不同地区儿童青少年身高发育的比较研究

人体身高具有测量简便、测量误差小和生长规律明显等特点,是儿童体格发育监测、营养状况评价最重要、最可靠的一项指标.同时,身高还是不同民族、不同地区、不同时代人体特征和社会经济发展水平的重要“印记”.我国是发展中国家,不同地区经济、文化、气候、地理存在明显差异,儿童青少年的生长发育水平很不平衡.为了解我国不同城市儿童青少年生长发育的特征、生长发育的差异,本文对西安、北京、香港三地的儿童青少年身高发育进行对比研究.     

青少年健康饮食与体力活动网络干预研究进展

近年来,青少年肥胖率呈快速上升趋势[1-2].饮食结构不合理、体力活动下降等不良生活方式是导致青少年肥胖的主要原因.由于童年期的健康危险行为很有可能会影响到成年期的健康[3-9],甚至可能延续成为终生不良生活习惯[10 - 13],所以对青少年进行健康生活方式干预具有重要意义.     

体力活动模式对儿童青少年学习成绩的影响

体力活动有利于提高儿童青少年身心健康,越来越多的研究表明体力活动对提高儿童青少年学习成绩有积极作用.本文对现有文献进行回顾分析,探究体力活动模式与儿童青少年学习成绩之间的关系,分析不同时长、频次、强度和类型的体力活动对儿童青少年学习成绩的影响,为提高儿童青少年体力活动的质量和效果提供依据.高质量证据支持长时间、高频次、...     

上海金山区中学生2012与2017年日常饮食和缺乏体力活动行为比较

比较2017年与2012年金山区中学生日常饮食行为、缺乏体力活动行为变化情况,为开展相关防控提供依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,于2012年和2017年分别抽取上海市金山区8所中学2 010名学生和12所中学3 154名学生开展问卷调查.结果 与2012年相比,2017年过去7d男、女生健康饮食(经常吃新鲜水果、蔬菜、吃早餐、喝牛奶/酸奶)行为报告率均下降,男生分别由46.65%,71.57%,83.39%,51.54%降至39.47%,66.05%,76.18%,43.83%,女生分别由62.65%,79.37%,84.50%,50.23%降至49.11%,71.80%,79.15%,41.70%(P值均<0.05);非健康饮食行为中,男生经常喝汽水饮料行为报告率由8.09%升至10.87%,男、女生经常吃甜点行为报告率均下降,男生由22.47%降至11.54%,女生由34.27%降至16.20%;女生吃油炸食物报告率由7.66%降至4.13%(P值均<0.05).过去7d男生“中等强度体育运动<3 d”及“参加课外体育锻炼<3 d”报告率均增加,分别由31.74%,39.40%升至37.51%,71.03%,女生“参加课外体育锻炼<3d”报告率由44.82%升至77.64%(P值均<0.05).男生和女生每天“玩电子游戏≥4h”及“上网时间≥ 4 h”行为报告率均上升,男生分别由15.34%,14.48%升至24.49%,20.63%;女生分别由7.84%,9.80%升至11.80%,13.64%,不同年度间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).结论 金山区青少年日常饮食行为及体力活动情况不容乐观,需针对青少年危险行为发生特点采取干预措施.     

动作能力对儿童青少年日常体力活动水平影响的系统评价

探讨动作能力对儿童青少年体力活动水平的影响,为儿童青少年体力活动促进工作的进一步开展提供有益的借鉴.方法 搜集国内外有关动作能力对儿童青少年体力活动水平影响的相关研究,提取关键资料,进行质量评价,报告研究方法、结果及结论.结果 共纳入文献23 篇,证据水平在1a~ 2c 之间; 随机对照试验(RCT) 研究的PEDro 平均得分为7.5.从系统综述及纵向(队列) 研究结论可以看出,动作能力可以在一定程度上预测儿童青少年未来的体力活动状况,但目前已发表的RCT 实验尚未完全证实发展动作能力可以提升儿童青少年未来的体力活动水平.结论 儿童青少年个体当前的动作能力可以成为未来体力活动水平的预测指标.建议开展更多高质量的RCT 实验进一步证实发展动作能力对儿童青少年体力活动的具体影响,各级各类学校及教育机构应系统地将动作能力训练内容纳入到体育课程体系中.     

家庭支持对青少年体力活动及动作能力的影响

  目的  探讨青少年家庭背景及父母支持情况与青少年体力活动及动作能力之间的关系,为中国儿童青少年的健康促进提供相应的理论依据。  方法  2019年11—12月选取山西省某初中12~14岁140名初中生为研究对象,采用ActiGraph GT3X+型号加速度计记录研究对象连续7 d的体力活动,采用儿童青少年家庭支持量表(ACTS-CN)评估家长对孩子活动行为的支持与态度,采用加拿大敏捷和动作能力评估测试(CAMSA)评价青少年的动作能力发展状况。  结果  男女生每天参与中高强度体力活动(MVPA)的时间分别为(40.57±13.54)和(31.65±9.98)min,差异有统计学意义(t=4.44,P < 0.05);动作能力测试中,男女生的平均技能得分分别为(10.8±1.9)和(10.1±1.9),完成时间分别为(17.7±2.8)和(19.1±2.5)s;多元线性回归分析结果表明,母亲学历、家庭月收入、母亲关注孩子锻炼情况和父亲支持参加俱乐部均与青少年MVPA相关(B值分别为-0.28,-0.16,-0.16,0.18,P值均 < 0.05)。父、母提供锻炼场所与动作能力得分呈正相关(r值分别为0.17,0.17,P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  受教育水平越高的父母对孩子体力活动参与度有着更积极的影响。父母的陪伴能够在一定程度上促进青少年体力活动水平的提高。父母提供的支持性环境,能够对青少年的动作能力水平产生积极影响。     

体力活动对儿童青少年学业能力影响的系统评价

探究体力活动对儿童青少年群体学业能力的影响,为促进儿童青少年体力活动提供新的视角.方法 采用系统评价的方法,在中国知网(CNKI),EBSCO,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,PubMed等5个数据库中检索国内外从2007年1月31日到2017年12月31日期间发表的有关体力活动对儿童青少年学业能力影响的相关研究,中文检索词中的体力活动检索词包括“体力活动”“运动”“锻炼”;学业能力检索词包括“学业能力”“学业成就”“学习成绩”“学习表现”“学术成就”“认知功能”.英文检索词中的体力活动检索词包括“physical activity”“physical activities”“exercise”“fitness”;学业能力检索词包括“academic achievement”“academic performance”“academic success”“grades” “cognitive function”.体力活动、学业能力的检索词之间用“or”连接,体力活动与学业能力之间的检索词用“and”连接.提取关键资料,进行质量评价,报告研究方法、结果及结论.结果 共纳入文献24篇,文献类型包括系统综述(系统评价、Meta分析)、纵向研究、随机对照实验和相关性研究,证据水平在1a~2c之间.从纵向研究以及相关性实验的研究结论可以看出,体力活动在一定程度上可以提高儿童青少年的学业能力.结论 儿童青少年个体当前的体力活动水平可以促进学业能力的提高,体力活动可作为一个有效的战略目标,从而提高学业能力.尽管现阶段体力活动对学业能力影响的证据不够强,但积极开展更多的高质量研究对探究其关系尤为重要.     

饮食习惯和体力活动对妊娠期糖尿病的影响

目的 探讨饮食习惯和体力活动对妊娠期糖尿病发病的影响。方法 选择产科门诊确诊妊娠期糖尿病孕妇942列（GDM组）及其配对对照组作为调查对象,以问卷方式,对膳食史、饮食习惯和体力活动等情况进行回顾性调查。结果 GDM组每日膳食总热能、脂肪供热比、动物比脂肪百分比均显高于对照组（P＜0．05）;GDM组长期饱餐和喜甜食的比例显高于对照组（P＜0．05）;而GDM组平均体力活动量低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论 孕期高热能、高脂肪的膳食,喜饱餐和喜甜食和较少的体力活动是诱使发生妊娠期糖尿病的重要影响因素。     

土家族聚居区儿童青少年体力活动状况

  目的  了解土家族聚居区儿童青少年体力活动状况,为少数民族地区儿童青少年体力活动干预模式提供参考。  方法  对湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州利川市2所小学的2 466名土家族小学生进行整群抽样,调查小学生体力活动状况,采用χ2检验进行组间比较。  结果  土家族儿童青少年一周内中高等强度活动时长中位数为49.9 min/d,总体达标率为47.93%,其中走读生达标率高于住校生(χ2=80.47,P < 0.01);一周内久坐时长中位数为396.1 min/d,视屏时长合格率为78.99%,且走读生与住校生合格率差异有统计学意义(χ2=35.12,P < 0.01)。  结论  土家族聚居区儿童青少年缺乏体力活动,需采取有效的干预措施,重视儿童青少年体力活动。     

儿童青少年体力活动与身心健康研究进展

近几十年,儿童青少年体力活动水平下降趋势明显,导致其健康水平下降,新冠肺炎疫情的暴发与蔓延进一步加重了该趋势。在疫情防控常态化背景下,为深入解析体力活动与儿童青少年身心健康之间的关系,促进儿童青少年身心健康水平,追踪梳理了国内外相关主题文献,分析了体力活动对儿童青少年健康体适能、认知和心理健康的积极影响,发现相关健康效应存在显著的体力活动类型、强度和时间差异等,进而提出了体力活动相关研究的若干问题。     

蔬菜水果摄入与前列腺癌风险的Meta分析

目的 系统评价蔬菜水果摄入与前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)风险之间的关系,为前列腺癌的预防策略提供相关依据.方法 计算机检索Pubmed、Embase、Web of science数据库,查找评价蔬菜和/或水果摄入与前列腺癌风险之间关系的队列研究以及相关文献,对纳入的文献进行质量评级,采用R软件(4...     

The relationship between the social environment within religious organizations and intake of fat versus fruits and vegetables.

The authors explored associations of social environment with dietary behavior among participants in the Eating for a Healthy Life study, a randomized, low-fat, high-fruit-and-vegetable dietary intervention trial in religious organizations. Data in this report are from baseline telephone surveys of 1,520 persons that assessed dietary behaviors (Fat- and Fiber-Related Diet Behavior Questionnaire) and social environment (Moos Group Environment Scale). After adjusting for demographic characteristics, higher scores on the Cohesion and Order/Organization subscales were associated with higher fruit/vegetable scores (indicating higher fruit and vegetable consumption). Higher scores on the Cohesion, Leader Support, and Order/Organization subscales were also associated with lower fat scores (indicating lower fat intake). Dietary behaviors within religious organizations may be related to positive perceptions of the social environment. These results support further exploration of the potential influence of religious organizations' social environment on health behaviors and its applicability to dietary change interventions.     

Predicting adolescents' intake of fruits and vegetables

OBJECTIVE: To explore potential predictors of adolescents' fruit and vegetable intake by expanding on current theory and drawing from other adolescent research. DESIGN: This research reports on baseline and interim data from a school-based intervention study. Data were collected through surveys administered to students at the beginning and end of their 7th grade year. Setting: The students attended 16 public schools in Minnesota. PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected on 3878 students; approximately half were female and 67% were white. All students in the 7th grade cohort were invited to participate in the surveys and over 94% completed both surveys. Variables Measured: Our dependent variable, fruit and vegetable intake, was assessed by a validated fruit and vegetable food frequency scale. Predictive factors assessed included parenting style, spirituality/religiosity, depressive symptoms, and other commonly assessed predictors. ANALYSIS: Generalized linear mixed model regression. Omnibus test of association using P <.05 is reported. RESULTS: Subjective norms, barriers, knowledge, usual food choice, parenting style, spirituality/religiosity, and depressive symptoms were statistically significant predictors of intake. The model explained about 31% of the variance in fruit and vegetable consumption. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: To better understand adolescents' fruit and vegetable intake, we must explore novel predictors. Our results need to be replicated, and more exploratory research in this field is needed.     

蔬菜和水果摄入与心脑血管疾病关系的研究进展

心脑血管疾病(心血管病)已成为影响我国居民健康的重要公共卫生问题, 蔬菜和水果摄入不足是包括心血管病在内的主要慢性病发生、发展的重要危险因素。合理摄入且摄入不同种类的蔬菜和水果对心血管病的防治有积极的意义。本文就近年来国内外针对蔬菜和水果摄入量、种类及加工方式与心血管病的发生、发展和死亡之间的关系, 及其可能机制的研究进展进行综述, 为推广合理膳食, 促进居民形成营养均衡的膳食习惯, 完善我国一般和高危人群心血管病预防及心血管病患者管理的策略和措施提供进一步的支持。     

Antioxidant activities of various fruits and vegetables produced in Taiwan

Fruits and vegetables have been known to contain a variety of antioxidant components. It has been suggested that antioxidants may protect biomolecules from oxidative damage and therefore be associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and certain cancer. The antioxidant abilities of various parts of eight common fruits and vegetables produced in Taiwan were investigated, including tomato, guava, squash, tangerine, wax gourd, pineapple, chayote, and eggplant. Squash, wax gourd, tomato, and guava seeds showed the highest antioxidant activities in thiobarbituric acid assay. Wax guard and squash seeds showed the highest antioxidant activities in iodometric assay. At the level of 1 g fresh sample, low-density lipoprotein peroxidation was inhibited by at least 90% by tomato meat, guava meat, squash seed, wax gourd meat, core, and seed, and eggplant skin. The total phenolic content was significantly correlated with antioxidant activities measured by thiobarbituric acid (r=0.715, P<0.01) and iodometric (r=0.749, P<0.01) assays. The results of this study could be used for development of merchandise with potential health benefits from agricultural products.     

Antioxidant activities of various fruits and vegetables produced in Taiwan

Fruits and vegetables have been known to contain a variety of antioxidant components. It has been suggested that antioxidants may protect biomolecules from oxidative damage and therefore be associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and certain cancer. The antioxidant abilities of various parts of eight common fruits and vegetables produced in Taiwan were investigated, including tomato, guava, squash, tangerine, wax gourd, pineapple, chayote, and eggplant. Squash, wax gourd, tomato, and guava seeds showed the highest antioxidant activities in thiobarbituric acid assay. Wax guard and squash seeds showed the highest antioxidant activities in iodometric assay. At the level of 1 g fresh sample, low-density lipoprotein peroxidation was inhibited by at least 90% by tomato meat, guava meat, squash seed, wax gourd meat, core, and seed, and eggplant skin. The total phenolic content was significantly correlated with antioxidant activities measured by thiobarbituric acid (r=0.715, P<0.01) and iodometric (r=0.749, P<0.01) assays. The results of this study could be used for development of merchandise with potential health benefits from agricultural products.     

Perceptions of older, low-income women about increasing intake of fruits and vegetables

Focus groups were conducted with 28 older, low-income women in order to identify factors that affected their fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption. Themes emerging from data analysis include barriers to making dietary changes, specifically to increasing F&V consumption; beliefs about benefits of consuming F&V as compared with other dietary changes; and use of supplements as a substitution for eating F&V. A prominent subtheme concerned the conflict women felt between their desire to consume more F&V and their desire not to waste food. Focus group participants gave concrete suggestions on how to help older, low-income women increase F&V consumption, which included environmental supports.     

Increasing antioxidant intake from fruits and vegetables: practical strategies for the Scottish population

Background Increasing intakes of dietary antioxidants may help to reduce oxidative damage caused by free radicals and provide protection against the progression of a number of chronic diseases. The present study aimed to estimate the antioxidant intake from fruits and vegetables in the UK and Scottish population and to examine consumption models to identify potential strategies to optimize antioxidant intake from these foods. Methods This was a retrospective study of cross‐sectional data on fruit and vegetable intake in relation to antioxidant intake. Antioxidant capacity of individual fruits and vegetables was determined by the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and data on quantity and frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables determined from National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2000–2001. Results Mean antioxidant intake in UK population from fruits and vegetables varied by region. In the Scottish sample (n = 123), mean antioxidant intake was estimated at 680 ± 689 μmol day^?1 with 92% subjects consuming <400 g of fruits and vegetables per day. Consumption data showed that strawberries, apples, orange citrus fruits, purple broccoli and cauliflower were the top five sources of antioxidants from fruits and vegetables in the Scottish population. Conclusions Appropriate selection of fruits and vegetables would help to achieve a higher antioxidant intake with the potential to produce significant health benefits.     

High intake of fruits and vegetables predicts weight loss in Brazilian overweight adults

To determine whether changes in dietary intakes predict weight loss, we studied 80 overweight adults who attended a nutritional counseling program during 6 months of follow-up at a primary health care center in Brazil. Habitual diet was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline and after 6 months. The mean age (±SD) of the participants was 46.5 ± 9.5 years, and their mean body mass index was 29 ± 3 kg/m² at baseline. After 6 months, the differences in body weight and fruit/vegetable intake were −1.4 ± 3 kg and ±109 ± 320 g daily, respectively. Using multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, changes in walking time, and total energy intake, the increased intake of dietary fiber from fruits/vegetables was associated with a greater weight loss (β1 [95% confidence interval (CI)] = −0.180 [−0.269, −0.091]) after 6 months of follow-up. Similar results were observed for increased intake of vegetables (β1 [95% CI] = −0.00497 [−0.008, −0.002]) and fruits (β1 [95% CI] = −0.00290 [−0.005, −0.001]) as predictors of weight loss. The increase of 100 g/d of vegetables and fruits represented a body weight loss of 500 and 300 g after 6 months, respectively (P < .05). Our findings support the relevance of increased intakes of fruits and vegetables that may help avoid weight gain in overweight adults.     

贵州省城乡居民蔬菜水果摄入情况调查

目的:探讨贵州省城乡居民蔬菜水果摄入情况。方法:采取分层多阶段整群随机抽样的方法随机抽取9504名18岁及以上常住人口作为调查对象。结果:贵州省居民每天食用蔬菜人群比例为94.3%,有55.9%居民蔬菜摄入量不足;贵州省居民每天食用水果人群的比例为16.2%,95.8%的居民水果摄入量不足。结论:贵州省居民蔬菜水果摄入严重不足,应予以重视,多措施综合干预,对预防慢性病发生、发展将起到积极的作用。