PD-1在肝细胞癌肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞中的表达及与预后的相关性

背景与目的:程序性死亡[蛋白]-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)在调节外周免疫耐受中发挥重要作用,PD-1在肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞中的表达状态与效应细胞CD8+T淋巴细胞的关系尚不清楚,探讨HCC肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞中PD-1的表达及预后意义...     

贝伐珠单抗联合化疗治疗胃肠肿瘤的不良事件观察

  目的  观察贝伐珠单抗（Bevacizumab,AVASTIN,Bev）与化疗药物联合治疗胃肠道肿瘤患者的不良事件,以便合理、安全的使用贝伐珠单抗,避免严重不良事件的发生。  方法  回顾性分析贝伐珠单抗（Bev）联合常规化疗治疗胃肠肿瘤77例,收集整理患者既往史,治疗前及治疗开始直至停止治疗后8周或死亡期间症状、体征和实验室检查,分析其在胃肠肿瘤患者治疗中的安全性。  结果  患者均为不能手术的局部进展期或转移性胃癌和结直肠癌,其中结直肠癌65例,胃癌12例,均采用贝伐珠单抗联合化疗。男性36例,女性41例,中位年龄49岁。77例患者中不良事件发生率为89.6%（69/77）,3/4级不良事件（adverse even,AE）及严重不良事件（serious adverse even,SAE）发生率为26.0%（20/77）。分层分析不同情况下3/4级AE和SAE发生率,高龄组（≥65岁）为44.4%（4/9）,低龄组（< 65岁）为23.5%（16/68）;男性为25%（9/36）,女性为26.8%（11/41）;一线使用化疗联合贝伐珠单抗患者组为30.6%（11/36）,二线及以上使用化疗联合贝伐珠单抗为22.0%（9/41）,均无统计学差异。贝伐珠单抗联合两药化疗方案,其AE均以以血液学毒性和消化道反应（恶性、呕吐）为主,发生率50%~60%。贝伐珠单抗联合单药化疗AE发生率5%~8%。高血压、蛋白尿、出血及伤口愈合不良均为偶发、轻度。SAE 1例。  结论  贝伐珠单抗联合化疗治疗胃肠恶性肿瘤AE发生率无明显增加,性别、年龄以及使用贝伐珠单抗的时机（一线或二线及以上使用）等,其不良事件的发生率均无明显差异,贝伐珠单抗联合化疗治疗胃肠肿瘤患者耐受性良好。      

PD-1单抗治疗非小细胞肺癌相关不良反应及其与疗效的相关性分析

背景与目的:随着免疫检查点抑制剂在肺癌中的应用增多,免疫相关不良反应(immune-related adverse event,irAE)受到越来越多的重视.分析使用单药免疫治疗肺癌患者的irAE发生情况及其与免疫治疗效果的相关性.方法:回顾性收集同济大学附属上海市肺科医院2015年6月—2019年1月接受抗程序性死亡...     

以卡瑞利珠单抗为基础的联合治疗策略治疗晚期食管鳞状细胞癌的临床疗效

目的 探讨以卡瑞利珠单抗为基础的联合治疗策略治疗晚期食管鳞状细胞癌的临床疗效。方法 将48例晚期/转移性食管鳞状细胞癌患者按治疗方法的不同分为对照组12例和观察组36例。对照组患者给予卡瑞利珠单抗治疗,观察组患者给予卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗或靶向治疗,其中卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗29例,卡瑞利珠单抗联合阿帕替尼治疗7例。比较两组患者的临床疗效、生存情况和不良反应发生情况。结果 观察组患者疾病控制率(DCR)为72.22%(26/36),高于对照组的33.33%(4/12),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者中位无进展生存期(PFS)、总生存期(OS)均长于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者各不良反应发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗或靶向治疗能改善晚期食管鳞状细胞癌患者的PFS和OS,且耐受性较好。     

抗PD-1单抗联合化疗及抗血管生成药物治疗晚期黑色素瘤的疗效和安全性

目的： 探讨抗PD-1单抗联合化疗及抗血管生成药物治疗晚期黑色素瘤的疗效和安全性。 方法： 收集2020年4月至2021年6月在北京大学肿瘤医院接受抗PD-1单抗联合化疗药物替莫唑胺±顺铂、白蛋白结合型紫杉醇及抗血管生成药物贝伐珠单抗治疗的14例（男6、女8例）不可切除的晚期黑色素瘤患者的临床资料。主要研究终点为无进展生存期（PFS）,次要终点为客观有效率（ORR）、疾病控制率（DCR）、总生存期（OS）及安全性数据（CTCAE 5.0标准）。 结果： 14例晚期黑色素瘤患者均纳入生存分析,中位随访时间为5.50个月（95% CI: 0~13.12个月）,中位PFS为7.43个月（95% CI: 3.07~11.79个月）,中位OS为13.50个月（95% CI: 5.19~21.81个月）,中位起效时间为1.5个月;ORR为28.6%（4例均为部分缓解）,DCR为85.7%;不良反应多为1~2级。结论： 抗PD-1单抗联合化疗及抗血管生成药物治疗在晚期黑色素患者中显示出初步的有效性及良好的安全性,此可能为晚期黑色素瘤的联合治疗策略提供了新思路。     

特瑞普利单抗治疗黑色素瘤的适应证分析

中国首个原发研制抗程序性死亡受体1（programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1）抗体特瑞普利单抗（toripalimab）于2018年12月27日获得中国国家食品药品监督管理总局（CFDA）审批,用于标准治疗失败的晚期黑色素瘤的治疗。从Ⅰ期临床试验开展到最终上市,前后历经3年的时间。这是中国生物制药领域的突破,为中国医药自主研发在肿瘤免疫治疗领域奠定了基础。本文对特瑞普利单抗在黑色素瘤治疗领域的相关临床研究予以总结,并结合国际上抗PD-1抗体在黑色素瘤研发领域的发展,分析特瑞普利单抗的研发前景,以期指导中国黑色素瘤的诊治。      

帕博利珠单抗单药或联合化疗对PD-L1≥50％晚期NSCLC疗效的回顾性分析

目的 该研究旨在评估及比较帕博利珠单抗联合含铂化疗(pembrolizumab plus platinum-based chemotherapy,PC)或帕博利珠单抗单药治疗(pembrolizumab monotherapy,PM)对程序性死亡配体1(programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1)肿...     

卡瑞利珠单抗在消化系统肿瘤中的应用研究进展

随着免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI）的广泛应用,许多晚期消化系统恶性肿瘤患者迎来了新的希望。起初,ICI的使用依赖于进口,随着中国制药业不断发展,越来越多的国产ICI获批应用于临床。卡瑞利珠单抗作为国产的程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂之一,自2019年在中国获批上市后,适应证从霍奇金淋巴瘤、肺癌不断扩展到食管癌、肝癌等消化系统恶性肿瘤。本文综述了卡瑞利珠单抗在消化系统肿瘤中的应用研究进展。     

弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤中NF-κB/p65、PD-1、PD-L1表达相关性研究及其蛋白表达的临床意义

背景与目的:弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)中NF-κB通路激活为重要发病机制,PD-1/PD-L1通路活化也与其相关,且NF-κB/p65、程序性死亡[蛋白]-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)、程序性死亡[蛋白]配体-1(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)蛋白表达与患者不良预后有关,但目前尚未见研究探讨它们之间的关系。探讨p65蛋白高表达与PD-1、PD-L1蛋白和mRNA的相关性,分析p65、PD-1、PD-L1蛋白表达与临床病理学特征、总生存期(overall survival,OS)的关系。方法:回顾性收集贵州医科大学附属医院病理科2010年1月-2017年12月90例DLBCL组织蜡块,采用免疫组织化学染色检测p65蛋白并分为p65蛋白高表达组和低表达组;免疫组织化学染色法检测各组PD-1蛋白;免疫组织化学双标记染色法检测各组肿瘤细胞PD-L1或肿瘤微环境细胞PD-L1(PD-L1 of tumor microenvironment cells,mP D-L1),即肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)的细胞膜上表达的PD-L1蛋白;采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RTFQ-PCR)检测各组中PD-1、PD-L1的mR NA表达水平;收集临床病理学资料并随访;对实验数据进行统计学分析。结果:90例样本中,p65高表达率为61.11%(55/90),PD-1阳性率为32.22%(29/90),肿瘤细胞PD-L1阳性率为24.44%(22/90),mPD-L1阳性率为28.89%(26/90);p65高表达与PD-1蛋白及mR NA均无相关性(P值均>0.05),但p65高表达与肿瘤细胞PD-L1或mP D-L1蛋白表达存在相关性(P=0.022,P=0.015),且在不同p65蛋白表达组间PD-L1 mRNA均值差异有统计学意义,p65高表达组相对较高(P=0.012);随访数据显示PD-1阳性与高国际预后指数(international prognostic index,IPI)评分有关(P=0.044),PD-L1阳性与高IPI评分及B症状的出现有关(P=0.007,P=0.001);Kaplan-Meier显示DLBCL中p65、PD-1、PD-L1、mPD-L1蛋白表达与患者OS相关,且p65高表达、PD-1阳性、PD-L1阳性、mPD-L1阳性患者OS相对较短(P值分别为0.038、0.015、0.028、0.010)。结论:DLBCL中PD-L1蛋白和mRNA上调表达与p65蛋白高表达相关;p65、PD-1、PD-L1、mPD-L1蛋白水平与患者OS较短有关,这些蛋白对临床及生存预后评估具有潜在价值。     

Final analysis of a randomised trial comparing pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for ipilimumab-refractory advanced melanoma

AimTo evaluate the protocol-specified final analysis of overall survival (OS) in the KEYNOTE-002 study (NCT01704287) of pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy in patients with ipilimumab-refractory, advanced melanoma.MethodsIn this randomised, phase II study, eligible patients had advanced melanoma with documented progression after two or more ipilimumab doses, previous BRAF or MEK inhibitor or both, if BRAF^V600 mutant-positive. Patients were randomised to pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg every 3 weeks or investigator-choice chemotherapy. Crossover to pembrolizumab was allowed following progression on chemotherapy. The protocol-specified final OS was performed in the intent-to-treat population. Survival was positive if p < 0.01 in one pembrolizumab arm.ResultsA total of 180 patients were randomised to pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg, 181 to pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg and 179 to chemotherapy. At a median follow-up of 28 months (range 24.1–35.5), 368 patients died and 98 (55%) crossed over to pembrolizumab. Pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg (hazard ratio [HR] 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67–1.10, p = 0.117) and 10 mg/kg (0.74, 0.57–0.96, p = 0.011) resulted in a non-statistically significant improvement in OS versus chemotherapy; median OS was 13.4 (95% CI 11.0–16.4) and 14.7 (95% CI 11.3–19.5), respectively, versus 11.0 months (95% CI 8.9–13.8), with limited improvement after censoring for crossover. Two-year survival rates were 36% and 38%, versus 30%. Progression-free survival, objective response rate and duration of response improved with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy, regardless of dose. Grade III–V treatment-related adverse events occurred in 24 (13.5%), 30 (16.8%) and 45 (26.3%) patients, respectively.ConclusionImprovement in OS with pembrolizumab was not statistically significant at either dose versus chemotherapy.     

Combined low-dose ipilimumab and pembrolizumab after sequential ipilimumab and pembrolizumab failure in advanced melanoma

With the wide use of anti-PD-1 therapy, an increasing number of patients progress under treatment. Combined immunotherapy with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies induces higher response rates as first-line treatment in comparison to single-agent therapy, however, with substantial toxicity since the combination of ipilimumab (3 mg/kg) and nivolumab (1 mg/kg) induced 55% grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events and treatment discontinuation rates of 39%. In this case series, we investigated the efficacy and toxicity of the combined immunotherapy with low-dose ipilimumab (1 mg/kg) plus pembrolizumab (2 mg/kg) in patients with metastatic melanoma with progressive disease under sequential monotherapy with both agents. All patients had received at least three lines of treatment, 78% of patients were M1c, and 67% had brain metastases. Stable disease was observed in 3 out of 9 patients with a median overall survival of 8 months after double checkpoint inhibition. No treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events occurred, and none of the patients needed to discontinue the treatment due to toxicity. Further trials are needed to investigate combined immunotherapy as rescue treatment in heavily pretreated melanoma patients to find optimal dosage in regard to outcome and toxicity.     

Characterisation and management of dermatologic adverse events to agents targeting the PD-1 receptor

BackgroundDermatologic adverse events (AEs) are some of the most frequently observed toxicities of immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy, but they have received little attention. The drugs, pembrolizumab and nivolumab are recently approved inhibitors of the programmed death (PD)-1 receptor that have overlapping AE profiles however, the incidence, relative risk (RR), and clinico-morphological pattern of the associated dermatologic AEs are not known.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the literature, and performed a meta-analysis of dermatologic AEs observed with the use of pembrolizumab and nivolumab in cancer patients. An electronic search was conducted using the PubMed, and Web of Science, and on the American Society of Clinical Oncology and European Society for Medical Oncology meeting abstracts' libraries for potentially relevant oncology trials, that employed the drugs at Food and Drug Administration-approved doses and reported dermatologic AEs. The incidence, RR and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using either random- or fixed-effects models based on the heterogeneity of included studies. The clinical presentation, histology of affected skin areas, and management strategies (based on institutional experience), are also presented.ResultsRash, pruritus and vitiligo were found to be the most frequently reported dermatologic AEs. The calculated incidence of all-grade rash with pembrolizumab and nivolumab was 16.7% (RR = 2.6) and 14.3% (RR = 2.5), respectively. Other significant all-grade AEs included pruritus (pembrolizumab: incidence, 20.2% [RR = 49.9]; nivolumab: incidence, 13.2% [RR = 34.5]) and vitiligo (pembrolizumab: incidence, 8.3% [RR = 17.5]; nivolumab: 7.5% [RR = 14.6]). Interestingly, all the vitiligo events were reported in trials investigating melanoma. The RR for developing dermatologic AEs in general, was 2.95 with pembrolizumab, and 2.3 with nivolumab.ConclusionWe found that pembrolizumab and nivolumab are both associated with dermatologic AEs, primarily low-grade rash, pruritus, and vitiligo, which are reminiscent of those seen with ipilimumab. Knowledge of these findings is critical for optimal care, maintaining dose intensity, and health-related quality of life in cancer patients receiving PD-1 inhibitors.     

A rapid and systemic complete response to stereotactic body radiation therapy and pembrolizumab in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) of local tumor would induce an abscopal effect that has been observed in several kinds of human cancers; one important mechanism may involve the improved activation of the host immune system. The immune checkpoint inhibitor can overcome immune tolerance and enhance the activation of antitumor T cells. The combined treatment of SBRT and checkpoint inhibitor may represent a new promising therapeutic approach. Herein, we reported a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated with concurrent SBRT and anti-PD-1 antibody, pembrolizumab, by which the patient achieved an amazingly systemic complete response in only 2.2 months after starting treatment. This case report indicates that the advanced RCC may benefit from the combining treatment of local SBRT and PD-1 inhibitor and provide a useful paradigm worthy of establishing a clinical trial for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.     

Patient-reported outcomes in KEYNOTE-006, a randomised study of pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma

ObjectiveReport results of patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and symptoms from phase III KEYNOTE-006 study of pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in patients with ipilimumab-naive advanced melanoma.Patients and methodsPatients received pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg every 2 (Q2W) or every 3 weeks (Q3W) for up to 2 years, or four cycles of ipilimumab 3 mg/kg Q3W. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) was administered at baseline and throughout the study. Patient-reported outcome (PRO) analyses were pre-specified exploratory endpoints; the primary PRO assessment was the score change from baseline to week 12 in EORTC QLQ-C30 global health status (GHS)/HRQoL score between the arms using constrained longitudinal data analysis.ResultsThe PRO analysis population included 776 patients: pembrolizumab Q2W (n = 270); pembrolizumab Q3W (n = 266); ipilimumab (n = 240). Baseline GHS was similar across arms. QLQ-C30 compliance rates at week 12 were 87% (n = 214), 97% (n = 226), and 96% (n = 178), for the pembrolizumab Q2W, pembrolizumab Q3W, and ipilimumab arms, respectively. From baseline to week 12, GHS/HRQoL scores were better maintained with pembrolizumab than with ipilimumab (decrease of −1.9 and −2.5 for pembrolizumab versus −10.0 for ipilimumab; p < 0.001 for each pembrolizumab arm versus ipilimumab). Fewer patients treated with pembrolizumab experienced deterioration in GHS at week 12 (31% for pembrolizumab Q2W; 29% for Q3W and 44% for ipilimumab), with similar trends observed for individual functioning and symptoms scales.ConclusionsHRQoL was better maintained with pembrolizumab than with ipilimumab in patients with ipilimumab-naive advanced melanoma.ClinicalTrials.gov identifierNCT01866319.     

Targeted therapies in melanoma

In the last decade the incidence of melanoma has been rising. Despite this, survival remains substantially constant because early diagnosis of thin lesions has increased. By contrast, metastatic melanoma continues to have a poor prognosis and it still represents a challenge for oncologists. Response rates with single agent dacarbazine range from 10% to 25% with median survival of 8 months. The advent of new drugs with specific mechanisms of action could help to improve the poor results of traditional therapies. In this review, we focused on the novel agents that entered clinical trials in melanoma patients. We show the results of some clinical trials with target-oriented drugs in melanoma patients. Moreover pre-clinical data and rationale for use in melanoma was explained. Trials with protein-kinase inhibitors, anti-CTLA-4 agents, pro-apoptotic oligonucleotides and anti-angiogenic agents were reviewed. Combinations with chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapy and vaccine therapy were also analyzed.     

免疫治疗相关不良反应及处理

免疫治疗被证实是一种广谱、有效、作用持久且相对安全的抗肿瘤治疗方式,目前已被批准用于治疗多个癌种,免疫治疗因其毒性与传统化疗不同,带来了新的临床问题,本文通过阐述免疫相关不良反应的特征、发生机制、毒性谱和常见不良反应的处理等,希望进一步认识免疫治疗不良反应的特点,从而更好地控制和处理免疫治疗带来的不良反应。     

卡瑞利珠单抗治疗复发或晚期转移性食管鳞癌临床疗效及免疫相关不良反应观察

目的:探讨卡瑞利珠单抗治疗复发或晚期转移性食管鳞癌的临床疗效以及免疫相关不良反应。方法:回顾性分析88例复发或晚期转移性食管鳞癌患者的治疗经过和疗效,将患者随机分为免疫联合化疗组、化疗组各44例,统计客观缓解率（objective remission rate,ORR)、疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)、无进展生存期(progress free survival,PFS)、总生存期（overall survival,OS）,用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,用log-rank检验进行影响PFS和OS的单因素分析、COX风险回归模型进行多因素分析,并观察免疫相关不良反应。结果:免疫联合化疗组和化疗组的ORR分别为8例（18%）和4例（9%）,DCR分别为31例（70%）和20例（45%）,免疫联合化疗较单纯化疗可延长患者mPFS（5.5个月vs 3.5个月,P=0.007）和mOS（11.25个月vs 7.75个月,P＜0.001）。ECOG评分、肿瘤分化程度和转移部位数量是PFS和OS的影响因素。免疫相关不良反应主要有毛细血管增生症、甲状腺功能减低、乏力、食欲减退等,但多为1-2级,经对症处理后均可缓解。结论:卡瑞利珠单抗联合化疗较单纯化疗在复发或晚期转移性食管鳞癌中可明显延长PFS和OS,临床疗效显著,且安全性良好。