晚期非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗现状及未来方向

肺癌仍然是中国发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤,其中非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）约占80%以上。以靶向程序性死亡[蛋白]-1（programmed death protein-1,PD-1）或程序性死亡[蛋白]配体-1（programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1）的免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI）为基础的治疗已成为了晚期肺癌的标准治疗手段之一。本综述将对晚期NSCLC免疫治疗的现状予以梳理,探讨现阶段面临的问题与挑战,并思考与展望未来发展方向。     

非小细胞肺癌的联合免疫治疗现状

对于晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）的患者来说,化疗、放疗、靶向治疗及抗血管生成治疗虽然可以改善其预后,但经相关研究发现,NSCLC患者的5年生存率仍不尽人意。近年来以程序性死亡蛋白1（programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1）/程序性死亡蛋白配体1（programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1）抑制剂为代表免疫检查点抑制剂的出现为晚期NSCLC患者的治疗带来了新的希望。探索免疫检查点抑制剂联合化疗、抗血管生成药物、放疗的各项治疗策略是目前肿瘤界的热门话题,本文将对NSCLC联合免疫治疗的现状进行总结与讨论。     

PD-1/PD-L1治疗非小细胞肺癌的研究进展

程序性死亡受体-1（programmed cell death-1,PD-1）/程序性死亡配体-1（programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1）信号通路与肿瘤免疫逃逸密切相关,针对PD-1/PD-L1通路的免疫检查点抑制剂为非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者提供了一种新的治疗选择,并且显示出良好的疗效和安全性。本文对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗NSCLC的临床研究进展进行综述。      

基于PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂的肺癌免疫治疗预测标志物的研究进展

[摘要] 近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂在肺癌治疗中取得突破性进展,正迅速改变着肺癌的治疗模式,也标志着免疫治疗2.0 时代的到来。新的肿瘤治疗模式对精准医学提出更高要求,对程序性死亡受体1（programmed death 1, PD-1）/程序性死亡配体1（programmed death ligand 1, PD-L1）抑制剂预后生物标志物也在不断地探索之中,主要包括以下几个方面：PD-L1 表达水平、肿瘤基因组异质性与肿瘤新抗原、T细胞特点、肿瘤微环境以及机体整体状态等。本文将针对目前PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂在肺癌免疫治疗中的潜在生物标志物最新临床研究进展及其研究前景进行综述。     

非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗进展

肿瘤免疫理论经历一个多世纪的探索正逐渐走向成熟，并彰显出显著的临床疗效。免疫检查点抑制剂尤其是细胞毒T淋巴细胞抗原-4（cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4，CTLA-4）和程序性死亡因子-1（programmed death-1，PD-1）/程序性死亡因子配体-1（programmed death-ligand 1，PD-L1）单克隆抗体单药治疗已在晚期肺癌的治疗中取得突破性进展，新的免疫检查点也开始获得关注。免疫联合治疗有望成为未来的发展方向。现阶段免疫治疗尚未实现广泛人群获益，对免疫耐药机制的理解将进一步推动个体化治疗。      

PD-1/PD-L1免疫抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗中的研究进展

摘 要：近年来免疫检查点领域研究进展迅速,众多新药相继出现,其中包括程序性细胞死亡蛋白1（programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1）单抗Pembrolizumab和Nivolumab,程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体1（programmed cell death protein ligand 1,PD-L1）单抗Atezolizumab。免疫检查点PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂给EGFR突变阳性非小细胞肺癌患者带来更多的生存获益,正逐渐改变国内外EGFR突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗模式。全文对PD-1/PD-L1为靶向的肿瘤免疫治疗在晚期EGFR突变阳性非小细胞肺癌患者治疗中的研究进展进行综述。     

晚期胃癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的临床研究进展

[摘要] 晚期胃癌治疗方法有限,预后较差。2017 年,针对程序性死亡蛋白-1（programmed cell death protein-1, PD-1）和程序性死亡配体-1（programmed death ligand-1, PD-L1）的免疫检查点抑制剂获批用于晚期胃癌治疗,提示胃癌免疫治疗时代已经到来。然而,相对于肺癌,免疫检查点抑制剂尚未获批用于胃癌一、二线治疗。目前,大量胃癌免疫治疗临床试验正在进行中,其模式还在进一步优化,包括免疫联合化疗、免疫检查点抑制剂联合其他免疫治疗及新型免疫检查点抑制剂的应用等,同时寻找合适的肿瘤标志物,筛选优势人群用于胃癌精准免疫治疗。本文着重讨论晚期胃癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的临床研究最新进展。     

外泌体PD-L1在非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗的研究进展

肿瘤免疫疗法在当前癌症治疗领域中愈来愈受瞩目,相关研究也层出不穷。对于非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）患者来说,近些年来,以程序性死亡受体1（programmed cell death 1, PD-1）/程序性死亡配体1（programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1）免疫抑制剂为代表的免疫检查点抑制剂（immunecheckpoint inhibitors, ICIs）已经成为治疗恶性肿瘤的一种最具前景的治疗方案。免疫检查点阻断治疗包括抗细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, CTLA-4）单抗、抗PD-1单抗和抗PD-L1单抗,其中最被人熟知的为PD-L1免疫疗法。目前ICIs在临床治疗中取得了很不错的治疗效果,但有效率较低,因此我们希望获得更高的治疗有效率。近几年外泌体PD-L1在NSCLC免疫治疗中发挥了重要作用。本文就肿瘤外泌体PD-L1蛋白对肿瘤微环境的影响、预测免疫治疗效果以及作为NSCLC免疫治疗的新型治疗策略作一综...     

免疫检查点抑制剂治疗非小细胞肺癌耐药机制研究进展

免疫是治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）的治疗手段之一,但由于治疗期间的原发性和获得性耐药性,很大一部分患者无法从中受益。本文总结了针对程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)的免疫检查点抑制剂在NSCLC治疗中产生耐药性的关键机制最新研究,原发性耐药机制包括PD-L1表达异常及突变、T细胞本身的异常免疫和RAS、BRAF等信号通路因素导致免疫进化等,获得性耐药机制包括TIM-3、B7-H7、VISTA、LAG-3、CTLA-4、Siglec-15、TIGIT、BTLA等代偿性免疫检查点上调,以及记忆T细胞分化失败和肿瘤的免疫编辑等。我们还讨论了对PD-1/PD-L1阻断有效的条件及PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗的抗肿瘤活性增强的策略,为提高免疫检查点抑制剂的临床疗效提供参考。     

非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗研究进展

近年来,肺癌的治疗手段层出不穷,从传统化疗到靶向药物,再到免疫检查点抑制剂的出现,很大程度上改善了患者的预后,延长了患者生存期。免疫检查点抑制剂的应用,即免疫治疗,一改传统的治疗方式,作用于程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1（PD-1）及其配体（PD-L1）发挥有效且持久的抗肿瘤反应。本文主要介绍了近年来免疫治疗一线、二线应用于非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的研究情况,影响免疫治疗疗效的因素,及免疫治疗的相关毒副反应。     

The Significance of the PD-L1 Expression in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Trenchant Double Swords as Predictive and Prognostic Markers

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death due to cancer worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been the standard treatment for lung cancer, and targeted molecular therapy has greatly improved the clinical course of patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring driver mutations, such as in epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase genes. Despite advances in such therapies, the prognosis of patients with NSCLC without driver oncogene mutations remains poor. Immunotherapy targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has recently been shown to improve the survival in advanced NSCLC. The PD-L1 expression on the surface of tumor cells has emerged as a potential biomarker for predicting responses to immunotherapy and prognosis after surgery in NSCLC. However, the utility of PD-L1 expression as a predictive and prognostic biomarker remains controversial because of the existence of various PD-L1 antibodies, scoring systems, and positivity cutoffs. In this review, we summarize the data from representative clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC and previous reports on the association between PD-L1 expression and clinical outcomes in patients with NSCLC. Furthermore, we discuss the future perspectives of immunotherapy and immune checkpoint factors.     

Combination Strategies on the Basis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Where Do We Stand?

The era of immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibodies in the treatment of advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is coming. Because of the lack of the definite biomarkers to select the optimal responders, only approximately 20% of patients with advanced NSCLC would respond to single checkpoint inhibitors-based immunotherapy. Moreover, primary or acquired resistance to conventional therapies is inevitable in most cases. Thus, combinations are pushed to move forward to be an alternative strategy and surely, it would be a future direction. Combination approaches on the basis of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are currently designed to re-energize the immune system with complementary/synergetic mechanisms and could achieve durable antineoplastic effects in NSCLC. Herein, we highlight the potential combinations on the basis of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in NSCLC, with other immunotherapies, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy in this current review.     

PD-1/PD-L1在非小细胞肺癌中的临床研究进展

近年来,免疫治疗在癌症研究中取得了突飞猛进的发展。以程序性死亡受体-1（programmed cell death-1,PD-1）及其配体程序性死亡配体-1（programmed cell death-ligand 1,PD-L1）为靶点的免疫治疗药物在非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）的治疗中显示出了良好的疗效和耐受性,治疗前景值得期待。本文对PD-1/PD-L1治疗NSCLC的临床研究现状进行综述。      

肺癌免疫治疗的研究进展

以程序性细胞死亡受体1（programmed cell death-1，PD-1）及其配体1（programmed death-ligand 1，PD-L1）抑制剂为代表的免疫治疗已经成为肺癌非常重要的治疗手段，在非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer，NSCLC）和小细胞肺癌（small cell lung cancer，SCLC）的治疗中均取得了突破性进展，免疫单药、免疫联合化疗、双免疫联合用药相继取得成功，极大改变了肺癌的治疗形式，使肺癌患者实现长期生存，成为肺癌重要的治疗手段。在不断取得突破的同时，针对肺癌免疫治疗领域也在进行着更深层次的研究，包括用药模式的优化、新靶点药物研发、克服耐药策略的探索等，本文将重点介绍肺癌免疫治疗的相关研究进展。      

多色标记免疫组织化学染色和免疫荧光染色在肺癌免疫治疗中的研究进展

肺癌是目前临床上最常见的恶性肿瘤,严重威胁着患者的生命健康及生活质量。程序性细胞死亡受体1(programmed cell death receptor 1, PD-1)及其配体(programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)抑制剂为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)患者提供了新的治疗策略。现有的生物标志物检测对准确选择免疫治疗受益的患者均有一定的价值,但都存在着局限性。多标记免疫组织化学/免疫荧光(multiplex immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence,mIHC/IF)技术允许在单一组织切片上同时检测多个抗体,并对细胞组成、细胞功能和细胞-细胞相互作用进行全面研究。国内外已有大量研究使用mIHC/IF技术对肿瘤免疫微环境(tumor immune microenvironment, TIME)下特异性免疫细胞群进行了探索,发现其有助于肺癌患者临床预后判断及疗效预测。肺癌免疫治疗时代,这项技术在转化研究和临床实践中均具有良好的应用前景。本文就mIHC/IF检测方法在肺癌免疫治疗中的研究进展进行了总结和展望。     

Predictive Capability of PD-L1 Protein Expression for Patients With Advanced NSCLC: Any Differences Based on Histology?

Lung cancer is responsible for 1.8 million annual deaths. Non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) represent 85% of lung cancer tumors. While surgery is an effective early-stage treatment, the majority of newly identified US lung cancer cases are stage III/IV.Immunotherapy, using programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) or programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor antibody therapeutics, has increased survival for patients with NSCLC. PD-L1 protein expression is widely used as a predictive biomarker informing treatment decisions. However, only a minority of patients (27%-39%) respond to PD-L1/PD-1 treatment. PD-L1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry assay has deficiencies in identifying responding and refractory patients.Given the different characteristics of squamous and nonsquamous NSCLC, the predictability of PD-L1 levels in determining which patients would benefit from immunotherapy could vary between the 2 histologies. We analyzed 17 phase-III clinical studies and a retrospective study to determine if the predictive capability of PD-L1 expression varies between squamous and nonsquamous NSCLC.For patients with NSCLC treated with mono or dual-immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), PD-L1 expression was more predictive of benefit for patients with nonsquamous NSCLC than squamous NSCLC. Patients with nonsquamous histology and PD-L1 high tumor proportion scores (TPS) survived 2.0x longer compared to those with low TPS, when treated with monotherapy ICI. Among patients with squamous NSCLC, that difference was 1.2 to 1.3x. For patients treated with ICIs and chemotherapy, there was no clear difference in the predictive value of PD-L1 levels between histologies. We encourage future researchers to analyze the predictability of PD-L1 biomarker expression separately for squamous and nonsquamous NSCLC.     

Combination Therapy of Radiotherapy and Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Treatment in Non–Small-cell Lung Cancer: A Mini-review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors against programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are a standard pharmacologic therapy for patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Substantial data have accumulated in recent years showing that radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy is more effective than monotherapy alone. Preclinical studies have shown that PD-L1 expression is upregulated on tumor cells after radiotherapy, resulting in the synergistically enhanced antitumor effect of irradiation and PD-L1 blockade. In the clinical setting, patients receiving radiotherapy before anti-PD-1 treatment have had a significantly better prognosis than those who have not undergone radiotherapy. In the present report, we reviewed previous studies of the combination of radiotherapy and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment for NSCLC. In addition, we report our case of a patient whose PD-L1 expression gradually increased in brain metastases from NSCLC after repeated radiotherapy. In the perspectives portion, we focused on the questions of how to integrate radiotherapy into anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agent regimens and described several ongoing clinical trials.