丹东市市区蚊虫的种类及其生态习性调查

目的对丹东市区成蚊的种类组成、季节消长、生态习性进行了研究,为制定可行的科学实施方案及灭蚊达标工作提供准确的依据。方法采用灯诱法、挥网法、目测法。结果丹东市区常见蚊种共3属7种;7-9月份为活动高峰期;成蚊栖息场所因蚊种不同而有差异;丹东市区成蚊越冬场所有改变。结论因地制宜,根据蚊虫栖息、越冬场所的变化而调整相应防治方案,控制蚊虫密度,降低蚊媒传染病的发生。     

南京市城区蚊虫综合治理效果的研究

目的研究在城市生态环境中采取针对蚊幼防治的蚊虫综合治理效果。方法在南京市的试验区，开展健康教育和蚊虫孳生地处理，采用诱蚊灯法和诱蚊诱卵器法分别监测库蚊和伊蚊密度。结果采取综合治理措施后，试验区库蚊和伊蚊的相关密度指数分别为0．123和0．132，与对照区相比，密度下降率分别为87．7％和86．8％，蚊虫密度平均为1．2只／灯，阳性孳生地下降率为95．5％。结论针对蚊幼的综合治理有较好的防治效果。采取政府机构开展人群的健康教育、居民清除自家的各种蚊幼孳生地、专业除害队伍清除公共地段的蚊幼孳生地，并对无法清除积水的区域投加灭蚊幼缓释剂的蚊虫综合治理策略，可在城市灭蚊工作中推广应用。     

A field evaluation of four larval mosquito control methods in urban catch basins

Effective control of mosquitoes in rural Midwestern communities that lack organized mosquito control districts would be aided by baseline data on optimal breeding sites, interannual effects of climate on population emergence and abundance, and efficacy of various control options under field conditions. During 19 surveillance weeks in the summer of 2005, we sampled 100 catch basins each week that were distributed among 10 study zones. Catch basins within each study zone were subjected to 1 of 4 different mosquito control methods or were left untreated. Of the 10 study zones, 5 were in high-intensity urban areas and 5 in low-intensity urban areas. During the study period, treatment of urban catch basins with Altosid XR extended residual briquets resulted in a 69.5% reduction in mosquito larvae numbers. However, the product did not provide sustained treatment for the 120-150 days suggested by the manufacturer. Vectolex WSP, when applied according to manufacturer's suggestions, resulted in a 73.4% reduction in mosquito larvae. VectolexWSP effectiveness was impacted by heavy rainfalls early in the surveillance period. Cleaning catch basins once or twice during the surveillance period resulted in a 40.1% and a 39.9% reduction in mosquito larvae, respectively. Catch basins in high-intensity urban areas comprised 27.7% of the total collection compared to 72.3% from low-intensity urban areas. The AltosidXR extended residual briquets and the VectolexWSP products both impacted the number of mosquito larvae collected. However, a single treatment to control mosquitoes in this study area may not be sufficient. We suggest that treatment of urban catch basins is optimized when accompanied by a comprehensive surveillance plan, and that a combination of treatments or multiple treatments during the season may be necessary to mitigate risks of vector-borne infectious diseases in areas with similar climate and precipitation trends.     

Comparisons of mosquito populations before and after construction of a wetland for water quality improvement in Pitt County, North Carolina, and data-reliant vectorborne disease management

Wetlands serve an important purpose in flood control and water quality, but constructed-wetland sites also provide habitats for mosquito breeding. Communities near constructed-wetland sites often raise a "mosquito" objection when constructed wetlands are proposed. Wildlife and wetland advocates can confuse the public by making unsubstantiated claims about natural predators eliminating or controlling mosquito problems in a constructed wetland. Management of constructed-wetland mosquito habitat, with adequate mosquito surveillance and data analysis, can help lead to a successful project and satisfied citizens. The cooperative project described in this paper, was conducted in the town of Simpson, North Carolina, and was designed to determine the mosquito population impact of wetland construction at Mill Branch Stream, a small tributary of the Tar River in Eastern North Carolina. In the authors' analysis of three years of mosquito surveillance data, month (time of year standing in for temperature and day length) was a significant factor in regression analysis for mosquito numbers, but rainfall was not. Numbers of mosquitoes were not found to be significantly higher after construction than before construction.     

河南省永城市准备越冬蚊虫停落高度调查研究

目的了解河南省永城市准备越冬蚊虫种类、数量及其在居民区分布的高度梯度,为制定适宜防制措施提供科学依据。方法永城市市区近郊和市内分别选择2个小区,用目测法进行现场蚊虫数量估计,同时对其中数个单元楼道内的蚊虫用人工小时法进行蚊虫数量的校准。结果 2010年11月在永城市4个居民小区均发现有蚊虫停落栖息,捕获蚊种全部为淡色库蚊,分布在不同楼层间,1层蚊虫数量最多,在高度分布上从1层向高层呈现依次递减,6层以上数量很少;目测法与人工小时法获得类似的结论;不同小区的蚊虫密度差异与小区的外围环境以及小区的具体防蚊措施具有密切关系。结论居民区的蚊虫来源于外围环境,居民区采取适当的隔离措施对降低蚊虫密度具有良好作用;化学防蚊措施的实施应该以居民区楼层的1层为主。     

北京市2010-2012年蚊虫密度监测结果及变化趋势分析

目的 了解和掌握北京市蚊虫密度监测情况,分析不同环境蚊虫孳生变化趋势,为城市蚊虫防制提供科学依据.方法 成蚊密度监测采用二氧化碳诱蚊灯法和诱蚊诱卵器法,蚊幼虫密度监测大型水体采用勺捕法,小型积水（容器）采用吸管法.结果 北京市2010-2012年共捕获成蚊37 603只,其中淡色库蚊为优势种,占捕蚊总数的95.26％,其次是白纹伊蚊占4.62％;季节消长曲线显示,成蚊密度高峰期为7-8月;不同环境中公园绿地成蚊密度最高,其他依次是居民区、医院和旅游景点.蚊幼虫季节消长曲线显示,大型水体和小型积水（容器）蚊幼虫密度高峰期均为6-7月;不同环境中居民区蚊幼虫阳性率最高,其他依次为建筑工地、下水道和大型水体.结论 蚊虫密度监测结果和季节消长变化趋势可有效指导城市蚊虫防制,同时应关注蚊幼虫孳生地和密度变化情况,并将蚊密度结果和蚊媒传染病进行关联分析,为城市蚊虫和蚊媒病的防制提供科学依据.     

除害专业队伍实施城市灭蚊的研究

目的比较3个在用人、培训、技术措施和管理方面不同的实施单位在城市灭蚊工作中灭蚊效果的差异。方法2002年6~9月,3个实施单位分别承包了武汉7个灭蚊区的灭蚊试点工作。其中城区灭蚊项目组将其负责的灭蚊区内下岗人员训练为除害员,开展了蚊虫孳生地普查,然后利用普查资料和地图搜索、处理蚊虫孳生地。除害员对灭蚊区市民进行面对面的灭蚊宣传。项目组建立防止遗漏蚊虫孳生地的管理制度。而另外两个实施单位在这几方面与项目组不同。试点结束前由专家对灭蚊区进行问卷调查和达标考核。结果在项目组负责的灭蚊区有12个蚊密度测试点,其中10个点的RPI值为0。普查后每小时能在灭蚊区找到的蚊虫孳生地数量显著下降。项目组的问卷调查和达标考核结果均优于另外2个实施单位。结论蚊虫孳生地普查,训练灭蚊区当地的下岗人员为除害员,建立合理的管理制度能有效防止蚊虫孳生地的遗漏,提高除害专业队伍实施城市灭蚊的工作质量。     

2019年上海市嘉定区夏季学校蚊虫侵害状况调查

目的 了解嘉定区各类学校夏季蚊虫侵害状况,为学校蚊虫的防治提供科学依据.方法 选取嘉定区4所高校、4所中小学和4所幼托机构作为调查对象,采取孳生地调查法和人诱法相结合的方法,对学校开展蚊虫侵害调查.结果 学校成蚊停落指数最高的是大中专院校4.00只/(0.5 h ·人)、其次是幼托机构2.40只/(0.5 h ·人)、...     

Fundamental issues in mosquito surveillance for arboviral transmission

Marked spatiotemporal variabilities in mosquito infection of arboviruses, exemplified by the transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) in America, require adaptive strategies for mosquito sampling, pool screening and data analyses. Currently there is a lack of reliable and consistent measures of risk exposure, which may compromise comparison of surveillance data. Based on quantitative reasoning, we critically examined fundamental issues regarding mosquito sampling design and estimation of transmission intensity. Two surveillance strategies were proposed, each with a distinct focus, i.e. targeted surveillance for detection of low rates of mosquito infection and extensive surveillance for evaluation of risk exposure with high levels of mosquito infection. We strongly recommend the use of indicators embodying both mosquito abundance and infection rates as measures of risk exposure. Aggregation of surveillance data over long periods of time and across broad areas obscures patterns of focal arboviral transmission. We believe that these quantitative issues, once addressed by mosquito surveillance programs, can improve the epidemiological intelligence of arbovirus transmission.     

Resting behavior and malaria vector incrimination of Anopheles stephensi in Goa, India

Malaria in Goa, India, has been endemic ever since an outbreak occurred in 1986. Anopheles stephensi Liston has always been suspected as a malaria vector in this area. Due to lack of knowledge on its resting behavior, sufficient adult females could not be collected and incriminated as vectors in the past. In this study mosquito collections were conducted in three endemic urban and suburban areas of Goa. In well-built houses, 67 h of collections did not yield a single An. stephensi mosquito, although other species were encountered. However, collections in construction sites and workers' huts for 151 h yielded, besides other mosquito species, 38 An. stephensi females resting in 15 types of sites at a height varying from 30 cm to 2.4 m. Of the 37 of these mosquitoes tested for the presence of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) by an ELISA technique, 1 was found to be Plasmodium falciparum CSP positive.     

Prevalence of Chikungunya in Urban Field Practice Area of a Private Medical College, Chennai

Background:

The outbreak of Chikungunya in India started during December 2005 with more than 11,00,000 cases. Many cases with symptoms suggestive of Chikungunya reported to our urban health-training centre. Hence this study was done to estimate the prevalence of Chikungunya, to study the common treatment-seeking behavior, control measures and the sequalae of Chikungunya by follow-up.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study was done in Anagaputhur an urban field practice area of our college. The study was done on a sample selected by systematic random sampling. Any person with fever and joint pain, with an onset from 1 August 2006 to 31 August 2006, were enrolled as cases. The cases were followed up after three months.

Results:

Chikungunya prevalence in the community was 22.3%; 52% of them were females and 56% of cases were in the 15-44 years age group. Median duration of acute phase was three days. Ninety-one percent of them had multiple joints’ involvement. Seventy-eight percent sought treatment from the private sector. Sixty-seven percent reported artificial collections of water around their household and 44% complained of mosquito problems during the day. Eighty-eight percent used mosquito repellents for personal protection. On follow-up 95% of them had residual joint pain, 43% had residual joint swelling and 11% had disabilities with median duration of 30 days.

Conclusions:

Prevalence of Chikungunya was 22.3%, predominantly affecting the age group of 15-44 years and females. The private sector was commonly sought for treatment. Entomological survey indicated Aedes breeding. Eleven percent had disabilities due to the sequelae.     

拉萨市2009-2013年蚊虫种类构成及密度动态研究

目的掌握拉萨市蚊虫种类构成及密度动态,为该市媒介蚊虫及蚊媒传染病监测及防控提供基础数据。方法在拉萨市城区不同方位选取调查点,以诱蚊灯法、人帐诱法及人工小时法捕获蚊类,用形态学和多重PCR方法进行蚊种鉴定。结果拉萨市蚊类包括尖音库蚊复合组蚊虫亚种和骚扰阿蚊,优势蚊种为尖音库蚊复合组蚊虫亚种。2009、2012年人帐诱法总蚊密度分别为19．57和3．06只／（帐·h）,不同年份不同调查点蚊密度差异无统计学意义（F_1.1=0．934,P〉0．05）。2009、2012年人工小时法总蚊密度分别为62．10和7．90只／人工小时,不同年份不同调查点蚊密度差异无统计学意义（F_1.1=0．874,P〉0．05）。2012、2013年诱蚊灯法总蚊密度分别为1．47和0．20只／（灯·h）。不同年份不同调查点居民区蚊密度差异亦无统计学意义（F_1.3=1．503,P〉0．05）。2012年诱蚊灯法捕获的105只蚊虫中,经多重PCR鉴定,36只属尖音库蚊复合组蚊虫亚种纯合子（34．29％）,69份出现杂交（65．71％）。结论拉萨市存在较稳定尖音库蚊复合组蚊虫,蚊密度相对较低,提示该地区存在蚊虫及蚊媒传染病风险,应对该地区蚊虫及蚊媒传染病开展监测与风险评估,为蚊虫及蚊媒传染病控制提供决策依据。     

The mismatch of narratives and local ecologies in the everyday governance of water access and mosquito control in an urbanizing community

Mosquito-borne disease presents a significant threat to urban populations, but risk can be uneven across a city due to underlying environmental patterns. Urban residents rely on social and economic processes to control the environment and mediate disease risk, a phenomenon known as everyday governance. We studied how households employed everyday governance of urban infrastructure relevant to mosquito-borne disease in Bengaluru, India to examine if and how inequalities in everyday governance manifest in differences in mosquito control. We found that governance mechanisms differed for water access and mosquitoes. Economic and social capital served different roles for each, influenced by global narratives of water and vector control.     

2008-2009年北京市东城区越冬蚊密度监测结果分析

目的掌握本辖区内越冬蚊虫种类、数量和分布,为预测预报和处理应急事件积累基础数据。方法越冬蚊监测采用目测法。从监测地点随机抽取5个观察点,每点为1m2,观察5min内蚊虫数量并记录结果。监测过程中重点对防空洞、地下室和花房等越冬蚊主要栖息的场所进行检查。结果连续2年的监测均查到越冬蚊,且均为淡色库蚊。2008年共设置监测点31处,累计监测面积5600m2,阳性率为19.35%;2009年共监测26处,累计监测面积2835m2,阳性率为15.38%。2009年与2008年相比,越冬蚊数量显著升高,平均蚊密度分别为0.88和0.41只/m2。连续2年监测,防空洞中越冬蚊数量最高,平均蚊密度分别为3.50和6.25只/m2。结论防空洞是越冬蚊主要的栖息场所,应加强夏季蚊虫监测及其相关传染病的预防控制工作。     

海南省城区2012年蚊虫密度及季节消长分析

目的掌握海南省城区蚊虫种群分布、密度及季节消长规律,为蚊媒相关治理提供科学依据。方法于2012年1—12月采用夜间灯诱法在海南省18个市（县）城区开展逐月监测。结果海南省城区蚊虫种类较为丰富,共捕获40448只,隶属4属10种,以致倦库蚊（46．88％）为优势蚊种,全年监测成蚊密度为1．17～4．86只／（h·灯）,平均密度为2．82只／（h·灯）,蚊虫的季节消长曲线呈单峰型,高峰出现在4—5月。结论初步掌握了海南省城区蚊虫种群分布、密度、季节消长等情况,为进一步开展系统监测、蚊虫防治和蚊媒疾病预防提供了科学参考。     

灭蚊电子地图的制作与应用

目的直观地记载社区蚊虫孳生地情况,减少蚊虫孳生地调查和处理时出现的遗漏.方法利用城市地图,居委会、单位地图以及蚊虫孳生地普查资料等在微机上用Corel Draw绘制.比较调查者持灭蚊电子地图和社区地图到居民区进行蚊虫孳生地差别的调查.结果绘制了4个社区灭蚊电子地图.灭蚊电子地图可以应用于蚊虫孳生地调查、处理,灭蚊考核和蚊虫孳生情况展示.持灭蚊电子地图进行蚊虫孳生地调查与持社区地图相比能够明显减少蚊虫孳生地遗漏.结论灭蚊电子地图将来可能应用于城市灭蚊,但是其广泛应用有待用较低的价格获得城市细节电子地图.     

广州市蚊幼虫自然种群孳生状况的研究

目的 了解广州市城区蚊虫自然种群幼虫的孳生地类型及种群分布特点。方法用现场抽样调查方法对市内9个城区分别以东西南北中五个方位对各类有可能孳生蚊虫的场所进行抽样，记录各类孳生场所的检查数及阳性数。结果全市各类蚊孳生地共检查19330处，阳性1546处，阳性率8．00％，以洼地(25．69％)、地下室(23．70％)、防空洞(16．79％)阳性率较高；建筑工地、小型积水、市政排水设施3类孳生场所占总检查处数的82．45％，占总阳性处数的79．43％；各类型孳生地在各城区的分布比例及孳生阳性情况有所不同；除二次供水、市政排水设施和防空洞外，中心城区与边缘城区蚊孳生阳性率无明显差别。结论广州市的蚊虫孳生地具有种类多样性，分布不均匀，在城区不同区域各有所侧重的特点。建筑工地、小型积水和市政排水设施是广州市城区主要蚊虫孳生地。小型积水是广州市白纹伊蚊重要孳生场所，致倦库蚊主要孳生场所是建筑工地、市政排水设施等。在蚊虫孳生地处理上，各区应根据实际情况采取相应措施。     

Climate Variability,Social and Environmental Factors,and Ross River Virus Transmission: Research Development and Future Research Needs

Background

Arbovirus diseases have emerged as a global public health concern. However, the impact of climatic, social, and environmental variability on the transmission of arbovirus diseases remains to be determined.

Objective

Our goal for this study was to provide an overview of research development and future research directions about the interrelationship between climate variability, social and environmental factors, and the transmission of Ross River virus (RRV), the most common and widespread arbovirus disease in Australia.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search on climatic, social, and environmental factors and RRV disease. Potentially relevant studies were identified from a series of electronic searches.

Results

The body of evidence revealed that the transmission cycles of RRV disease appear to be sensitive to climate and tidal variability. Rainfall, temperature, and high tides were among major determinants of the transmission of RRV disease at the macro level. However, the nature and magnitude of the interrelationship between climate variability, mosquito density, and the transmission of RRV disease varied with geographic area and socioenvironmental condition. Projected anthropogenic global climatic change may result in an increase in RRV infections, and the key determinants of RRV transmission we have identified here may be useful in the development of an early warning system.

Conclusions

The analysis indicates that there is a complex relationship between climate variability, social and environmental factors, and RRV transmission. Different strategies may be needed for the control and prevention of RRV disease at different levels. These research findings could be used as an additional tool to support decision making in disease control/surveillance and risk management.     

Mosquito control based on larvicides in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: choice of the control agent

A comparison between chemical and biological larvicides in routine operations against mosquitoes in Rio Grande do Sul State was carried out in this study. In laboratory bioassays against Culex quinquefasciatus, biological formulations Vectobac 12 AS and Teknar 3000 (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) as well as ABG 6262 (B. sphaericus 2362), both in liquid and powder form, were highly effective. Locally produced B. thuringiensis israelensis, formulations also yielded good results. Among chemical larvicides, pyrethroid compounds Pirisa and K-Othrine yielded better results than the organophosphates Lebaycid and Abate. These last formulations yielded responses ten weaker than predicted in other studies. Under field conditions, a dose of 1250 mg/m2 for biological formulations was considered adequate for routine application because at this level it is possible to overcome physical influences on results. Only B. sphaericus preparations caused important disruption of mosquito colonization in active breeding sites. Up to 39 weeks were tabulated without complete colonization in natural conditions and one month in artificially colonized tanks. This study suggests that biological alternatives should be considered in mosquito control programs. They may be a solution to such problems as resistance to larvicides, elimination of natural enemies, and short-lasting effects of applications.     

Characterization of potential larval habitats for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anopheles</Emphasis>mosquitoes in relation to urban land-use in Malindi,Kenya

BACKGROUND: This study characterized Anopheles mosquito larval habitats in relation to ecological attributes about the habitat and community-level drainage potential, and investigated whether agricultural activities within or around urban households increased the probability of water body occurrence. Malindi, a city on the coast of Kenya, was mapped using global positioning system (GPS) technology, and a geographic information system (GIS) was used to overlay a measured grid, which served as a sampling frame. Grid cells were stratified according to the level of drainage in the area, and 50 cells were randomly selected for the study. Cross-sectional household and entomological surveys were conducted during November and December 2002 within the 50 grid cells. Chi-square analysis was used to test whether water bodies differed fundamentally between well and poorly drained areas, and multi-level logistic regression was used to test whether household-level agricultural activity increased the probability of water body occurrence in the grid cell. RESULTS: Interviews were conducted with one adult in 629 households. A total of 29 water bodies were identified within the sampled areas. This study found that characteristics of water bodies were fundamentally the same in well and poorly drained areas. This study also demonstrated that household-level urban agriculture was not associated with the occurrence of water bodies in the grid cell, after controlling for potential confounders associated with distance to the city center, drainage, access to resources, and population density. CONCLUSIONS: Household-level urban agricultural activity may be less important than the other types of human perturbation in terms of mosquito larval habitat creation. The fact that many larvae were coming from few sites, and few sites in general were found under relatively dry conditions suggests that mosquito habitat reduction is a reasonable and attainable goal in Malindi.