贵阳市综合医院医院感染管理初探

目的：为促进医院感染管理向标准化、规范化、系统化方向发展。方法：于2000年4月对贵阳市4所综合医院医院感染进行了现况调查。结果：总结了医院感染管理工作现状和存在的问题，提出了相应的管理对策。结论：领导重视是关键，健全组织是保障，建章立法是基础，规范管理是核心。     

THE EFFECTS OF FAMILY HISTORY, SOBRIETY LENGTH, AND DRINKING HISTORY IN YOUNGER ALCOHOLICS ON P300 AUDITORY-EVOKED POTENTIALS

Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been shown to be differentbetween alcoholics and non-alcoholics. Of particular interestto investigators has been the P300 wave. Because it has beenshown that alcohol-induced neural damage can alter P300 waves,particularly amplitude, we attempted to examine alcoholics whomost likely suffered little damage because they drank heavilyfor relatively few years (mean=6.9 years). The effects of long-termsobriety (mean=5.0 years) were also investigated to determineif cognitive functioning, as measured by auditory-evoked P300waves, varies with increased abstinence. Because family historyfor alcoholism has also been shown to influence P300 amplitudeand latency, alcoholics and controls with and without familyhistory were examined. The alcoholic group had significantlylonger latencies in P300 measures in both the family historypositive and negative groups; P300 amplitudes between alcoholicsand non-alcoholics did not vary, regardless of family history.P300 waves were unaffected by sobriety length or drinking history.The results support the hypothesis that P300 differences canbe seen between alcoholics and those at risk for alcoholism.     

泛酸钙、吡哆醛、叶酸及生物素对热暴露果蝇的保护作用

目的：观察泛酸钙、吡哆醛、叶酸及生物素四种维生素对热暴露环境下果蝇的平均生存时间的影响，探索其对果蝇保护作用的可能机制。方法：以果蝇为热暴露动物模型，３６．５℃为热暴露温度，观察高、中、低剂量上述维生素干预下的果蝇的平均生存时间。同时进行ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳测定相应的热应激蛋白（ＨＳＰ７０）含量。结果：除吡哆醛外，其余的维生素均有一种或几种剂量能显著延长热暴露果蝇的平均生存时间和ＨＳＰ７０的含量。     

飞行员氧气面罩渗气对其供氧防护效果的影响

目的 实验观察氧气面罩渗气对其供氧防护效果的影响,为制定氧气面罩气密性检测标准提供实验依据。方法 假人和8名受试者配戴模拟不同渗气量的氧气面罩,由肺式氧气调节器供氧,在5 500 m高度上停留3 min,检测氧气面罩内的氧气浓度和受试者的心率及指端动脉血氧饱和度。结果在5 500 m高度上,随着渗气量的增大(0、1.4、3.3、5.0 L·min-1),面罩内氧气浓度(分别为45.6％、42.8％、38.9％、35.3％)和受试者血氧饱和度(分别为97.6％、96.0％、94.6％、92.9％)逐步降低(P<0.01)。结论 在5 500 m座舱高度以下,面罩渗气面积<0.1 cm2时.面罩的气密性可满足要求。     

WHERE THERE'S SMOKING,THERE'S FIRE: THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING POLICIES ON THE INCIDENCE OF FIRES IN THE USA

Fires and burns are among the leading causes of unintentional death in the USA. Most of these deaths occur in residences, and cigarettes are a primary cause. In this paper, I explore the relationship between smoking, cigarette policies, and fires. As smoking rates decline, there are fewer opportunities for fires; however, the magnitude of any reduction is in question. Using a state‐level panel, I find that increases in cigarette prices are associated with fewer residential fires and deaths. However, laws regulating indoor smoking are associated with more fires; in particular, restaurant and bar smoking bans are associated with an increase in fires at eating and drinking establishments. This increase is important given the growing popularity of smoking bans in the USA and around the world. As workplaces, schools, and businesses ban smoking and remove ashtrays, smokers who continue to smoke are left without safe options for disposal of cigarettes, leading to more opportunities for fires to start. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CANCELLED PROCEDURES: INEQUALITY,INEQUITY AND THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE REFORMS

Using data for every elective procedure in 2007 in the English National Health Service, we found evidence of socioeconomic inequality in the probability of having a procedure cancelled after admission while controlling for a range of patient and provider characteristics. Whether this disparity is inequitable is inconclusive. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Corporate response to reproductive hazards in the workplace: results of the Family, Work, and Health Survey

As a part of a Family, Work, and Health Survey, we analyzed corporate practices regarding reproductive hazards in the chemical and electronics manufacturing industries in Massachusetts. Over half of the 198 firms surveyed had at least one of four designated reproductive hazards in use. Among these firms, 57% provided information on reproductive risks to employees. Nearly 20% of companies excluded certain classes of workers from substances, work areas, or occupations on the basis of reproductive health concerns. Another 13% offered voluntary transfers to workers concerned about reproductive risks. With one exception, all restrictions and transfers applied to women only--even when scientific evidence supports potential reproductive risk to both sexes. Analysis of corporate practices by industry type, and size, gender stratification, and unionization of the workforce was carried out. Results of the survey raise important public health concerns about corporate practices that may restrict women's job opportunities on the basis of reproductive status while underprotecting the health of male workers.     

纳米红色元素硒的护肝、抑瘤和免疫调节作用

目的 :　研究纳米红色元素硒的护肝、抑瘤和免疫调节作用。方法 :　采用 CCl4 致小鼠急性肝损伤、S180 移植瘤和免疫模型 ,评价纳米红色元素硒的保护、抑制和调节作用。结果 :　纳米红色元素硒提高血和肝硒、抑制 CCl4 所致的肝丙二醛 (MDA)和血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)升高 ,降低 S180 荷瘤鼠瘤重和提高 S180 荷瘤鼠的吞噬率和天然杀伤细胞 (NK)活性 ,提高正常小鼠的免疫活性 ,均有显著性差别 (P<0 .0 5)。口服 LD50 为 Se 1 1 2 .98mg/ kg bw。结论 :　纳米红色元素硒有护肝、抑瘤和免疫调节作用 ,是已发现的急性毒性最低的补硒制剂     

CIGARETTE QUITLINES,TAXES, AND OTHER TOBACCO CONTROL POLICIES: A STATE‐LEVEL ANALYSIS

This paper estimates monthly quitline calls using panel data at the state level from January 2005 to June 2010. Calls to state quitline numbers (or 1‐800‐QUITNOW) were measured per million adult smokers in each state. The policies considered include excise taxes, workplace and public smoking bans, and a Peter Jennings television‐based program warning of the health risks of smoking. We found that people anticipating increases in prices begin attempting to quit by calling quitlines. Finally, the Peter Jennings media campaign was highly correlated with quitline calls. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某厂50岁以上人群骨折史的流行病学调查

目的：了解50岁以上人群中骨折史的分布情况,方法：对成都市某厂50岁以上的2249人（男1092人,女1157人）进行了骨折史的流行病学问卷调查,结果：总骨折患病率为22．50％（20．80％－24．24％）,其中男性19．51％,女性25．32％,女性骨折高于男性（P＜0．005）,骨折时的平均年龄为45．15岁,40岁后男女骨折的患病率大幅度上升,女性尤为明显,50岁时为男性的两倍,骨折的诱因在男性以外力（交通事故等）及摔倒为主（76．14％）,女性以摔倒为主（55．93％）,男女骨折诱因有明显差异（P＜0．005）,骨折的患病率与家族史有关（P＜0．05）,结论：本研究提供了该人群骨折患病率的基本情况。     

兰州市城区居民环保KAP调查与分析

[目的]了解兰州市城区居民环境保护知识、态度、行为（KAP）的现状及相关影响因素,为政府、环境管理部门制定科学合理的环境卫生政策及有效的管理措施提供科学依据。[方法]对自愿接受调查的兰州市城区5个社区的居民,进行环保KAP问卷调查。[结果]兰州市城区居民的环保知识水平评分（Y）与居民的教育程度（X2）、年龄（X1）之间存在一定关系,与教育程度呈明显正相关（P﹤0.01）;男性环保知识评分明显高于女性（P﹤0.01）;成年人环保知识评分明显高于青少年（P﹤0.01）;成年人各组间评分差异无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）;无收入组与月收入1000～1999元组间评分差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）,随着月收入的增加,知识得分在增高。环保知识得分高的人群其环保态度也较好,但其行为与知识、态度之间未见到相关性（P﹥0.05）。[结论]①兰州市城区居民环保知识水平较为低下,态度不够积极;②居民环保知识和态度与教育程度密切相关;③环保教育和工作的手段、重点应有针对性。     

ENCOURAGING DRINKING AT SAFE LIMITS ON SINGLE OCCASIONS: THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF PROTECTION MOTIVATION THEORY

Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) is considered as a possibleframework for understanding and moderating higher-risk drinking.To this end questionnaire data were collected from 196 participantsabout levels of their current drinking and, after they havebeen alerted to the dangers of excess drinking on single occasions,their cognitions relating to drinking and their intentions forfuture single occasion drinking. Comparisons of higher and lowerrisk drinkers among the sample provided support for the applicabilityof PMT, revealing differences in their cognitions and in theiradaptive and maladaptive coping. A supplementary path analysisrevealed that health beliefs and coping strategies associatedwith PMT, together with demographics, account for 42% of thevanance in behavioural intentions. These results suggest thatPMT could prove a valuable tool for those working in alcoholresearch and education. Implications for the design of effectiveinterventions are discussed.