断椎动脉狭窄程度。     

经颅彩色双功超声对大脑中动脉狭窄的诊断价值

目的探讨经颅彩色双功超声（TCCS）对大脑中动脉（MCA）狭窄的诊断价值。 方法对93例临床疑有脑动脉狭窄的患者进行TCCS检查，以数字减影血管造影（DSA）结果为金标准，分析TCCS诊断的准确性。 结果TCCS具有很高的诊断准确性，与DSA结果比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。TCCS诊断MCA狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为91．5％、98．4％、96．4％、98．4％。 结论在诊断MCA狭窄方面，TCCS和DSA有良好的相关性，可作为MCA狭窄的初步筛选检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声在移植肾动脉狭窄介入治疗前的应用价值

目的 评价彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）在移植肾动脉狭窄患者进行血管成形术（PTRA）和支架植入术（PTRAS）治疗前的应用价值。方法 CDFI以主肾动脉峰值流速（Vp)≥200cm/s。肾内段动脉峰速加速度（Ac)≥150cm/s^2为诊断肾动脉狭窄量为标准，对410例肾移植患者进行筛选检查并对11例行介入治疗的移植肾动脉狭窄者进一步确定狭窄部位和类型。结果 CDFI筛选诊断出肾动脉狭窄48例（11．7％），其中21例行肾动脉造影数字减影（DSA）检查，均示肾动脉内径狭窄＞50％，证实CDFI诊断符合率100％，阳性预测值100％。11例介入治疗的移植肾动脉狭窄者吻合口狭窄8例，其中4例为成角狭窄，供肾动脉狭窄3例，CDFI对狭窄部位、类型判断符合率90．9％。结论 CDFI是对移植肾动脉狭窄介入治疗前进行筛选诊断的首选方法；CDFI对狭窄类型、部位的确定、可为介入治疗方案的选择提供重要依据。     

64层CT血管成像与数字减影血管造影在糖尿病患者下肢动脉硬化闭塞症中的诊断价值

  目的  分析64层CT血管成像(64-CTA)与数字减影血管造影(DSA)在糖尿病患者下肢动脉硬化闭塞症中的影像学价值。  方法  收集2019年5月~2021年5月在我院确诊为糖尿病下肢动脉下肢动脉闭塞症的200例患者的64-CTA及DSA的资料,所有患者均先行64-CTA检查,24 h后行DSA检查,两种检查间隔均不超过2周。以DSA为金标准,计算64-CTA诊断糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的敏感度、特异性、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,并计算64-CTA三种处理方式诊断符合率。  结果  200例患者中有64-CTA与DSA对照的共2265节段,以DSA为金标准,64-CTA发现有2115个节段与DSA一致,诊断符合率为93.38%。64-CTA高估1级共86节段,低估1级共53节段,绘制64-CTA与DSA显示下肢动脉狭窄分级节段分布曲线图,Kappa一致性检验结果显示Kappa值=0.915(P < 0.01)。以DSA为金标准,64-CTA诊断糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症有狭窄的敏感度为97.27%、特异性为98.17%、准确度为97.62%、阳性预测值为98.83%、阴性预测值为95.76%,对各个诊断界点的诊断效能均较高。以DSA为金标准,64-CTA-MIP符合率为88.74%,64-CTA-MPR符合率为92.98%,64-CTA-VR符合率为88.74%,64-CTA-MIP、64-CTA-VR诊断符合率明显低于64-CTA(P < 0.05)。病例图像分析发现64-CTA显示的狭窄程度较DSA更接近真实情况。  结论  64-CTA可准确显示糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的狭窄程度,与DSA检查一致性较高,可作为该疾病的首要筛选检查方法。      

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.