UGT1A1*28/6基因多态性与广西壮族晚期结直肠癌伊立替康化疗的相关性研究

摘 要：［目的］探讨尿苷二膦酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1A1（uridine diphosphate-glucuronosy1transferase1A1,UGT1A1)基因多态性在壮族晚期结直肠癌(metastatic colorectal cancer,mCRC)患者以伊立替康(Irinotecan,CPT-11)为基础方案化疗的毒副反应及疗效关系。［方法］ 收集120例广西壮族mCRC患者外周血标本,采用聚合酶链式反应（polymerasechaainreaction,PCR)法扩增目的基因片段,检测UGT1A1*28/6基因型,评估以CPT-11为基础方案化疗的毒副反应及近期疗效。［结果］120例转移性结直肠癌中,UGT1A1*28野生型（TA6/6）81例,杂合型（TA6/7）37例,纯合型（TA7/7）2例;UGT1A1*6野生型（G/G）93例,杂合型（G/A）24例,纯合型（A/A）3例。UGT1A1*6基因突变（杂合型+纯合型）可增加3～4级中性粒细胞和3～4级迟发性腹泻风险的发生率（χ2=6.172,P=0.017;χ2=19.079,P<0.001）,UGT1A1*28基因突变（杂合型+纯合型）可增加3～4级迟发性腹泻发生的风险（χ2=8.274,P=0.004）。联合UGTlAl*28和UGTlAl*6基因,野生型患者3～4级中性粒细胞减少和迟发性腹泻的发生率明显低于单点突变型和双点突变型(χ2=6.860,P=0.032;χ2=10.277,P=0.006）。同时较之野生型,单点突变型和双点突变型患者化疗后中性粒细胞计数显著减少（P=0.008;P=0.001)。野生型与突变型患者的总缓解率（over response rate,ORR）和疾病控制率（disease control rate,DCR）差异均无统计学意义（P=0.739;P=0.789）。两种基因联合,野生型、单点突变型和双点突变型患者的ORR和DCR差异亦均无统计学意义（P=0.968,P=0.865)。［结论］ UGT1A1*28基因和UGT1A1*6基因双点突变型可增加壮族结直肠癌患者CPT-11严重骨髓抑制和重度延迟性腹泻发生的预测价值与效能,但UGT1A1*28/6基因多态性与近期疗效无关。     

胃癌细胞色素氧化酶CYP3A4基因多态性与含紫杉醇方案化疗敏感性的研究

目的 探讨胃癌细胞色素氧化酶CYP3A4基因多态性与含紫杉醇方案化疗敏感性的关系。方法 采用变性高效液相色谱技术（DHPLC）和基因测序技术检测53例晚期胃癌患者外周血中CYP3A4基因的突变情况,观察并评价含紫杉醇化疗方案的疗效与CYP3A4基因多态性的关系。结果 DHPLC检测显示,53例胃癌患者中CYP3A4基因单峰者（野生型）32例,双峰者（突变型）21例;测序结果显示,CYP3A4基因第10号外显子第27位C缺失突变。野生型组有效率（RR）为40.6％,疾病控制率（DCR）为84.4％;突变型组RR为33.3％,DCR为85.7％,两组RR和DCR的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。53例胃癌患者的中位无进展生存时间（PFS）为6.5个月（95％CI：3.576～9.424个月）,中位总生存时间（OS）为11.0个月（95％CI：6.955～15.045个月）。CYP3A4野生型与突变型患者中位PFS（7.0个月vs.7.0个月）和OS（10.0个月 vs.14.0个月）的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。使用含铂方案患者CYP3A4基因野生型和突变型中位PFS的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,使用非含铂方案中位PFS的差异有统计学意义（P=0.024）,含铂与非含铂方案中位OS的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。采用3药联合与两药联合方案患者的中位PFS和OS均与CYP3A4基因多态性无关。野生型与突变型患者不良反应均较轻,以1～2级为主,常见不良反应包括食欲减退、恶心呕吐和白细胞减少。结论 CYP3A4基因第10号外显子第27位C缺失突变,CYP3A4基因突变型晚期胃癌患者使用含紫杉醇方案有延长OS的趋势。     

UGT1A1基因多态性在FOLFIRI方案二线治疗转移性结直肠癌中的临床意义

目的 探讨尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶（UGT）1A1基因多态性在FOLFIRI方案二线治疗转移性结直肠癌（mCRC）中的安全性和作为疗效预测指标的价值。方法在FOLFIRI方案化疗前分离mCRC患者外周血中单核细胞,采用荧光定量PCR-HRM法测定UGT1A1基因型。根据NCI CTC 3.0和RECIST 10标准分别评价化疗的不良反应和疗效,并分析UGT1A1基因多态性与不良反应和近期有效率（RR）的关系。用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,Log-rank 检验分析UGT1A1基因型对无进展生存期（PFS）的影响。结果38例患者中,UGT1A1*28位点的野生型（TA6／6）有31例（81.6％）,杂合突变型（TA6／7）2例（5.3％）,纯合突变型（TA7／7）5例（13.2％）;UGT1A1*6位点的野生型（G／G）有28例（73.7％）,杂合突变型（G／A）8例（21.1％）,纯合突变型（A／A）2例（5.3％）。在3～4级延迟性腹泻和中性粒细胞减少的发生率方面,UGT1A1*28的野生型（TA6／6）显著低于TA6／7和TA7／7基因型（P＜0.05）,UGT1A1*6的野生型（G／G）也显著低于G／A和A／A基因型（P＜0.05）。RR和PFS在UGT1A1各种基因型之间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 在FOLFIRI方案二线治疗mCRC中,UGT1A1*28位点和UGT1A1*6位点突变可以作为严重的延迟性腹泻和中性粒细胞减少的预测指标,但UGT1A1基因多态性与疗效无关。     

CYP2A6基因多态性对胃癌术后含S-1辅助化疗方案疗效的影响

  目的  S-1（替吉奥）的活性前体为替加氟,主要通过细胞色素P450酶2A6（human cytochrome P450,family 2,subfamily A,polypeptide 6,CYP2A6）代谢为5-FU而发挥细胞毒作用。本研究探讨CYP2A6基因多态性与胃癌术后患者含S-1辅助化疗方案疗效的相关性。  方法  选取2007年11月至2013年5月于郑州市人民医院收治的胃癌患者200例,给予标准给药方案。在CYP2A6基因分析中,选取野生型的CYP2A6*1,突变型的CYP2A6*4、*7、*9、*10等位点进行分析。  结果  200例患者中位随访时间为46.4（12.5~80.1）个月。野生型（W/W）3年无复发生存（relapse free survival,RFS）率为95.9%、突变杂合子（W/V）型为83.1%、突变纯合子（V/V）型为72.5%（P=0.032）。不同基因型之间的3~4级不良反应的差异无统计学意义（P=0.628,P=0.227）。  结论  CYP2A6基因型与含S-1化疗方案的长期疗效有关,突变型患者的3年RFS降低。      

UGT1A1基因多态性与伊立替康临床用药安全性及疗效的关系

目的：研究 UGT1A1基因多态性与伊立替康治疗结直肠癌患者的不良反应及疗效之间的关系。方法：自外周血中抽提基因组 DNA,进行 PCR 扩增,应用直接测序法分析2012年3月至2013年3月,于我院行基因检测的65例结直肠癌患者 UGT1A1*28和 UGT1A1*6基因多态性的分布情况。并对这65例应用含伊立替康方案化疗的患者出现的不良反应及化疗疗效,进行观察记录,比较不同基因型间的差异。结果：65例患者中,UGT1A1*28野生型 TA6／6有49例（75．4％）,杂合突变型 TA6／7有14例（21．5％）,纯合突变型TA7／7有2例（3．1％）。UGT1A1*6野生型 G／G 有47例（72．3％）,杂合突变型 G／A 有15例（23．1％）,纯合突变型 A ／A 有3例（4．6％）。在以上65例结直肠癌患者中,UGT1A1基因启动子区28位点,TA6／6、TA6／7和TA7／7型,发生3级以上腹泻者分别为8．2％、37．5％;发生3级以上中性粒细胞减少者分别为28．6％、62．5％。UGT1A1基因启动子区6位点,G／G、G／A 和 A ／A 型,发生3级以上腹泻者分别为12．8％、44．4％;发生3级以上中性粒细胞减少者分别为14．9％、22．2％。各组之间疗效无统计学差异。结论：患者 UGT1A1*28和UGT1A1*6多态性分布基本一致,UGT1A1*28突变型可以使应用含伊立替康化疗患者发生3级以上腹泻和中性粒细胞减少的风险增加。UGT1A1*6突变型可增加3级以上腹泻的发生风险。因此,UGT1A1基因型的检测对伊立替康相关的不良反应有一定的预测作用,可提高用药安全性,在临床用药中起到了指导作用。     

川东北地区人群结直肠癌患者UGT1A1*28基因多态性与伊立替康所致毒副反应的相关性

目的:观察结直肠癌患者UGT1A1*28基因多态性的分布频率,了解UGT1A1*28基因多态性与结直肠癌患者应用伊立替康联合5-氟尿嘧啶化疗毒副反应的相关性。方法:从384例接受伊立替康联合氟尿嘧啶一线化疗的晚期结直肠癌病例中采外周血提取DNA。采用PCR 法扩增目的基因片段,直接测序法分析UGT1A1*28基因多态性。临床观察并评价患者化疗毒副反应分级,统计分析UGT1A1*28基因表型与化疗毒副反应相关性。结果:全部 384例患者 UGT1A1*28基因多态性分布情况:TA6/6野生基因型287例(74.7％),TA6/7杂合基因型73例（19.0％）,TA7/7纯合基因型24例（6.3％）。化疗毒副反应和UGT1A1*28基因多态性进行临床单因素分析显示UGT1A1*28基因纯合型TA7/7、杂合型TA6/7与3-4度白细胞减少、中性粒细胞减少、腹泻、胆红素升高具有明显相关性（P<0.01）,UGT1A1*28基因纯合型TA7/7及杂合型TA6/7患者发生中性粒细胞减少的风险较UGT1A1*28基因野生型TA6/6患者高5.625倍（OR=5.625）。UGT1A1*28基因纯合型TA7/7和UGT1A1*28基因杂合型TA6/7患者发生腹泻的风险较UGT1A1*28基因野生型TA6/6患者高6.778倍（OR=6.778）。结论:UGT1A1*28基因纯合型TA7/7及杂合型TA6/7患者应用伊立替康化疗后发生重度中性粒细胞减少、重度腹泻的风险高于UGT1A1*28基因野生型TA6/6,为临床伊立替康用药选择、剂量调整、毒副反应的提前干预提供理论依据。     

GSTM1和CYP1A1基因多态性与宫颈癌发生及发展的相关性

目的:探讨谷胱苷肽硫转移酶M1（GSTM1）和CYP1A1 Exon7基因多态性与宫颈癌发生发展的关系。方法:选取2013年5月至2015年5月我院收治的宫颈癌患者184例为宫颈癌组,203例进行体检的健康人群为参照组。用限制性片段长度多态性-聚合酶链反应（RFLP-PCR）检测所有受试者GSTM1和CYP1A1 Exon7基因型;记录无进展生存期（PFS）,并随访观察生存和死亡情况。结果:GSTM1分为野生型（wt）和突变缺失型（null）,CYP1A1 Exon7野生型为Ⅱe/Ⅱe,突变型包括突变纯合型（Val/Val）、突变杂合型（Ⅱe/Val）。宫颈癌组携带GSTM1突变型基因型比例与参照组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;宫颈癌组携带CYP1A1 Exon7突变型基因型比例显著高于参照组（P＜0.05）,且携带突变型基因型个体患宫颈癌的风险是携带野生型基因型个体的2.333倍。GSTM1、CYP1A1 Exon7基因型与宫颈癌患者年龄、病理分期、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤直径及淋巴结转移均无关（P＞0.05）,与患者病理类型有关（P＜0.05）。GSTM1、CYP1A1 Exon7突变型宫颈癌患者PFS中位数与野生型患者比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。GSTM1、CYP1A1 Exon7突变型宫颈癌患者基因型与宫颈癌患者预后无关（P＞0.05）。结论:GSTM1及CYP1A1 Exon7基因多态性是宫颈癌发生发展的危险因素,尤其是CYP1A1 Exon7突变型,为预防宫颈癌提供依据。     

UGT1A1基因多态性与伊立替康安全性和有效性的临床研究

  目的  观察57例应用伊立替康治疗进展期消化道肿瘤患者的安全性和有效性。  方法  采用全血基因组DNA提取、PCR法扩增目的基因片段, 直接测序法分析UGT1A1基因多态性, 检测2011年8月至2012年6月在河北医科大学第四医院肿瘤内科住院治疗的57例进展期消化道肿瘤患者应用伊立替康的情况, 观察并记录化疗中出现的不良反应以及疗效。  结果  57例进展期消化道肿瘤患者中, UGT1A1基因启动子区28位点, TA序列6次重复的纯合野生型TA6/6有43例（75.4%）; 基因型为TA序列6次和7次重复的杂合型TA6/7有13例（22.8%）; 基因型为TA序列7次重复的纯合突变型TA7/7有1例（1.8%）。UGT1A1基因启动子区6位点野生型G/G有48例（84.2%）, 杂合突变型G/A有7例（12.3%）, 纯合突变型A/A有2例（3.5%）。在57例采用含伊立替康方案化疗的进展期消化道肿瘤患者中, UGT1A1基因启动子区28位点, TA6/6、TA6/7和TA7/7野生型和突变型发生3级以上中性粒细胞减少者分别为7.0%、14.3%, 发生3级以上腹泻者分别为9.3%、14.3%, 其中纯合突变型仅1例患者, 100%的发生率。UGT1A1基因启动子区6位点, G/G、G/A和A/A野生型和突变型发生3级以上中性粒细胞减少者分别为4.2%、55.6%, 发生3级以上腹泻者分别为12.5%、44.4%, 具有统计学差异。各组之间疗效无统计学差异。  结论  患者UGT1A1*28和UGT1A1*6多态性分布基本一致, UGT1A1*6突变型患者应用伊立替康化疗发生3级以上中性粒细胞减少和腹泻的风险增加, 而UGT1A1*28突变型与以上不良反应并无绝对相关性, UGT1A1各基因型之间疗效无明显差异。能否通过对UGT1A1的筛查, 选择合适患者安全有效的应用伊立替康, 值得临床进一步扩大样本量深入研究。      

遗传因素对白血病CYP3A5耐药机制的影响

目的:研究急性白血病(acute leukemia,AL)患者中,细胞色素P450 3A亚家族多肽5(cytochrome P450,subfamily ⅢA,polypeptide 5,CYP3A5)多态性、酶活性对患者发病、疗效和预后的影响.方法:采用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)分析法,检测AL患者骨髓原代细胞CYP3A5*3突变频率,并应用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)检测AL患者骨髓原代细胞CYP3A5酶的活性.结果:88例样本中野生型纯合子(CYP3A5*1/*1)23例(26%),杂合子(CYP3A5*1/*3)44例(50%),突变型纯合子(CYP3A5*3/*3)21例(24%).CYP3A5*3等位基因频率为74%,符合中国健康人群分布.按基因型分组后,3组的临床资料差异无统计学意义;3组的CYP3A5酶活性[以6β-羟基氢化可的松(6β-hydroxycortisol,6β-OHC)/氢化可的松(hydrocortisone,HC)值表示]检测结果分别为1.344±0.027、0.120±0.067和0.014±0.001;总生存率分别为(11.6±2.1)个月、(30.5±12.2)个月和(52.3±8.5)个月;无病生存期分别为(7.5±1.8)个月、(27.0±15.8)个月和(52.3±8.1)个月;差异均有统计学意义.结论:CYP3A5*3突变与AL发病无关,但可使CYP3A5酶活性显著降低或消失.含CYP3A5*1等位基因与耐药显著相关,从而影响患者的化疗疗效和预后.对初治AL患者进行CYP3A5基因分型和酶活性检测可以作为预测AL患者个体化治疗和预后的重要指标.     

尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1A1~*6和尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶~*28基因多态性与伊立替康疗效及不良反应的关系

目的观察尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1A1(UGT1A1*)6和UGT1A1*28基因多态性与伊立替康化疗疗效及不良反应之间的关系。方法采用外周静脉血DNA抽提、聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增和焦磷酸测序方法分析UGT1A1*6和UGT1A1*8基因型,收集72例2010年1月至2013年12月间接受伊立替康治疗的晚期恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料,观察患者用药期间的药物不良反应及化疗疗效,分析基因多态性与化疗不良反应及近期疗效的关系。结果 72例恶性肿瘤(结直肠癌、小细胞肺癌)患者中,UGT1A1*6野生型G/G 40例(55.6%),杂合突变型G/A 21例(29.2%),纯合突变型A/A 11例(15.2%);UGT1A1*28野生型(TA)6/(TA)651例(70.8%),杂合突变型(TA)6/(TA)720例(27.8%),纯合突变型(TA)7/(TA)71例(1.4%)。UGT1A1*6突变型患者(G/A和A/A)3~4级腹泻和3~4级中性粒细胞减少的发生率分别为65.6%和43.7%,野生型(G/G)分别为30.0%和17.5%,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。UGT1A1*28突变型患者[(TA)6/(TA)7和(TA)7/(TA)7]3~4级腹泻的发生率(42.9%)高于野生型(17.6%,P<0.05)。各组之间近期化疗疗效差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 UGT1A1*6突变型患者应用伊立替康化疗发生3级及以上中性粒细胞减少及迟发性腹泻的风险增加,而UGT1A1*28突变型患者发生3级以上迟发性腹泻的风险增加,UGT1A1各基因型之间疗效无明显差异,通过检测UGT1A1基因多态性能够合理选择应用伊立替康。     

CYP450 polymorphisms predict clinic outcomes to vinorelbine-based chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer

CYP2C19*2(G681A), CYP2C19*3(G636A), CYP2D6*4(C188T), CYP2D6*2(C2938T, G4268C), CYP3AP1*3- G44A and CYP3A5*3(A22893G) are the most common polymorphisms detected among Chinese that may influence the efficacy of vinorelbine-based therapies to treat non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We detected the genotypes of these polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP in 59 patients with NSCLC and assessed their responses to vinorelbine. CYP2D6*4(C188T), CYP3AP1*3 (G -44 A) and CYP3A5*3 were found to be associated with response to vinorelbine. For the 2D6*4 polymorphism, the 18 of 32 (56.25%) patients with homozygous (C/C) responded to this therapy, while 6 of 27 (22.22%) of those heterozygous (C/T) at this site responded. (chi2=5.68, p < 0.05) For the 3AP1*1/*3 polymorphism, 12 of 42 (28.57%) patients with homozygous (A/A) responded, while 12 of 17 (70.59%) with heterozygous (A/G) and homozygous (G/G) responded (chi2=7.19, p < 0.01). CYP3A5*3 polymorphism has a result corresponding to 3AP1*3 polymorphism. Other polymorphisms were not associated with response to vinorelbine. No significant difference in toxicity and survival was observed according to SNP genotype.     

UGT1A1 polymorphism can predict hematologic toxicity in patients treated with irinotecan.

PURPOSE: Irinotecan (CPT-11) is approved in metastatic colorectal cancer treatment and can cause severe toxicity. The main purpose of our study was to assess the role of different polymorphisms on the occurrence of hematologic toxicities and disease-free survival in high-risk stage III colon cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and CPT-11 adjuvant chemotherapy regimen in a prospective randomized trial. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Four hundred patients were randomized in a phase III trial comparing LV5FU2 to LV5FU2 + CPT-11. DNA from 184 patients was extracted and genotyped to detect nucleotide polymorphism: 3435C>T for ABCB1, 6986A>G for CYP3A5, UGT1A1*28 and -3156G>A for UGT1A1. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies were similar in both treatment arms. In the test arm, no significant difference was observed in toxicity or disease-free survival for ABCB1 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms. UGT1A1*28 homozygous patients showed more frequent severe hematologic toxicity (50%) than UGT1A1*1 homozygous patients (16.2%), P = 0.06. Moreover, patients homozygous for the mutant allele of -3156G>A UGT1A1 polymorphism showed more frequent severe hematologic toxicity (50%) than patients homozygous for wild-type allele (12.5%), P = 0.01. This toxicity occurred significantly earlier in homozygous mutant than wild-type homozygous patients (P = 0.043). In a Cox model, the hazard ratio for severe hematologic toxicity is significantly higher for patients with the A/A compared with the G/G genotype [hazard ratio, 8.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-37.2; P = 0.005]. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the clinical utility of identification of UGT1A1 promoter polymorphisms before LV5FU2 + CPT-11 treatment to predict early hematologic toxicity. The -3156G>A polymorphism seems to be a better predictor than the UGT1A1 (TA)(6)TAA>(TA)(7)TAA polymorphism.     

Pharmacogenetic screening of CYP3A and ABCB1 in relation to population pharmacokinetics of docetaxel.

PURPOSE: Despite the extensive clinical experience with docetaxel, unpredictable interindividual variability in efficacy and toxicity remain important limitations associated with the use of this anticancer drug. Large interindividual pharmacokinetic variability has been associated with variation in toxicity profiles. Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters could possibly explain the observed pharmacokinetic variability. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the influence of polymorphisms in the CYP3A and ABCB1 genes on the population pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Whole blood samples were obtained from patients with solid tumors and treated with docetaxel to quantify the exposure to docetaxel. DNA was collected to determine polymorphisms in the CYP3A and ABCB1 genes with DNA sequencing. A population pharmacokinetic analysis of docetaxel was done using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling. RESULTS: In total, 92 patients were assessable for pharmacokinetic analysis of docetaxel. A three-compartmental model adequately described the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Several polymorphisms in the CYP3A and ABCB1 genes were found, with allele frequencies of 0.54% to 48.4%. The homozygous C1236T polymorphism in the ABCB1 gene (ABCB1*8) was significantly correlated with a decreased docetaxel clearance (-25%; P = 0.0039). No other relationships between polymorphisms and pharmacokinetic variables reached statistical significance. Furthermore, no relationship between haplotypes of CYP3A and ABCB1 and the pharmacokinetics could be identified. CONCLUSIONS: The polymorphism C1236T in the ABCB1 gene was significantly related to docetaxel clearance. Our current finding may provide a meaningful tool to explain interindividual differences in docetaxel treatment in daily practice.     

Impact of CYP2D6 Polymorphisms on Tamoxifen Responses of Women with Breast Cancer: A Microarray-based Study in Thailand

This study was designed to investigate the frequency of CYP2D6 polymorphisms and evaluate the associationbetween genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and tamoxifen therapeutic outcome in Thai breast cancer patients.We recruited 48 breast cancer patients who received adjuvant tamoxifen for evaluating CYP2D6 geneticpolymorphisms using microarray-based technology. Associations between genotypes-phenotypes and diseasefree survival were analyzed. Median follow up time was 5.6 years. The mean age of the subjects was 50 years.The 3 common allelic frequencies were 43.8% (*10), 36.5 (*1) and 10.4% (*2) which are related to extensivemetabolizer (EM) and intermediate metabolizer (IM) with 70.8% and 29.2 %, respectively. No associationbetween CYP2D6 genotypes and DFS was demonstrated. Nevertheless, exploratory analysis showed statisticallysignificant shorter DFS in the IM group of post-menopause patients (HR, 6.85; 95% CI, 1.48 –31.69; P = 0.005).Furthermore, we observed statistically significant shorter DFS of homozygous CYP2D6*10 when comparedwith heterozygous CYP2D6*10 and other genotypes (P=0.005). CYP2D6*10 was the most common genotype inour subjects. Post-menopause patients with homozygous CYP2D6*10 and IM have shorter DFS. To confirm thisrelationship, larger samples and comprehensively designed trials in Thailand are required.     

Effect of common CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 variants on the pharmacokinetics of the cytochrome P450 3A phenotyping probe midazolam in cancer patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of naturally occurring variants in genes encoding the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in patients with cancer receiving midazolam as a phenotyping probe. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Five variants in CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were evaluated in 58 patients (21 women and 37 men) receiving a short i.v. bolus of midazolam (dose, 0.0145 or 0.025 mg/kg). Midazolam concentrations in plasma were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Genomic DNA was characterized for the variants by PCR-RFLP, and all genotypes were confirmed by direct nucleotide sequencing. RESULTS: The mean clearance of midazolam was 24.4 +/- 9.12 L/h, and phenotypic CYP3A activity varied about 4-fold in this population (range, 10.8-44.3 L/h). There were six carriers of the CYP3A4*1B allele (allele frequency, 0.061). No variant alleles for CYP3A4*17, CYP3A4*18A, or CYP3A5*6 were identified. Forty-eight of the 58 patients were homozygous variant for CYP3A5*3C, eight were heterozygous, and two were homozygous wild type (allele frequency, 0.897). No associations were noted between any of the studied genotypes and the phenotypic measures (P > or = 0.16). Likewise, a common variant in exon 26 in the gene encoding P-glycoprotein [i.e., ABCB1 (MDR1) 3435C>T] that was previously reported to be linked to CYP3A4 mRNA levels was unrelated to any of the studied phenotypic measures (P > or = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: The studied genetic variants in CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are unlikely to have an important functional significance to phenotypic CYP3A activity in patients with cancer.     

多西紫杉醇联合卡铂或卡培他滨一线治疗乳腺癌肺转移的疗效对比

目的:回顾性对比分析多西紫杉醇分别联合卡铂或卡培他滨一线治疗乳腺癌肺转移的临床效果。方法:收集我院2014年1月至2017年6月间符合乳腺癌切除术后、经蒽环类和／或紫杉类辅助化疗后出现肺转移患者的临床资料，共筛选出65例。其中25例行多西紫杉醇联合卡铂(A组)作为一线解救治疗，40例行多西紫杉醇联合卡培他滨(B组)作为一线解救治疗。每2个疗程后进行效果评价，比较两类不同解救治疗方案对乳腺癌肺转移患者的近期疗效及远期预后。结果:65例乳腺癌肺转移患者中，A组和B组客观有效率（ORR）分别为68.0%和42.5%，差异有统计学意义（P=0.045）。A组和B组平均化疗周期(5.0 vs 4.8)、疾病控制率（DCR）(88.0% vs 82.5%)、中位PFS(13.3 vs 12.2个月)、中位OS(51.4 vs 51.0个月)、肺转移后2年PFS(28.0% vs 24.8%)、5年OS(76.0% vs 43.4%)比较差异均无统计学意义(P=0.577、P=0.377、P=0.978、P=0.989、P=0.955、P=0.672)。两组均出现血液学毒性以及恶心、呕吐、腹泻、手足综合征等不良反应，A组患者中白细胞减少、手足综合征的发生率明显低于B组，差异有统计学意义(P=0.049、P<0.001)。结论:乳腺癌肺转移的预后较差，采用多西紫杉醇联合卡铂化疗方案一线解救治疗乳腺癌肺转移的患者近期疗效较好，不良反应小，是值得推荐的一线化疗方案。但从患者的远期预后来看，两组化疗方案并没有明显改善乳腺癌肺转移患者的预后。     

PDCD4表达水平与汉防己甲素联合放疗治疗Ⅱ-Ⅲ期食管癌疗效的相关性

目的:观察汉防己甲素在食管癌放疗增敏过程中细胞程序性死亡基因 4（PDCD4）表达情况，对比不同表达水平患者的不良反应、生存期的差异；同时分析其表达情况与生存期之间的相关性。方法:收集62 例经病理诊断明确、PTNM分期在Ⅱ-Ⅲ期的食管癌患者，所有入组患者均进行汉防己甲素联合放疗，免疫组化方法检测治疗前患者癌组织中PDCD4表达情况，根据中位表达值将患者分为高表达组和低表达组，对比两组生存期的差异。结果:PDCD4在不同肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移情况、分化程度及临床分期方面的表达存在显著差异（P=0.010；P=0.003；P=0.004；P=0.005）；PDCD4高表达组放疗过程中发生骨髓抑制较低表达组减少（P=0.000），差异具有统计学意义；分别对比骨髓抑制的严重程度，发现在Ⅰ-Ⅱ级、Ⅲ-Ⅳ级分层对比中差异明显（P=0.005；P=0.001），差异具有统计学意义；PDCD4高表达组放疗过程中发生放射性食管炎较低表达组减少（P=0.011），差异具有统计学意义；根据严重程度分组对比后发现在Ⅰ-Ⅱ级放射性食管炎发生方面差异明显（P=0.022），差异具有统计学意义；Ⅲ-Ⅳ级无明显差异（P=0.392）；高表达组患者中位PFS为22.3个月，低表达组患者中位PFS为17.5个月，两组对比高表达组明显优于低表达组（P=0.034），差异具有统计学意义；同时汉防己甲素在放疗增敏过程中癌组织PDCD4的表达与食管癌患者的PFS正相关（r=0.361，P=0.004），差异具有统计学意义。结论:汉防己甲素放疗增敏过程中PDCD4的表达起到一定的作用，其高表达时患者放疗不良反应轻、PFS更长；PDCD4的表达与患者的预后存在一定的相关性。     

Association of CYP3A5*3 and CYP1A1*2C Polymorphism with Development of Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Egyptian Patients

Aim: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme catalyzes the phase I metabolism reaction which metabolize endogenous and exogenous DNA-reactive chemical compounds and xenobiotics which could induce genotoxicity and increase the risk for leukemia. We aimed to detect frequency of CYP3A5*3 and CYP1A1*2C polymorphisms in Egyptian acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and to determine role of allele’s variants as a risk factor for developing leukemia. Patients and Methods: A case-control study was conducted on seventy acute myeloid leukemia patients and thirty control subjects. Samples were analyzed for prevalence of CYP3A5*3 and CYP1A1*2C polymorphisms using PCR - restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: CYP3A5*3 polymorphism (3/3) and (1/3) genotype were significantly elevated in AML group compared to control group (p=0.002). However, no statistical significant differences were found between patients and control group as regard CYP1A1*2C polymorphism. Conclusion: Our results suggest that Egyptians carrying CYP3A5*3 polymorphism might have an increased risk of AML emphasizing the significance of effective phase I detoxification in carcinogenesis.     

Explaining interindividual variability of docetaxel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Asians through phenotyping and genotyping strategies.

PURPOSE: To explain the variability of docetaxel pharmacokinetics through study of CYP3A phenotype and genotype, and MDR1 genotype. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of docetaxel in patients in whom it was indicated and who had not received known CYP3A4 substrates. Midazolam was administered intravenously to these patients at least 2 days before docetaxel treatment, and systemic clearances of both drugs were correlated. Patients were characterized for polymorphisms in the CYP3A4 promoter region, CYP3A5, and the C3435T polymorphism of MDR1. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were enrolled, of whom 31 had full pharmacokinetic data sets. Docetaxel clearance correlated with midazolam clearance, body-surface area, serum albumin, and performance status. Docetaxel and midazolam clearances were normally distributed. In multiple linear regression analyses, midazolam clearance and performance status were the only significant covariates of docetaxel clearance, and the area under the curve of docetaxel, serum levels of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and ALT were significant predictors of nadir neutrophil count. No polymorphisms were detected in the 5' regulatory region of CYP3A4. Nine patients of 25 studied were homozygous for the CYP3A5*3 genotype, and had lower mean clearance of midazolam but not docetaxel. The T/T genotype at the C3435T of MDR1, which is associated with reduced P-glycoprotein function, was found in eight of 27 patients. CONCLUSION: Midazolam may be used as a probe drug for CYP3A activity to predict docetaxel clearances, hence reducing interindividual variability. Homozygotes for CYP3A5*3 and C3435T of MDR1 are common in our population, and their effects on pharmacokinetics of relevant substrates should be studied further.