基于薄层标本断面建立可视性三维颅底模型（英文）

目的 :为了帮助临床医生学习颅底解剖,创建一个颅底三维模型。方法 :应用冷冻铣切技术,获得横断和冠状薄层断面照片,对于系列照片进行分割、标志、提取颅底结构信号,然后通过Amira 3D软件,重建了1个颅底三维模型。结果 :共获得了780张冠状断面和430张横断面图片,在这些断面上,颅底的一些精细解剖结构可以被追踪。成功重建的颅底3D模型可以在任何模式旋转和缩放。但是,因为该模型是在2个头部标本的基础上建立的,颅底解剖的变异不能被该模型显示。结论 :重建的3D模型可以准确展示颅底解剖结构,它有利于外科解剖培训,可用来完成术前的手术模拟。     

3D打印颅骨在颅底解剖教学中的应用

目的旨在探究3D打印技术制作解剖教具应用于医学解剖教育的可行性。方法用CT扫描获取大体颅骨标本影像数据,重建并采用3D打印技术构建颅骨模型。招募26名北京协和医学院三年级医学生,采用3D打印颅骨模型进行颅底解剖学习,并通过主观评价问卷对其在解剖教学中的实用性进行评价。结果 57%试验参与者认为3D打印颅骨能够完整呈现颅底解剖结构,超过90%参与者同意3D打印模型有助于空间理解和解剖学习,88%参与者认为3D打印颅骨能够解决大体解剖标本带来的伦理学问题,84%参与者赞同将3D打印模型应用于颅底解剖教学。结论 3D打印模型在解剖教学中效果得到了肯定,3D打印技术在医学教育中的进一步应用亟待展开。     

中国人侧颅底区可视化研究

目的建立中国人体侧颅底区局部可视化数字模型，为该区疾病的影像学诊断及外科手术治疗提供数字形态学依据。方法应用我室建立的数字化可视人体数据集，采用体绘制及面绘制重建方法，分别在P4微机和SGI工作站上对侧颅底区重要结构进行计算机三维重建及立体显示。结果侧颅底区局部可视化数字模型能够清晰显示侧颅底各重要结构。本研究着重显示了侧颅底神经血管区、颞骨内结构、颈内动脉及其毗邻结构与侧颅底骨性组织的三维解剖关系。三维重建结构可以单独或联合显示，重建结构的任意径线及角度均可进行适时三维测量。结论我室建立的数字化可视人体数据集能够较好地重建侧颅底区可视化解剖模型，反映该区域重要解剖结构及其空间毗邻关系，该结果可应用于侧颅底外科手术辅助教学以及手术入路的辅助设计等。     

中鼻甲连续冠状断面解剖及3D数字重建

目的 探讨中鼻甲连续冠状位断面解剖特点,结合薄层CT扫描及3D数字重建,为自后向前的鼻窦手术提供结构解剖学基础。方法 4具（8侧）成人尸头标本,行鼻窦螺旋CT扫描获取图像后,行连续冠状位断面解剖,并对相应层面的CT图像进行结构标注,观察中鼻甲3部分的形态学特点及与CT影像的对应关系;通过薄层鼻窦CT进行3D立体数字重建中鼻甲。结果 连续冠状位断面解剖自后向前观察中鼻甲各部分形态特点为,中鼻甲水平部内侧游离端为球状并以板状结构附着于鼻腔外侧壁;板状结构向前分为前后骨板,前为筛泡基板,后为中鼻甲基板,斜行向前向上附着于脑板;在筛泡基板与中鼻甲基板之间为前组筛窦;中鼻甲垂直部自中鼻甲水平部以矢状位向上呈扇形附着于额鼻嵴及脑板;以冠状位断面解剖中鼻甲3部分典型形态标注鼻窦CT图像;完成了中鼻甲形态数字三维重建。结论 从冠状位断面形态观察,可以归纳出自后至前中鼻甲形态变化规律,为自后向前的手术径路提供解剖学依据。     

儿童肝超薄铣削断层解剖及可视化重建

目的：了解儿童肝胆系统形态结构、走行规律，辨清儿童及成人肝的差异，为编写儿童解剖图谱提供素材，丰富对儿童肝胆系统的认识。方法 ：选取男童标本1具，利用数控冷冻铣削技术，采用从足到头逐层超薄铣切，进行数字儿童肝胆系统图像手动分割，分割提取后将数据导入Digihuman Reconstruction System，并建立三维模型，将初步建立的模型进行微调和修改。采用描述法对重建后的儿童三维肝胆系统模型进行显示。结果 ：获得肝连续薄层解剖断面图像1 234张，获得了儿童三维肝胆系统及儿童断层解剖图谱。结论 ：通过对肝断层解剖结构的分析与处理，可以立体地展示肝胆系统的解剖关系；三维图像可形象、动态地显示肝胆系统的解剖特点。     

基于虚拟中国人数据集的鼻部及颞骨解剖结构三维重建

目的：为可视化虚拟人体模型鼻部及颞骨解剖结构的三维重建探索一种可行的方法。方法：利用3D-Slicer软件进行鼻部及颞骨部分解剖结构的三维重建。对单层图片进行图象分割及提取，处理后的体数据导入3D—Slicer，选择阈值进行进一步的图像分割，产生感兴趣区的标志图，进而重建出组织结构的三维表面模型。结果：成功重建了四组鼻窦，鼻中隔，中下鼻甲，颞骨，鼓室，乳突气房，乙状窦，颈内动脉的三维表面模型，并可显示不同结构间的毗邻关系与空间定位。结论：基于中国第一号虚拟人数据集，用3—D软件可以实现鼻部颞骨部分解剖结构三维可视化，便于对该部解剖结构的观察和理解。     

人体斜坡区断层解剖及三维重建研究

目的研究人体斜坡区的局部断层解剖学特点,为斜坡区病变手术提供解剖学资料。方法应用冷冻铣切技术,完成2例成人头颅断层标本的制作(分别为水平位、冠状位),在连续断层上追踪观察斜坡区的解剖特点,应用AMIRA 4.1软件重建斜坡区的三维图像。结果获得与斜坡区有关的横断面图像320幅,冠状位图像232幅,选取其中4张描述斜坡区的解剖特点,获得了斜坡区的三维图像。结论通过对斜坡区断层解剖结构的分析、处理,可以立体显示斜坡区的解剖关系;三维图像可形象、动态地显示斜坡区的解剖特点。     

数字儿童颅底及颈部可视化模型建立研究

目的 对儿童颅底及颈部进行数字化三维重建,创建三维可视化模型。 方法 通过冷冻数控铣切及数字摄影技术获取1例中国6岁男童连续高精度超薄断层标本数字解剖图像数据集,选取从颅底至T1上缘之间的横断面,利用PhotoShop.2021逐张进行手动分割,使用三维重建软件Digihuman Reconstruction System将手动分割的结构重建,再导入3-matic Research 13.0软件进行调整和修改。 结果 成功建立首例中国男童的颅底及颈部三维可视化模型,多方位多角度清晰再现所分割结构三维形态及空间位置关系,完成对颅底及颈部椎骨、血管、神经及肌肉的详细观察,对颈部动静脉神经及椎体相关数据测量,分析解剖结构特点及手术注意事项。 结论 利用数字儿童颅底及颈部三维可视化模型,可多方位立体直观地显示详细解剖结构及毗邻关系,结合对颈部血管神经及椎体结构数据测量,为儿科临床诊治、虚拟手术、医学教学提供重要参考依据。     

颈椎后路手术相关结构三维可视化研究

目的寻求建立颈椎后路手术相关结构数字模型及三维可视化方法。方法取健康志愿者头顶至第3胸椎下缘连续CT/MRI断面图像,Mimics软件对骨骼,肌肉,神经等组织用半自动方法进行分割和重建,MedCAD(医学计算机辅助设计)模块对细小解剖结构重建,三维化显示颈椎后路手术相关解剖结构。结果建立颈椎后路手术相关结构的三维可视化模型,显示骨性结构、颈背部由浅入深4层17组肌肉、4组韧带、C1～T2脊神经后支和颈部浅层肌等解剖结构的位置关系。结论在颈背部三维可视化模型基础上,参照解剖学层次逐层显示该手术相关重要结构,为该手术解剖教学、手术培训提供医疗教学平台。     

斑马鱼3D解剖互动系统的制作

目的制作斑马鱼三维(3D)解剖互动系统软件。方法采用光学显微镜和微计算机断层扫描技术(Micro-CT)研究斑马鱼的组织构造,并收集其形态结构图像。使用Photoshop对获得的连续切片(HE染色)的图片进行校正,使用Autodesk 3ds Max 2012 64-bit-English软件进行三维模型建立。结果获得了斑马鱼骨骼的3D成像和连续切片图像(雄鱼144张,雌鱼179张),实现了斑马鱼重要器官的3D重构,建立了斑马鱼3D解剖互动系统(V 1.0),获得了计算机软件著作权登记证书(证书号:软著登字第0989966号)。结论斑马鱼3D解剖互动系统软件制作的完成为研究斑马鱼立体形态学奠定了基础。     

Three-dimensional computational reconstruction of lateral skull base with plastinated slices

The goals of this study were to build the 3D reconstructed model of lateral skull base and to explore the spatial relationships of the important structures for providing the morphological basis for lateral skull base surgery and clinical image diagnosis. Blocks with edges of about 80 mm containing the lateral skull base region and adjacent structures were sawn out from both sides of the heads and sectioned on transverse plane at a thickness of 700 microm using a plastination technique. On an SGI workstation, a Contours-Marching cubes algorithm was selected to reconstruct the 3D model of the lateral skull base. Accurate alignment of the structures in the serial macroscopic sections was obtained by the employment of the plastination technique. The quality of the reconstructed images was distinct and perfect, specifically, the spatial positions and complicated adjacent relationships of various structures of the lateral skull base can be shown in direct viewing when they are displayed in background of the cranial bony substance. The time spent in displaying or rotating one image including 50 sections was 1.5 sec; all reconstructed structures can be represented individually or jointly and rotated in any plane. The plastination technique and computer-aided 3D reconstruction have an obvious advantage in the study of the complex anatomy of the lateral skull base. Plastination technique provides cross-section images of a higher resolution than those obtained from CT scanning. The computerized 3D reconstruction is important in studying the spatial anatomy of the lateral skull base and can serve as a standard for models created with other techniques.     

Plastination and computerized 3D reconstruction of the temporal bone

The purpose of this study was to generate a computerized 3D reconstruction of the temporal bone and intratemporal structures. A plastination technique was used to obtain equidistant serial thin sections of 1.2 mm thickness and, on an SGI workstation, a Contour-Marching Cubes algorithm was selected to reconstruct the temporal bone and intratemporal structures in three dimensions. All reconstructed structures can be represented individually or jointly and rotated in any plane. Any diameter and angle of a structure can be conveniently measured. The capability of reconstructing individual and combined images of intratemporal structures, viewing them from all surgical angles, and accurately measuring their spatial relationships gives skull base and otologic surgeons important guidance. The reconstructed model can also be used for resident education, rehearsal of an unfamiliar surgery, and for developing a new surgical approach.     

人体大脑数字化解剖模型的构建及可视化

目的构建人体大脑数字化解剖模型,为实现大脑的计算机精确模拟提供可操作的基础平台,为人体大脑功能研究提供解剖学框架。方法采用低温冷冻铣切技术采集人体大脑的横断面图像,用课题组自行开发的软件,将分割提取后的脑断面图像进行重建,建立大脑三维模型。用与香港中文大学合作开发的可视化软件,在三维空间上对人体大脑结构进行可视化研究。结果建立了以前后连合间线中点为原点的大脑三维模型,且模型上每一像素都有相应的解剖标识,其任意一点的坐标均能显示;大脑的三维模型可以任意切割显示大脑内部结构：重构后的大脑结构还可进行三维测量。结论大脑数字化模型建立在临床常用的三维空间坐标系中且模型上每一像素都有相应的解剖标识,为模型驱动分割算法的研究提供了模板,同时也为神经解剖教学提供了一种新的、直观的手段。具有明确解剖标识和量化空间信息的数字化人大脑模型,与坐标系统联系起来,还为人大脑各类图像配准提供了公共参考系统。     

The pineal region: thin sectional anatomy with MR correlation in the coronal plane

This study was undertaken to explore the anatomic features and adjacent relationships of the pineal region in thin coronal sections. After CT and MR examination verifying no brain lesions, one normal cadaver head was selected for this study from three Chinese adult male cadavers. After being embedded and frozen, the head was sliced into serial sections at 0.1 mm intervals in the coronal plane with SKC 500 computerized freezing milling machine. Then the serial coronal sections were photographed by a high-resolution digital camera and saved in the computer. Subsequently, the anatomic structures of the pineal region on the thin coronal sections were investigated and correlated with in vivo MR images, which were obtained from ten normal Chinese male adult volunteers by a 3.0 T GE scanner. The base lines of the sectioning and the MR scan were all perpendicular to the AC–PC line. A total of 355 coronal sections and 21–23 in vivo coronal MR images related with the pineal region were obtained, respectively. From anterior to posterior, the shape of the pineal region changed from an inverted triangle to a trapezoid and a triangle gradually, and the anatomic details could be depicted clearly in the thin sectional anatomy images in sub-millimeter. Via the comparison, some micro-anatomic structures of the pineal region that cannot be discriminated clearly or missed in the thick sections or MR images were identified. The contrast of the computerized freezing milling technique with the MRI enhanced our ability to comprehend the complex anatomy of the pineal region and to improve the imaging diagnosis and surgical treatments of minute diseases in this region.     

Thin sectional anatomy, three-dimensional reconstruction and visualization of the heart from the Chinese Visible Human

The research aimed to provide sectional anatomic and three-dimensional (3D) virtual anatomic bases for imaging diagnosis and surgical operation by the use of data from the heart of the first Chinese digitized Visible Human. Data from the series of thin sections of the heart were analyzed and input into an SGI workstation, and 3D reconstruction and virtualization of the heart were performed. Each image of sectional anatomy was clear and the 3D structures of the heart were reconstructed in their entirety. All reconstructed structures can be displayed by multiple structural and color modes, individually or jointly, and can be rotated continuously in any plane. The model of the virtual heart clearly showed fine structures of the heart in random orientation. The dataset of the sectional anatomy provides a fine and integrated morphologic base for imaging diagnosis. The 3D reconstructed images clearly show the internal and entire structures of the heart.This research was supported by the National Science Fund of China (NSFC) nos. 39925022 and 30720698     

颈静脉孔区计算机三维重建

目的　探讨计算机三维重建技术在颈静脉孔区研究中的应用。　方法　用生物塑化技术制作 1 2mm厚的薄层断面标本 ,在SGI工作站上对颈静脉孔及相关结构进行三维重建。　结果　计算机三维重建图像可显示颈静脉孔区重要神经、血管 ,能够清楚显示颈内动脉、颈内静脉及舌咽、迷走、副神经束与颅底骨结构的三维解剖关系。重建结构能够以单独或联合方式显示 ,并可绕任意轴进行旋转 ,任意径线及角度均可适时测量。　结论计算机三维重建技术对颈静脉孔区的解剖研究具有重要应用价值     

侧颅底水平位火棉胶断层数据集获取及与CT影像对照观察

目的　制作侧颅底火棉胶水平位断层连续薄层切片,获取数字化图片库,为影像学断层研究及侧颅底疾病临床诊断提供参考。 方法 用2例尸头标本进行螺旋CT扫描后制作侧颅底区标本。火棉胶包埋后,用德国产大型轮式切片机沿水平位切片,厚度100 μm,每切一片均采用Sony F-717数码照相机（500万像素）摄影并保存在计算机。将断层照片与HE染色照片和CT影像进行对照观察,选取代表性层面进行描述,包括外半规管层面,面神经水平段层面,前庭窗层面,圆窗层面。 结果 共获取数字化连续图片2套,分别为300、340张,断层图像分辨率1920×2560 像素,结构毗邻关系显示清晰。与HE照片和CT片对照,可以更清楚地定位断层结构。 结论 火棉胶包埋技术是制作侧颅底大切片,获取高分辨率的数字化图片的理想方法,对颞骨内解剖结构的毗邻关系显示清晰,组织学与CT对照观察是研究侧颅底水平位断层解剖特点的重要方法, 对指导影像学诊断具有重要参考价值。     

原位及游离肝脏可视化数据集获取技术研究

目的建立可供计算机自动识别与三维重建的高精度人体原位肝脏和游离肝脏可视化数据集。方法采用管道灌注法对肝脏进行灌注填充，经数控机床逐层铣切，完成断面图像数码摄影。结果获取无缺损的连续薄层横、冠、矢状断面可视化肝脏图像数据集。结论经灌注后铣切获取的薄层肝脏断面图像能够更好地展示肝内管道系统的断面解剖学数据，有利于计算机准确而快捷地识别与完成肝内管道系统的三维重建。     

大鼠下丘脑部分核团形态学的测量及计算机三维重建

目的：系统地反映下丘脑有关核团的立体模式,为深入探讨下丘脑的功能提供形态学依据。方法：制作正常成年SD大鼠冷冻冠状连续切片,运用MAPGIS 6．0测量下丘脑弓状核、室旁核、腹内侧核、背内侧核的截面积、体积等相关数据,并用3DS MAX 5．0软件三维重建出下丘脑及核团的立体图像。结果：三维重建的立体图像逼真自然,能够流畅地旋转、缩放,可在任一角度观察其形态,任一平面切割行切面观察,图像空间毗邻及定位准确,三维测量获得了精确的解剖参数。结论：下丘脑及核团的计算机重建图像可从多个外科手术角度进行观察,为脑的立体定向研究及颅部外科手术提供重要参考资料。