新型冠状病毒肺炎的眼部表现

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19,新冠肺炎)是由新型冠状病毒(novel coronavirus,SARS-CoV-2,新冠病毒)引起的一种具有高度传染性的疾病,目前在世界各地广泛流行,并引起全球性恐慌。研究表明,新冠病毒可以通过眼部黏膜传播,因此眼科医务人员更容易受到感染。新冠肺炎患者眼部表现主要累及结膜、角膜、巩膜、前房、瞳孔、视网膜、视神经和视皮层、眼外肌及其颅神经支配、眼眶和泪器系统等。病毒性结膜炎是新冠肺炎患者最常见的眼部表现。新冠肺炎流行期间,为了眼科医务人员免受感染,安全地开展临床工作,本文依据近年来相关文献报道总结了新冠肺炎的眼部表现,主要包括流行病学、病理生理、临床表现等方面。     

关注新型冠状病毒肺炎期间的儿童眼健康

目前新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)在国内持续蔓延,具有极高传染性。眼部症状以结膜炎为代表,潜伏期患儿前来就诊时,极易造成医务人员感染,导致疫情蔓延。疫情期间,原则上非急重症,应择期治疗。但患儿病情需要前往医院就诊时,需做好防护措施。因恰逢假期儿童就诊高峰,为做好治疗管理与医务人员自身防护,避免疫情扩散,保护医务人员健康。现就COVID-19主要特点及小儿眼科医师如何应对COVID-19进行防护及临床工作进行述评,供临床医师参考。     

关注新型冠状病毒肺炎与眼表传播问题

自2019年岁末以来,新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎(COVID-19)疫情在中国武汉快速传播并引起中国和国际社会的广泛关注。目前已有尚未确认的线索认为结膜可能是新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染的通道之一,因此关于COVID-19感染方式以及SARS-CoV-2是否通过眼表组织进行传播的问题也成为新的关注点。由于目前尚缺乏SARS-CoV-2在眼部感染的临床观察资料和实验室研究证据,因此对引起流行性疾病的病毒引起眼部病变的部分文献进行回溯和分析则更有助于我们在COVID-19疫情防控过程中对眼部及相应的工作环境和器械采取合理的防护措施。     

眼科门诊医护人员对于新型冠状病毒肺炎的防护对策 △

目的 探讨在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情期间,眼科门诊医护人员的防控对策。方法 采用调查问卷的方法收集2020年1月1~24日、1月27日~2月2日、2月25日~3月25日眼科门诊就诊患者及医护人员的情况,包括患者的体温、流行病学史、疫区或外来人员接触史、目前症状(发热、咳嗽、乏力、眼红、分泌物等)以及近期接触人员的接触史等。同时制订COVID-19防控应急预案,进行医护人员眼部及全身防护,眼科器械清洁消毒制度。结果 COVID-19疫情初发期间(1月1~24日)我院眼科门诊接诊6 564例患者,每天共16名医护人员接诊患者;疫情高峰期间(1月27日~2月2日)共接诊262例患者,每天共8名医护人员参与接诊;疫情后期(2月25日~3月25日)共接诊4 503例患者,每天共16名医护人员参与接诊。通过进行医护人员眼部及全身防护、眼科器械清洁消毒等措施,截止目前眼科门诊未发现患者及医护人员感染病例。结论 COVID-19疫情期间,加大筛查力度,完善眼科门诊检查仪器设施消毒制度,保障了医护人员的安全。     

SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2两种高致病性冠状病毒眼部感染的研究进展

COVID-19的全球大流行使冠状病毒再次引起重视。在本世纪大流行的三种高致病性冠状病毒（SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2）研究中,已有直接证据证明SARS-CoV及SARS-CoV-2可引起人眼部感染。冠状病毒感染除引起眼部症状外,也可通过眼部感染引发全身多种临床表现。两种高致病性冠状病毒（SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2）具有更强的流行性及更高的病死率,两种病毒眼部症状相似,病毒结构及眼部感染过程也具有相似性,主要是通过其特异性S蛋白与细胞表面相关受体结合,使其核酸进入细胞内并借用细胞内的蛋白合成通路对自身蛋白进行转录、组装、折叠并通过其受体蛋白激发多种细胞因子表达。本文就2003年流行的SARS-CoV以及2019年末流行的SARS-CoV-2两种高致病性冠状病毒的特点、眼部感染通路的研究进展及病毒眼部感染相关的研究现状进行综述,阐述眼部病毒防护及患者眼部检查的必要性。（国际眼科纵览,2020, 45：374-379）     

警惕冠状病毒经眼传播

目前新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情在中国湖北武汉快速传播,并引起了国际社会的广泛关注。目前有线索认为结膜可能是新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染的入口之一。但目前缺乏SARS-CoV-2眼部感染的临床观察资料,因此了解冠状病毒经眼传播的机制和细胞受体,了解其他同源病毒感染眼部的传播特征,有助于眼科医生在COVID-19防控工作中采取合理防护措施并及时识别与眼部体征并存的COVID-19。     

联合或不联合板层角膜移植的结膜瓣移植治疗巩膜坏死

目的介绍结膜瓣移植治疗眼部烧伤和眼科手术后巩膜缺血坏死的手术方法,观察其临床疗效。方法回顾性病例研究。2007年1月至2012年3月,共13例眼部烧伤和眼科手术后巩膜缺血坏死、溶解的患者在山东省眼科医院接受了结膜瓣移植,其中碱烧伤4例．热烧伤6例．翼状胬肉切除手术后巩膜坏死3例。对所有患者行带蒂结膜瓣转位或游离结膜瓣移植术治疗,其中4例行单纯结膜瓣移植,2例联合部分板层角膜移植（LK）术,6例联合羊膜移植（AMT）术,1例联合LK和AMT术。随诊3—24个月,对手术后巩膜坏死和结膜瓣存活等情况进行观察。结果移植的结膜瓣1周内血运差、色苍白,1周后逐渐出现充血表现,2周拆除结膜瓣缝线后充血症状逐渐减轻。13例患者结膜瓣均愈合良好,巩膜坏死控制。至最后一次随访,2例角膜透明,3例角膜植片透明,1例角膜斑翳．7例角膜血管化。结论结膜瓣移植（或联合LK和AMT）治疗眼部烧伤和眼科手术后巩膜坏死在临床上安全有效,能够较好地解决巩膜穿孔的风险,为后续治疗提供一个相对稳定的眼部环境。     

睑缘炎患者眼表微生物检测及相关临床分析

目的 探讨睑缘炎患者眼表微生物分布特征,分析睑缘炎抗菌治疗的疗效。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 收集2015年2-9 月间在北京同仁医院眼科门诊临床诊断为睑缘炎的101例患者（101眼,睑缘炎组）,正常志愿者85例（85眼,对照组）。方法 在睑缘炎和对照组患者的结膜囊、睑缘及睑板腺分别取材,做细菌、厌氧菌和真菌培养,对培养阳性的菌株进行鉴定,分析两组眼表菌群差异特征。进一步将睑缘炎患者分为抗菌组和非抗菌组,治疗前及治疗2周后分别对症状体征评分,并进行眼表微生物检测,分析疗效及细菌检测结果。主要指标 眼表细菌检测结果、血平皿菌落计数及睑缘炎的眼部症状及体征评分。结果 睑缘炎组睑板腺细菌培养阳性率为62%,而对照组为53%（P=0.015）;睑缘炎组和对照组睑板腺厌氧培养阳性率分别为19%和45%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。睑缘炎组与对照组睑缘细菌阳性率分别是71%和76%（P=0.533）,结膜囊细菌阳性率分别是48%和67%,两组间无统计学差异（P=0.062）。睑缘炎组睑缘、结膜囊及睑板腺血平皿菌落数量的均值均分别是（15.78±5.25）个、（13.62±6.27）个、（16.54±4.56）个, 对照组分别为（6.13±3.40）个、（4.75±3.82）个、（5.83±2.55）个,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。睑缘炎患者睑缘、结膜囊及睑板腺的培养菌群主要是革兰阳性球菌（构成比分别为：78.31%、71.15%和77.03%） ,与正常志愿者无差异（构成比分别为：76.71%、82.14%和76.74%）。睑缘炎组结膜囊和睑板腺革兰阳性球菌中,葡萄球菌属的阳性率（81%和88%）要低于正常对照组（96%和100%）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.034和0.036）。抗菌组和非抗菌组治疗2周后睑缘的除菌率分别为44%和21%,且两组的症状及体征的差异也有统计学意义（P=0.034和P=0.012）。结论 睑缘炎患者与正常人相比,眼表细菌阳性率无差异,但眼表带菌量要高于正常人,且革兰阳性球菌菌群构成不同,而睑板腺的厌氧菌带菌量要低于正常人;抗菌治疗可减少眼表带菌量,并改善患者眼表症状及体征。（眼科,2016,25： 118-122）     

SARS-CoV-2对眼部的影响及其经眼途径传播的可能性

SARS-CoV-2引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）已对全球构成重大的公共卫生威胁。SARS-CoV-2和SARS-CoV均属于人冠状病毒（HCoVs）β属,两者的基因组相似性高达79.6%,且均通过血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE-2）感染宿主细胞。目前已有研究表明,SARS-CoV-2感染与结膜炎具有一定相关性,SARS-CoV-2是否能经眼感染或传播的问题也备受关注,但目前尚缺乏其通过眼部组织感染的临床确诊病例和实验室证据。本文就SARS-CoV-2的病原学特点、流行病学特征、眼部表现及结膜囊病毒感染率作一综述,并对SARS-CoV-2经眼途径传播的可能性进行探讨。     

角膜移植手术患者术前结膜囊细菌培养菌群分布及影响因素研究

目的 研究角膜移植手术术前结膜囊菌群分布及其影响因素.设计回顾性病例系列.研究对象2017年8月至2019年4月北京大学第三医院眼科572例角膜移植手术患者.排除现存眼部感染者.方法 回顾患者术前结膜囊细菌培养及药物敏感性试验结果及病例资料,包括术后早期感染患者的随访资料.结膜囊细菌培养阳性者作为病例组,阴性者为对照组...     

Comparison of ocular trauma between normalized and the COVID-19 epidemic periods in China: a multi-center cross-sectional study

AIM: To compare the feature of ocular trauma between normalized period and the COVID-19 epidemic period in China, and to provide a profile for eye injuries in special times in future. METHODS: This is a multi-center cross-sectional study with 30 participated hospitals involving the China Ocular Trauma Society members. All hospitalized cases who visited the Ophthalmology Department in participated hospitals with eye injuries during the normalized period (2019) and the COVID-19 epidemic period (2020) were included in this study. Demographic characteristic of cases, date of injury, sites and types of injury were collected. RESULTS: This study involved 13 525 (61 cases with both eyes) injured cases. There were 7269 (53.74%) eye-injured cases and 6256 (46.26%) eye-injured cases in 2019 and 2020 separately. Compared with 2019, the incidence of ocular trauma in retirees, housewives and unemployed increased with year-on-year of 4.96%, 102.67%, and 11.64% among all occupations. In 2020, the incidence of eye injuries decreased in all injury sites except for an increase in home (30.29% year-on-year). The incidence of mechanical eye injuries decreased, while that of non-mechanical eye injuries (chemical/thermal/radiation) increased (47.45% year-on-year). There were 255 (3.51%, 255/7269) and 376 (6.01%, 376/6256) non-mechanical injured cases in 2019 and 2020 (Pearson Chi2=47.33, P<0.001) separately. CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 epidemic period, the total cases of ocular trauma decrease but the proportion of non-mechanical ocular trauma increase. Penetrating is still the highest proportion among all types of mechanical ocular trauma. From a preventive point of view, protection for retired persons, housewives and unemployed persons should be improved during public health events period.     

Insights on the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through the eyes

A novel coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCOV), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has rapidly spread to most countries and regions worldwide since it broke out at the end of 2019. Epidemic of the virus produces a tremendous pressure on the global health systems. With progressive insight into SARS-CoV-2, the role of eye tissue has attracted wide attention in the spread of COVID-19. Whether SARS-CoV-2 can enter the human body through eyes and cause infection? The fact that unprotected exposure of the eyes to 2019-nCoV might have allowed the virus to infect the body implies that 2019-nCOV can invade eye tissue and set foot in organism. Facing the severe challenge of preventing spread of the COVID-19, combined with the high-risk environment of ophthalmology, it is crucial to investigate ocular tropism of coronavirus. This paper explores the possibility of coronavirus transmission through the eye from aspects of probable mechanisms, clinical cases, detection of coronavirus; and puts forward precautions for ophthalmologists and nurses. Consequently, this review reveals our understanding of ocular tropism of coronavirus and contributes to determining risk of ocular transmission, raising awareness of necessary eye protection among medical workers and reducing further prevalence of SARS-CoV-2.     

新型冠状病毒核酸检测在眼科医院疫情防控中的实践与有效性研究

目的:探索以系统化、标准化的新型冠状病毒核酸检测为核心和重要组成部分,建立适合于眼科医院新冠疫情精准防控切实可行的防控体系。方法:系列病例研究。自2020年2月24日至3月2日期间,以标准化病毒核酸检测联合血常规、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)等检测作为所有眼科手术患者术前筛查常规检测项目,同时也为返岗员工提供病毒核酸检测。设计调查问卷了解受检者对鼻咽拭子采样的接受度以及核酸检测结果对其心理状态的影响。结果:99例患者血液学检测结果有一定的异常比例,其中SAA检测结果增高13例,淋巴细胞计数减低12例、增高5例,白细胞计数增高11例、减低1例,CRP增高2例,新型冠状病毒核酸检测均阴性。33例本院职工新型冠状病毒核酸检测均阴性。12%的受访者对鼻咽拭子采样接受度评分较低。受检者在核酸检测前后思想压力评分较高的比例分别为46.7%和6.7%。结论:该项举措一方面为术前新冠病毒肺炎筛查及鉴别诊断提供了客观依据,很大程度上排除了隐性无症状感染者传播的可能,有利于减少二次传播的风险,降低院内交叉感染的概率;另一方面,核酸检测阴性结果有利于调整患者术前的心理状态并缓解医护人员在疫情防控期间的心理压力。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎防控时期眼外伤急救流程管理

2019年12月初开始于武汉的新型冠状病毒肺炎传染力强、致病率高、影响范围广,全国各地相继迅速启动紧急防控措施。新型冠状病毒肺炎防控期间,全民防疫为主,眼科疾病诊疗部分受限。眼外伤是眼科常见眼科急症,可导致不可逆转的视力丧失,甚至眼球摘除。眼外伤的急诊救治效果与患者的视力预后密切相关,需伤后短时间内做出正确诊断和及时处理。因此,新型冠状病毒肺炎防控期间如何能够安全完成眼外伤急诊的手术处理值得探讨。本文根据2020年1月24日天津市启动重大公共卫生事件一级防控响应以来,我科多例急诊眼外伤的处理流程,就疫情防控期间的眼外伤手术防控管理作一述评,以期为眼科同行在新型冠状病毒肺炎时期安全处理急诊眼外伤提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下眼科急诊感染防控管理的体会

目的总结新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情下专科医院眼科急诊有效的感染防控措施。方法 2020年1月24日起从人员管理(包括医务人员和患者)、科室硬件环境、眼科器械消毒、病毒管理上报制度等方面着手,对新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染途径进行严格把控。结果共接诊1 936例眼科急诊患者(比去年同期增长21.7%),完成急诊工作的同时,所有医护人员在疫情期间无因工作原因导致2019-nCoV感染。结论思想重视、措施到位、严格把控,能够有效防范眼科医护人员感染2019-nCoV。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间眼外伤流行病学特点分析

目的：分析新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间眼外伤入院者疾病谱变化趋势及流行病学特点。

方法：回顾性病例分析。收集郑州大学第一附属医院眼科入院治疗的眼外伤者876例905眼,其中对照组(2019-01/06)545例565眼,研究组(2020-01/06)331例340眼。比较两组患者年龄、性别、受伤地点、受伤原因、居住地、受伤类型等信息。

结果：研究组眼外伤住院人数较对照组减少39.3%,对照组和研究组年龄均呈双峰样分布,分别为0～10岁(20.55%,21.45%)和41～50岁(17.98%,19.03%)占比最高,两组年龄分布无差异(P=0.907)。对照组和研究组均以男性为主,占比80.37%,83.69%(P=0.219)。研究组居家受伤比例(28.40%)高于对照组(11.38%)(P<0.001)。研究组机械性眼外伤占比(98.19%)高于对照组(95.60%)(P=0.041),开放性眼外伤占比(85.54%)高于对照组(76.58%)(P=0.001),无光感者占比(18.86%)高于对照组(9.53%)(P<0.001)。

结论：新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间,眼外伤住院患者显著减少,机械性眼外伤是主要眼外伤类型,在流行病暴发期间,仍应加强眼外伤的防护意识。     

Dry eye disease among patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: a cross-sectional study

AIM: To investigate the incidence of dry eye disease (DED) and relevant risk factors among patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant. METHODS: This cross-sectional, observational analysis included 993 patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treated at the National Exhibition and Convention Center (Shanghai) Fangcang Shelter Hospital, from April 10 to May 26, 2022. Totally 944 uninfected control participants were recruited. All participants completed ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaires, and DED symptoms were determined using OSDI scores. The demographic characteristics, length of hospital stay and in nasopharyngeal swabs were performed using questionnaires. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection was confirmed by nucleic acid-based detection in nasopharyngeal swabs using a 2019-nCoV nucleic acid detection kit. The risk factors for DED symptoms among patients with COVID-19 and control participants were determined by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Patients with COVID-19 showed a higher incidence of DED than controls (64.9% vs 55.1%, P<0.001). SARS-CoV-2 infection [odds ratios (ORs) (95%CI): 1.271 (1.038, 1.556)], use of contact lenses [ORs (95%CI): 9.350 (3.676, 23.783)], history of corneal refractive surgery [ORs (95%CI): 2.047 (1.494, 2.804)], poor sleep quality [ORs (95%CI): 2.657 (2.029, 3.480)], and video display terminal (VDT) use for more than 8h per day [ORs (95%CI): 6.348 (4.720, 8.538)] were found to be risk factors for DED symptoms in patients with COVID-19 as well as controls. For patients with COVID-19, the length of hospital stay [ORs (95%CI): 1.196 (1.134, 1.262)], use of contact lenses [ORs (95%CI): 20.423 (2.680, 155.632)], history of corneal refractive surgery [ORs (95%CI): 2.166 (1.321, 3.553)], poor sleep quality [ORs (95%CI): 3.650 (2.381, 5.597)], and VDT use for more than 8h per day [ORs (95%CI): 7.740 (4.918, 12.180)] were significant risk factors for DED symptoms. CONCLUSION: Patients with COVID-19 are more prone to develop symptomatic DED. SARS-CoV-2 infection and length of hospital stay are important risk factors for DED symptoms.     

The evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on ocular surface

This is a cross-sectional study of patients who received a COVID-19 diagnosis between December 30, 2019 and February 7, 2020 at Tongji Hospital. A total of 102 patients (48 Male [47%] and 54 Female [53%]) with clinical symptoms, Rt, and chest Computed Tomography (CT) abnormalities were identified with a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. Patients had a mean [SD] gestational age of 57.63 [14.90] years. Of a total of 102 patients identified, 72 patients (36 men [50%] and 36 women [50%]; mean [SD] age, 58.68 [14.81] years) were confirmed to have COVID-19 by laboratory diagnosis with a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay. Only two patients (2.78%) with conjunctivitis were identified from 72 patients with a laboratory confirmed COVID-19. Of those two patients, SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments were found in ocular discharges by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in only one patient. Our findings suspect the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection through the ocular surface is extremely low, while the nosocomial infection of SARS-CoV-2 through the eyes after occupational exposure is a potential route. To lower the SARS-CoV-2 nosocomial infection, all health care professionals should wear protective goggles. The inefficient diagnostic method and the sampling time lag may contribute to the lower positive rate of conjunctival swab samples of SARS-CoV-2.     

Neuro-ophthalmological manifestations of diabetes mellitus during COVID-19-related lockdown in India

Purpose:The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a huge impact on the health care system. Diversion of health care workforce toward management of a high number of COVID-19 cases and lockdown restrictions have affected the follow-up of patients. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of this situation on the control of diabetes, eventually resulting in related neuro-ophthalmological complications.Methods:This retrospective case series included diabetic patients visiting the neuro-ophthalmology clinic at a tertiary care eye center in India from 25 March 2020 to 25 September 2020 during the lockdown. The incidence of diabetes-related neuro-ophthalmological complications, including third, fourth, sixth nerve palsies and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) was evaluated and compared with that of the same period during 2019.Results:Overall disease incidence rate was significantly higher in the year 2020 (60.2%) compared to the previous year of 2019 (29.8%). The proportion of third nerve palsy (4.8% vs 16.3%, P < 0.001) and NAION (0.3% vs 14.3%, P < 0.001) had increased. Even though the percentage of sixth nerve palsy was 25% in 2020, this was not significantly different from 2019. There was a reduction in the percentage of fourth nerve palsy cases from the year 2019 to 2020.Conclusion:There was a significant increase in diabetes-related neuro-ophthalmic complications during the COVID-19 lockdown. This can possibly be attributed to worsening of glycemic control in diabetic patients.     

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and national lockdown on ocular trauma at a tertiary eye care institute

Purpose:To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the national lockdown on the demographic and clinical profile of patients presenting with ocular trauma.Methods:In this retrospective, hospital-based, comparative analysis, patients presenting to the emergency department with ocular trauma in the following COVID-19 period (March 25, 2020 to July 31, 2020) were compared with patients in the pre-COVID-19 period (March 25, 2019 to July 31, 2019).Results:Overall, 242 patients (COVID-19 period: 71 and pre-COVID-19 period: 171) presented with ocular trauma. The mean age of the patients in COVID-19 and pre-COVID-19 periods were 26.7 ± 17.3 and 34.1 ± 20.3 years, respectively (P = 0.008). A majority of patients (68.6%) in both groups were from the rural background. Home-related injuries were common in the COVID-19 period (78.8%) as compared to pre-COVID-19 period (36.4%) (P < 0.0001). Iron particles (29.5%) were the common inflicting agents in the COVID-19 period while it was plant leaves (25.5%) in the pre-COVID-19 period. The most common ocular diagnosis was open globe injury (40.8%) in the COVID-19 period and microbial keratitis (47.9%) in the pre-COVID-19 period. Surgical intervention was required in 46.4% of patients in the COVID-19 period and 32.1% of patients in the pre-COVID-19 period (P = 0.034).Conclusion:During the COVID-19 period, there was a significant decline in the number of patients presenting with ocular trauma. In this period, a majority of patients sustained ocular trauma in home-settings. About half the patients required surgical intervention which was most commonly rendered in the form of primary wound repair.