Adherence to Diet and Meal Timing in a Randomized Controlled Feeding Study of Time-Restricted Feeding

Adherence is critical in feeding studies to determine the efficacy of dietary interventions. This time-restricted intake of meals (TRIM) investigation was a controlled feeding study that randomized 41 participants to follow 12 weeks of time-restricted feeding (TRF) or a usual feeding pattern (UFP). Adherence was optimized through careful screening and participant orientation, flexibility in beverages and seasonings, and frequent contact between participants and staff. Adherence was measured daily using a self-administered diary form. We calculated the percentage of participant-days with perfect adherence to meal timing (ate all meals within their designated time window) and to food consumption (ate all study food and no non-study food). Adherence was compared between study arms, days of the week, and weeks of the study period using generalized estimating equations (GEE) regression. There was perfect adherence to meal timing on 87% of participant-days and to food consumption on 94% of participant-days, with no significant difference by arm. In UFP, but not TRF, participants had lower adherence to meal timing over the weekend (p-value = 0.002) and during the first two weeks of intervention (p-value = 0.03). A controlled feeding study randomizing free-living individuals to different meal timings achieved a high degree of adherence to meal timing and food consumption, utilizing multiple strategies.     

辐照主副食品人体试食试验

在本所职工中选取43名(男性21名,女性22名)体检合格的志愿者分为试验组和对照组,采用双盲法分别食用经~(60)Coγ射线照射和未照射的主副食品,为期15周。试验组每日食用辐照主副食品占膳食总摄入量的62～71%,试验结果表明,受试者主观感觉良好,未出现不良体征和反应,体重略有增加,血常规和血、尿生化指标测定以及外周淋巴染色体畸变分析表明试食辐照主副食品对造血、肝肾功能、血脂血糖含量以及内分泌系统均无不良影响,对外周淋巴细胞染色体未见畸变效应。     

平衡膳食对儿童体格发育影响的调查

近年来 ,随着社会经济的快速发展 ,政府和家长对儿童健康极为关注 ,儿童的营养状况虽然有了很大改善 ,但仍存在若干问题。为了更好地促进幼儿的生长发育 ,避免营养缺乏和营养过剩的发生 ,为编制食谱提供科学依据。杭州市胜利幼儿园于 2 0 0 3年成立了合理膳食对儿童体格发育的研究课题组 ,配备了电脑和膳食营养软件以及有关的设备 ,并对日托儿童进行了营养状况和体格发育的调查。1　对象与方法1.1　对象调查对象为杭州市胜利幼儿园 1999年 9月至 2 0 0 0年 8月出生日托 4岁儿童 10 4名。1.2　方法1.2 .1　膳食调查　 5日称重法〔1〕 ,即连续…     

单纯性肥胖儿童饮食影响因素分析

目的 探讨儿童单纯性肥胖的饮食影响因素，为有效防治儿童肥胖提供科学依据。方法 对温岭市太平小学单纯性肥胖儿童（132人）与体重正常儿童（132人）进行配对调查研究。结果 2组儿童每餐主食量大、常吃油炸食品、不吃早餐等饮食因素的百分率，肥胖儿童明显高于正常儿童，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 上述几个因素，是导致单纯性肥胖主要原因，应采取综合干预措施，可减少儿童单纯性肥胖的发生率。     

The Influence of Infant Feeding Practices on Infant Mortality in Southern Africa

Objective To examine the adjusted and unadjusted effects of infant feeding practices on infant mortality in Southern Africa. Methods A merged dataset from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys for Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe was analysed using the Cox Proportional Hazard Model. A total number of 13,218 infants born in 5 years preceding all the surveys with information on infant feeding practices constituted the study population. Infant mortality was the outcome variable and infant feeding practices categorised into; no breastfeeding, partial breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding were the main explanatory variables. Maternal demographic and socio-economic characteristics and infants’ bio-demographic characteristics were also studied. Results Although, exclusive breastfeeding was quite low (12 %), exclusively breastfed infants exhibited a 97 % lower risk of dying during infancy compared to infants not breastfed in the region. Variations existed by country in the levels and patterns of both infant mortality and infant feeding practices. Mother’s country, highest level of education and marital status; child’s sex, birth weight and preceding birth interval were the significant predictors of infant mortality in Southern Africa. Conclusions Any form of breastfeeding whether exclusive or partial breastfeeding greatly reduces the risk of infant mortality with the greatest mortality reduction effect observed among exclusively breastfed infants in Southern Africa. To reduce the upsurge of infant mortality, there is the need to step up the effectiveness of child nutrition programmes that promote breastfeeding and put emphasis on exclusive breastfeeding of infants in the region.     

The Influence of Diet on Mercury Intake by Little Tern Chicks

We assessed mercury levels in the feathers of little tern (Sternula albifrons) chicks from hatching to fledging and in their prey captured by adults in three main foraging habitats: lagoon, salinas, and adjacent sea. These data were used to model mercury concentration in chick feathers through food ingestion, in order to explore the effects that changes in diet would have on the mercury burden of chicks as they aged. The mercury concentration in feathers of chicks raised in sandy beaches was higher than in those raised in salinas. Lagoon prey had a significantly higher mercury concentration (0.18 ± 0.09 μg g⁻¹ dry weight [d.w.]) than prey from salinas and the adjacent sea (both 0.06 ± 0.03 μg g⁻¹ d.w.). In relation to prey species group, mercury content was significantly higher for bottom fish (0.17 ± 0.10 μg g⁻¹ d.w.) than for pelagic (0.08 ± 0.06 μg g⁻¹ d.w.), euryhaline fish (0.04 ± 0.02 μg g⁻¹ d.w.), and crustacea (0.08 ± 0.03 μg g⁻¹ d.w.). To understand the importance of mercury content of each prey group, we ran several theoretical scenarios assuming that chicks were fed on only one species at a time. Considering a diet restricted to lagoon (mostly benthic) prey, A- and B-chicks may encounter health problems with an excess of mercury. On the contrary, a diet restricted to marine (mostly pelagic) prey would decrease the mercury concentration in chick feathers; the fast growth rate and the related mercury dilution effect in little tern chicks seem to decrease mercury levels in their feathers. Our study supports the fact that marine pelagic prey are important for estuarine seabirds because they provide a food resource with lower contamination levels. This model may have a wider application in similar seabird species and coastal environments.     

Comparison of Gravity Flow Rates Between ENFit and Legacy Feeding Tubes

Background: Misconnections between enteral supplies and other access devices have led to significant morbidity and mortality. To reduce misconnections, a standard small‐bore connector has been developed (International Organization for Standards 80369‐8; ENFit). The full impact of transition to this connector is not known, however. Method: Working with major manufacturers and Food and Drug Administration, we obtained ENFit and comparative legacy tubes of variable sizes (low‐profile, 14F, 18F, 20F, and 24F balloon gastrostomies). Gravity enteral feeding was simulated with an empty bolus syringe attached to the feeding tube to be tested. The tube was clamped and filled to the 60‐mL mark with liquid (water, Jevity 1 Cal, Isosource HN, Isosource 1.5 Cal, Two Cal HN, and Nourish). The clamp was released, and time for formula to leave the syringe was recorded. Results: There was no difference in flow rate between the aggregate legacy and ENFit tubes for the low‐profile, 18F, and 20F sizes. The ENFit 14F tubes had a lower flow rate vs the legacy tubes, largely due to the low flow rates seen with the 1 ENFit tube. Similarly, 24F ENFit tubes with some formulas yielded lower flow rates as opposed to legacy. Conclusion: Overall, for the low‐profile, 18F, and 20F sizes, the ENFit tubes had similar flow rates when compared with the legacy tubes. For the 14F and 24F sizes, the flow rate of ENFit tubes was significantly lower, which could result in longer EN delivery for patients who are using these tubes to provide gravity feeding.     

Influence of Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Physical Activity on Bone Health in Celiac Children on a Gluten-Free Diet

We aimed to assess the influence of the Mediterranean Diet adherence and physical activity (PA) on body composition, with a particular focus on bone health, in young patients with celiac disease (CD). The CD group (n = 59) included children with CD with a long (>18 months, n = 41) or recent (<18 months, n = 18) adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). The non-celiac group (n = 40) included non-celiac children. After adjusting for potential confounders, the CD group showed lower body weight (p = 0.034), lean mass (p = 0.003), bone mineral content (p = 0.006), and bone Z-score (p = 0.036) than non-celiac children, even when the model was further adjusted for adherence to a GFD for at least 18 months. Among CD children, spending greater time in vigorous physical activity was associated with higher lean mass (p = 0.020) and bone mineral density with evidence of statistical significance (p = 0.078) regardless of the time they followed a GFD. In addition, a greater Mediterranean Diet adherence was associated with a higher bone Z-score (p = 0.020). Moreover, lean mass was strongly associated with bone mineral density and independently explained 12% of its variability (p < 0.001). These findings suggest the importance of correctly monitoring lifestyle in children with CD regarding dietary habits and PA levels to improve lean mass and, consequently, bone quality in this population.     

Diet and Lighting Conditions Modify the Effects of the Kappa Opioid Agonist U50,488H on Feeding Behavior in Rats

The effects of diet and lighting conditions on the actions of the kappa opioid receptor agonist, U50, 488H, on food and water intakes were examined in male Long—Evans rats. Animals were fed chow and water, or chow, water and either a 32% sucrose solution or a 0.15% saccharin solution. In the first part of the study, sucrose and saccharin solutions were removed for 24 h, and rats then injected with 0, 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg U50, 488H at the beginning of the dark portion of the 24-h cycle. Chow and water intakes were measured 1, 2, 4 and 24 h later. This procedure was repeated weekly until all rats had received each dose of the drug. In the second part, the procedure was identical with the exception that injections were given at the beginning of the light. When injected in the dark, U50, 488H suppressed food intake in rats which had consumed sucrose, but had minimal effects on intakes in rats which had consumed saccharin or chow alone. When U50, 488H was injected in the light, food intakes were greater 1 and 2h after injections of 4.0 mg/kg, and lower after injections of 8.0 mg/kg U50, 488H than after saline. For rats given sucrose, but not saccharin or chow alone, intakes remained suppressed 4 and 24h after 8.0 mg/kg U50, 488H. In the light and dark, and across diets, water intakes were decreased 1 and 2h, and increased 24h after U50,488H injections.     

现代饮食方式对生态环境的影响

论述了现代饮食方式对生态环境的影响，并说明尊重传统，取向素食的饮食方式不仅经济、健康、安全，而且还能有效地改善生态环境。     

Influence of Mediterranean Diet on Human Gut Microbiota

Gut microbiota changes correlate with health status. Literature data on gut microbiota show that all dietary changes can induce the alteration of gut microbiota composition. Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with a reduction of all-cause mortality and in this review, we analyzed its interactions with human microbiota. In particular, we explored the modulation of the human microbiota, in response to MD adherence, focusing the attention on polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ω-3 and fiber. Evidences suggest that MD is able to modulate the gut microbiota, increasing its diversity. In fact, a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern is associated with specific gut microbiota characteristics. The available evidence, suggests that gut microbiota of subjects that follow a MD is significantly different from subjects that follow a Western diet model. In fact, the latter show an increased gut permeability, which is responsible for metabolic endotoxemia. For this reason, we can speculate that the gut microbiota of the subjects following a MD is able to prevent the onset of chronic non-communicable degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer. However, in order to understand these correlations with dietary patterns, controlled intervention studies on the gut microbiota composition and activity are needed.     

The Influence of Diet on Ovulation Disorders in Women—A Narrative Review

Female infertility is commonly due to ovulation disorders. They are mostly related to polycystic ovary syndrome, which is currently viewed as one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. Ovulation-related female fertility is influenced by multiple factors which may include: age, smoking cigarettes, stress, use of psychoactive substances, and physical activity. Moreover, diet-related factors play an important role in the regulation of ovulation. Dietary components that exert a positive influence on ovulation include: carbohydrate products with low glycemic index, plant protein, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, folic acid, vitamin D, antioxidants, and iron. A diet based on the structure of the Mediterranean diet also seems beneficial. Components that have a negative influence mostly include high glycemic index carbohydrates, large amounts of animal protein, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids, which are typically found in the Western model of nutrition. Due to the paucity of studies that presented a direct link between nutrition and the risk of anovulatory infertility, this study aimed to summarize the most recent research on the influence of dietary factors on ovulation disorders and indicate the possibilities of future research.     

The Mediterranean Diet and the Western Diet in Adolescent Depression-Current Reports

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the world and a current and growing social and health problem. The growing scale of the problem not only concerns adults, but now it particularly affects children and adolescents. Prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in adolescence is crucial because adolescent depression is a risk factor for recurrence of depression later in life, as well as many other mental health disorders in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to analyze data on the dietary patterns and composition of the Mediterranean diet as a modifiable risk factor for depression, which would be a viable prevention strategy and a good target for early intervention and supportive treatment of depression. Research shows that the Mediterranean diet pattern can reduce the risk and symptoms of depression, while western eating styles can increase the risk and severity of depression in adolescents. The number of studies in adolescent populations continues to increase, but most longitudinal and clinical studies are still insufficient. Modification of the diet can be a helpful strategy for the prevention and treatment of depression in adolescents; therefore, the diet of young people should be considered a key and modifiable goal in the prevention of mental disorders.     

基层医院开展孕期知识教育对初产妇分娩方式及喂养方式选择意愿的影响

目的评价在基层医院开展孕期知识教育对初产妇分娩方式及喂养方式选择意愿的影响。方法对2013年1月至2015年6月于我院建立孕期保健档案并计划在我院分娩的初产妇进行知识教育,分别于教育前、教育后通过问卷调查了解其选择分娩方式及喂养方式的意愿,比较知识教育前后的差异。结果知识教育后选择自然分娩、母乳喂养意愿的初产妇明显增加,前后比较差异有统计学意义;进一步跟进初产妇的实际分娩方式及喂养方式,除不可预测的原因外,选择自然分娩及人工喂养的初产妇也明显为多。结论在基层医院开展孕期知识教育有助于提高初产妇选择自然分娩及母乳喂养的意愿,值得引起关注。     

Influence of Preoperative Feeding on the Healing of Colonic Anastomoses in Malnourished Rats

Background: Malnutrition influences healing of gastrointestinal anastomoses. The authors hypothesize that colonic anastomotic healing is decreased by malnutrition and might be improved by preoperative feeding. Methods: Eighty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) control rats 1 (C1), fed regular chow ad libitum for 21 days; (2) malnourished pair‐fed rats (M), fed 50% of the food ingested by the control rats for 21 days; (3) preoperative nutrition rats (PRE), fed 50% of the average of the controls for 21 days and then fed preoperative nutrition with regular chow ad libitum for 1 week before the operation; and (4) control rats 2 (C2), fed regular chow ad libitum for 28 days. On days 21 (C1 and M) and 28 (PRE and C2), rats underwent 2 colonic transections and, subsequently, 2 end‐to‐end anastomoses. Rats were killed on postoperative day 5. The anastomoses were ressected for tensile strength and histological analysis. Results: PRE rats showed increased maximal tensile strength vs the M group (0.09 ± 0.01 vs 0.15 ± 0.01; P < .05) and similar values of maximal tensile strength as the controls (0.15 ± 0.01 vs 0.15 ± 0.02; P = .91). Collagen type I was higher in controls vs the PRE group (6.13 ± 0.39 vs 4.90 ± 1.53; P < .05); nevertheless, the PRE group showed higher collagen type I than M rats (4.90 ± 0.36 vs 3.83 ± 0.35; P < .05). Conclusions: Preoperative feeding for 7 days increases the maximal tensile strength, as well as the percentage area of mature collagen, approaching similar values as the control group.     

Diet Beverage Intake during Lactation and Associations with Infant Outcomes in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II

Consumption of diet beverages (DB) containing low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) is widespread in the United States. LCS are ingested by nursing infants upon maternal DB consumption, which may impact infants’ weight and health. This study aims to examine cross-sectional associations between infants’ LCS exposure via maternal DB intake during lactation and infants’ health outcomes. Six hundred and eighty-two mother–infant dyads at three months postpartum, from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II, 2005–2007, were included in the analysis. Maternal DB consumption during lactation was estimated using the serving size and frequency of DB consumption reported on the diet history questionnaire. Infants’ LCS exposure was estimated by multiplying maternal DB consumption and breastfeeding intensity. Infant outcomes included weight, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age z-scores, overweight, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including diarrhea, reflux, and vomiting. Associations between infants’ LCS exposure and continuous and categorical outcomes were examined using linear and logistic regressions adjusting for confounders, respectively. Forty-three percent of lactating women reported DB consumption. While no significant associations were observed between infants’ LCS exposure and BMI-for-age or risk of overweight, infants’ LCS exposure was associated with a 2.78-fold increased risk of vomiting (95% confidence interval 1.05–7.34). Potential adverse effects of LCS exposure on GI symptoms require further study, and null findings on infant weight should be interpreted with caution, given the small sample size. Additional research is needed to inform recommendations for or against DB consumption during lactation.