2型糖尿病一级亲属非糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗与胰岛β-细胞功能状态的研究

目的　研究 2型糖尿病 (DM)一级亲属非糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗与胰岛β-细胞功能 ,探讨其在糖尿病发生发展中的作用。方法　选取 2型 DM一级亲属非糖尿病患者 6 0例为实验组 ,6 0例无糖尿病家族史的正常人为对照组 ,计算并比较两组的稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMAIR)、β-细胞功能指数 (HOMAβ)及胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI)。结果　在年龄、体质指数 (BMI)及性别构成比可比的情况下 ,实验组 HOMAIR(0 .80 2 7± 0 .4 6 74 )、HOMAβ(5 .12 39± 1.0 86 3)显著高于对照组 (分别为 0 .6 0 11± 0 .5 4 6 2 ,4 .735 6± 0 .5 6 77) (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而 ISI(- 3.92 31± 0 .5 0 11)显著低于对照组(- 3.6 5 4 4± 0 .4 0 981) (P<0 .0 1)。结论　 2型 DM非 DM一级亲属具有高β-细胞分泌功能 ,低胰岛素敏感性 ,提示非DM一级亲属存在胰岛素抵抗。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血清脂联素和TNF-α浓度的检测及与胰岛素抵抗关系研究

目的:探讨妊娠糖尿病患者血清脂联素和TNF-α水平的变化,研究其与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法:选取12名妊娠糖尿病患者和20名正常妊娠妇女作为研究对象。测定受试者血浆脂联素和TNF-α水平,比较脂联素和TNF-α水平的关系,分析两者与胰岛素抵抗指数的相关性。结果:妊娠期糖尿病患者脂联素水平下降(P<0.05),TNF-α水平升高(P<0.05),脂联素与TNF-α呈负相关(r为0.32,P<0.05);脂联素与IR呈负相关(r为0.41,P<0.05);TNF-α与IR呈正相关(r为0.36,P<0.05);结论:妊娠糖尿病患者血清脂联素升高,同时TNF-α水平下降,两者与胰岛素抵抗有着密切的关系。     

孕晚期妊娠糖尿病脂联素、瘦素与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨孕晚期妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者脂联素（ADP）、瘦素（LEP）与胰岛素抵抗（IR）的关系。方法选取166例28～32周孕妇,其中84例GDM患者（GDM组）、82例糖耐量正常（NGT组）,检测血清胰岛素、ADP和LEP水平,同时计算HOMA胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）及胰岛素敏感指数（ISOGTT）以评价胰岛素敏感性,计算β细胞功能指数（HBCI）和30 min净增胰岛素/30 min净增血糖比值（ΔI30/ΔG30）以评价胰岛素分泌功能。结果 （1）GDM组空腹胰岛素（FIns）明显高于NGT组（P〈0.01）,HOMA-IR也明显高于NGT组（P〈0.05）;GDM组ISOGTT低于NGT组（P〈0.01）;GDM组HBCI低于NGT组（P〈0.01）,ΔI30/ΔG30也低于NGT组（P〈0.05）。（2）GDM组ADP水平低于NGT组（P〈0.01）,而LEP水平高于NGT组（P〈0.01）。（3）GDM组多元线性逐步回归分析结果显示ADP、LEP是影响孕晚期GDM患者IR的独立危险因素。结论孕晚期GDM患者ADP减少、LEP升高与IR密切相关。     

不同糖调节状态孕妇产后1年胰岛素分泌和胰岛素抵抗的随访

目的 比较不同糖调节状态孕妇产后1年胰岛素分泌和胰岛素抵抗的差异以及血脂、血压情况.方法 选择2009年11月至2012年8月在江苏省常州市第二人民医院分别被诊断为妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）、妊娠期糖耐量异常（GIGT）及糖耐量正常（NGT）共计336例孕妇为随访对象,在其分娩1年后进行随访,排除了GDM诊断时由于血糖水平较高而接受药物治疗的患者,最后共纳入95例为研究对象.按照妊娠时糖耐量状态将其分为GDM组（n=22）、GIGT组（n=41）及NGT组（n=32）,并按照妊娠时75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）的结果将GIGT组分为3个亚组：1h血糖异常亚组（GIGT1,n=11）、2h血糖异常亚组（GIGT2,n=18）及3h血糖异常亚组（GIGT3,n=12）.对各组75 g OGTT、空腹血胰岛素（FINS）、空腹血糖（FPG）、总胆固醇（TCH）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（HDL-C）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、体质量指数（BMI）、胰岛素分泌指数（IFI）及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）进行统计学分析（本研究遵循的程序符合常州市第二人民医院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,分组征得受试对象知情同意,并与之签署临床研究知情同意书）.结果 研究结果为：①GDM组FPG、75 g OGTT 2 h血糖、HOMA-IR、BMI、TCH、TG及LDL-C水平较GIGT组或NGT组均升高,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而IFI水平较GIGT组或NGT组均降低,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;GIGT组75 g OGTT 2 h血糖及BMI水平较NGT组均升高,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.②3组间SBP、DBP、HDL-C水平比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;GIGT组及NGT组之间FPG、IFI、HOMA-IR、TCH、TG、LDL-C水平比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.③3个亚组GIGT1组、GIGT2组、GIGT3组比较可见：GIGT1组IFI水平较GIGT2组或GIGT3组均降低,且差异有统计     

Comparing the Fasting and Random-Fed Metabolome Response to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Children and Adolescents: Implications of Sex,Obesity, and Insulin Resistance

As the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is occurring at a younger age, studying adolescent nutrient metabolism can provide insights on the development of T2D. Metabolic challenges, including an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) can assess the effects of perturbations in nutrient metabolism. Here, we present alterations in the global metabolome in response to an OGTT, classifying the influence of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) in adolescents that arrived at the clinic fasted and in a random-fed state. Participants were recruited as lean (n = 55, aged 8–17 years, BMI percentile 5–85%) and overweight and obese (OVOB, n = 228, aged 8–17 years, BMI percentile ≥ 85%). Untargeted metabolomics profiled 246 annotated metabolites in plasma at t0 and t60 min during the OGTT. Our results suggest that obesity and IR influence the switch from fatty acid (FA) to glucose oxidation in response to the OGTT. Obesity was associated with a blunted decline of acylcarnitines and fatty acid oxidation intermediates. In females, metabolites from the Fasted and Random-Fed OGTT were associated with HOMA-IR, including diacylglycerols, leucine/isoleucine, acylcarnitines, and phosphocholines. Our results indicate that at an early age, obesity and IR may influence the metabolome dynamics in response to a glucose challenge.     

2型糖尿病及胰岛素抵抗与脂蛋白脂酶基因HindⅢ和PvuⅡ酶切位点多态性相关性的研究

目的探讨脂蛋白脂酶基因第8内含子HindⅢ和第6内含子PvuⅡ酶切位点多态性与2型糖尿病及其胰岛素抵抗的发生之间是否有关联。方法选取78例2型糖尿病患者为病例组,49例正常人为正常对照组,分别对第8号内含子HindⅢ酶切位点(H)及第6号内含子PvuⅡ酶切位点(P)进行多态性分析。结果病例组等位基因"H "和基因型H H 分布频率分别高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。病例组中并发高甘油三酯血症组等位基因H 和基因型H H 分布频率均高于正常甘油三酯血症患者组(P<0.05)。病例组中P P 组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平低于P-P-组(P<0.05),而低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、胰岛素抵抗指数水平高于P-P-组(P<0.05)。结论脂蛋白脂酶HindⅢ酶切位点多态性与2型糖尿病及其胰岛素抵抗有关。PvuⅡ酶切位点多态性与2型糖尿病中胰岛素抵抗有关。     

血清糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数对2型糖尿病合并涂阳肺结核患者强化期治疗后痰菌未阴转的预测价值

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并涂阳肺结核患者2个月强化期治疗后痰菌未阴转的影响因素以及早期血清糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FBG)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)对痰菌未阴转的预测价值。方法选取在本院治疗的2型糖尿病合并涂阳肺结核患者87例,同时选取同期40例单纯肺结核患者为对照组,分析2型糖尿病合并涂阳肺结核患者痰菌未阴转的危险因素,并通过绘制ROC曲线分析早期血清HbA1c、FBG、HOMA-IR对强化期治疗后痰菌未阴转的预测价值。结果2型糖尿病合并涂阳肺结核组治疗后痰菌阴转率明显低于对照组,且血清HbA1c、FBG及HOMA-IR较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05)。有空洞及治疗前、2个月强化期治疗后血清HbA1c、FBG、HOMA-IR的高水平均是影响2型糖尿病合并涂阳肺结核患者痰菌未阴转的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。血清HbA1c、FBG预测痰菌未转阴的AUC均明显高于HOMA-IR(P<0.05);HbA1c预测痰菌未转阴的敏感度>FBG>HOMA-IR,而HOMA-IR的特异度>HbA1c=FBG。结论早期、定期对血清HbA1c、FBG及HOMA-IR进行综合监测对提高2型糖尿病合并涂阳肺结核患者2个月强化期治疗后痰菌阴转率具有重要价值。     

2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗、脂代谢紊乱与冠心病的关系探讨

目的探讨2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗、血脂、糖化血红蛋白与冠心病的关系。方法对51例新诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并冠心病(CHD)患者进行空腹血糖(FBG),空腹胰岛素(FINS),糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),甘油三脂(TG),胆固醇(CHO),高密度脂蛋白(HDL),低密度脂蛋白(LDL)和微量白蛋白尿测定,计算胰岛素敏感指数(ISI),体重指数(BMI)。114例新诊断2型糖尿病无冠心病患者为对照组。结果2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者BMI,FBG,FINS,HbA1c,TG,CHO,LDL和微量白蛋白尿水平比对照组高,ISI和HDL均比对照组低。结论2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者存在明显脂代谢紊乱,胰岛素抵抗及超重。2型糖尿病患者控制血糖,改善脂代谢,减少胰岛素抵抗,对预防和减少2型糖尿病冠心病的发生有重要意义。     

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Its Connection with Insulin Resistance,Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is marked by hepatic fat accumulation not due to alcohol abuse. Several studies have demonstrated that NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance leading to a resistance in the antilipolytic effect of insulin in the adipose tissue with an increase of free fatty acids (FFAs). The increase of FFAs induces mitochondrial dysfunction and development of lipotoxicity. Moreover, in subjects with NAFLD, ectopic fat also accumulates as cardiac and pancreatic fat. In this review we analyzed the mechanisms that relate NAFLD with metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia and its association with the development and progression of cardiovascular disease.     

The HERITAGE Family Study: Quality assurance and quality control

The HERITAGE (HEalth, RIsk factors, exercise Training And GEnetics) Family Study is the first multicenter family clinical trial of its kind. Conducted by a consortium of five universities in the United States and Canada, the study has as its primary goal to document the role of the genotype in the cardiovascular, metabolic, and hormonal responses to aerobic exercise training. A comprehensive protocol was implemented at four Clinical Centers (CC) for the generation of data on sedentary subjects. This group included 450 Caucasians from 90 nuclear families (father, mother, three children) and 200 black subjects from 40 to 100 family units over a 5-year period. The entire family was tested before and after a 20-week exercise training program. The fifth participating center, the Data Coordinating Center (DCC), is responsible for data management and data analysis. A Consortium Coordinating Center (CCC) responsible for the overall coordination and direction of the study was established at the Quebec CC. Quality assurance and quality control are jointly coordinated by the CCC and the DCC. A multicenter study of this magnitude requires careful standardization of all procedures and constant monitoring of quality control at all levels of operation. This report describes the quality assurance and quality control measures implemented in the HERITAGE Family Study, including some examples with real data.     

The Toronto breast self-examination instrument (TBSEI): Its development and reliability and validity data

The Toronto Breast Self-Examination Instrument (TBSEI) was developed out of the need for a self-administered survey that is reliable and valid. This article describes the development of the TBSEI, its dimensions, and reliability and validity data to support its continued use. To analyze the reliability and validity properties of the three TBSEI scales, we surveyed 729 Toronto, Ontario women. The TBSEI was found to have good face and content validity, internal consistency reliability (0.91, 0.69, 0.85), and test-retest reliability (0.89). Age norms for each of the three scales are also provided. These results are consistent with previous research findings in breast cancer and breast self-examination research.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者C肽及血糖水平研究

目的通过对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）患者C-肽含量及血糖水平检测了解陔病患者糖代谢情况及是否存在胰岛素抵抗。方法选择OSAS患者29例及正常人21例,行多导睡眠图（PSG）检查,通过C肽释放（CPRT）试验及口服葡萄糖耐量（OGTT）试验检测C肽（CP）含量及血糖（GLU）浓度。结果OSAS患者空腹及服糖后2hC肽含量及血糖水平均高于正常对照组。结论阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者夜间反复低氧,导致患者糖耐量减低,胰岛素抵抗。     

Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding and Ramadan Fasting on Body Weight,Body Composition,Glucose Responses,and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) and Ramadan fasting (RF) have been recently associated with several health outcomes. However, it is not yet clear if they are superior to existing treatments in terms of glucose metabolism, insulin action, and weight loss. This review aims to summarize the current data on the effects of these regimes on body weight, body composition, and glycemia. An electronic search was conducted in PUBMED and SCOPUS databases up to August 2022. Twenty-four records met the inclusion criteria and underwent a risk-of-bias assessment. The main outcomes were: (a) TRF may result in moderate weight loss in individuals with overweight/obesity; when TRF is combined with caloric restriction, weight loss is >5% of the initial body weight, (b) 14 h of fasting may be as effective as 16 h in terms of weight loss, and (c) TRF may lead to improved insulin sensitivity and glycemic responses/variability throughout the day in individuals with overweight/obesity. Concerning RF, only two studies were available and thus, conclusions were not drawn. TRF may be an effective nutritional approach for weight loss, and the amelioration of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in individuals with overweight/obesity. However, more long-term, well-designed studies are needed.     

25(OH)D Levels in Relation to Gender,Overweight, Insulin Resistance,and Inflammation in a Cross-Sectional Cohort of Northern Italian Workers: Evidence in Support of Preventive Health Care Programs

Objective: In recent years, the welfare of workers and the prevention of chronic disabling diseases has become a topic of great interest. This study investigates serum levels of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in a cohort of overweight–obese and insulin-resistant northern Italian indoor workers in apparent good health followed a nutritional education program.

Methods: An observational cross-sectional study on 385 patients (females = 291, males = 94), age range 18–69 years and body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m², was performed at the Department of Occupational Medicine Milan, Italy, latitude 45.465454 N. We evaluated nutritional intakes, occupational and leisure physical activity, anthropometric measurements, impedance evaluation, blood pressure, the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) by fatty liver index (FLI). Hematologic and biochemical parameters and (25(OH)D) levels were evaluated from fasting blood samples.

Results: Only 10.91% of subjects had optimal values of 25(OH)D; 17.40% of the remaining 89.09% subjects were severely deficient, with no gender difference and insufficient intake of vitamin D. Only 28% declared leisure physical activity; 39.48% had metabolic syndrome and 62.60% had an FLI > 30. An inverse relationship between 25(OH)D levels and BMI was found, with a significant reduction of total 25(OH)D serum concentrations in winter. The homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is positively related to BMI and inversely related to 25(OH)D concentrations. A positive correlation between vitamin D and leisure physical activity was found. At univariate analysis adjusted for age, gender and BMI, an inverse relationship between vitamin D and FLI was observed in both genders. The correlation between 25(OH)D levels, inflammation markers, BMI, and FLI showed an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in this cohort of workers.

Conclusion: Our results suggest the rationale for a large-scale screening program for vitamin D by means of easily implementable low-cost preventive supplementation.     

Vitamin E Levels in Ethnic Communities in Malaysia and Its Relation to Glucose Tolerance,Insulin Resistance and Advanced Glycation End Products: A Cross-Sectional Study

Malaysian national morbidity surveys on diabetic prevalence have shown ethnical variation among prediabetic and diabetic populations. In our attempt to understand this variation, we studied the α-tocopherol, insulin resistance, β-cell function and receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) levels, as risk factors of type 2 diabetes, among the different ethnicities. In total, 299 subjects of Malay, Chinese, Indian and aboriginal Orang Asli (OA) heritage were recruited from urban and rural areas of Malaysia by stratified random sampling. Serum α-tocopherol concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and insulin concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In subjects with pre-diabetes, OAs had the highest α-tocopherol level, followed by Chinese and Malays (0.8938, 0.8564 and 0.6948 respectively; p < 0.05). In diabetic subjects, Malays had significantly higher RAGE levels compared to Chinese and Indians (5579.31, 3473.40 and 3279.52 pg/mL respectively, p = 0.001). Low α-tocopherol level (OR = 3.021, p < 0.05) and high insulin resistance (OR = 2.423, p < 0.05) were linked strongly to the development of pre-diabetes. Low β-cell function (OR = 5.657, p < 0.001) and high RAGE level (OR = 3.244, p < 0.05) were linked strongly to the development of diabetes from pre-diabetes. These factors might be involved in the development of diabetes, along with genetic and environmental factors.     

Particulate Air Pollution,Metabolic Syndrome,and Heart Rate Variability: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background

Cardiac autonomic dysfunction has been suggested as a possible biologic pathway for the association between fine particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter (PM_2.5) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined the associations of PM_2.5 with heart rate variability, a marker of autonomic function, and whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) modified these associations.

Methods

We used data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis to measure the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) and the root mean square of successive differences (rMSSD) of 5,465 participants 45–84 years old who were free of CVD at the baseline examination (2000–2002). Data from the U.S. regulatory monitor network were used to estimate ambient PM_2.5 concentrations at the participants’ residences. MetS was defined as having three or more of the following criteria: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose.

Results

After controlling for confounders, we found that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in 2-day average PM_2.5 (10.2 μg/m³) was associated with a 2.1% decrease in rMSSD [95% confidence interval (CI), −4.2 to 0.0] and nonsignificantly associated with a 1.8% decrease in SDNN (95% CI, −3.7 to 0.1). Associations were stronger among individuals with MetS than among those without MetS: an IQR elevation in 2-day PM_2.5 was associated with a 6.2% decrease in rMSSD (95% CI, −9.4 to −2.9) among participants with MetS, whereas almost no change was found among participants without MetS (p-interaction = 0.005). Similar effect modification was observed in SDNN (p-interaction = 0.011).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that autonomic dysfunction may be a mechanism through which PM exposure affects cardiovascular risk, especially among persons with MetS.     

The Hispanic Community Children's Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth): design,objectives, and procedures

PurposeThis article describes the design and methodology of the Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth) study, a multicenter study of Hispanic/Latino children living in the United States.MethodsParticipants are children aged 8–16 years whose parents/legal guardians participated in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, a large community-based cohort study of Hispanic/Latino adults living in the United States.ResultsBetween 2012 and 2014, 1600 children recruited from four field centers (Bronx, Chicago, Miami, and San Diego) will undergo a 3.5-hour examination to collect biospecimens, obtain anthropometric measures, blood pressure, fitness level, dietary intake, and physical activity. Psychosocial and environmental characteristics are assessed by questionnaire. Primary study aims are to examine associations of youth's lifestyle behaviors and cardiometabolic risk factors with (1) youth's acculturation and parent-child differences in acculturation; (2) parenting strategies, family behaviors, and parental health behaviors; and (3) youth's psychosocial functioning.ConclusionsSOL Youth will determine the prevalence and distribution of obesity-promoting lifestyle behaviors, cardiometabolic risk profiles, and novel biomarkers associated with obesity and insulin resistance. This article describes the study methodology and considers advantages and limitations of embedding a cohort of children within a well-characterized cohort of adults.