Sentinel Chicken Surveillance Program in Australia, July 2003 to June 2004.

Detection of flavivirus seroconversions in sentinel chicken flocks located in four Australian states are used to provide an early warning of increased levels of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and Kunjin virus (KUNV) activity in the region. During the 2003-2004 season low levels of flavivirus activity were detected in northern Australia with both MVEV and KUNV virus activity detected in the Kimberley and Pilbara regions of Western Australia and in the Northern Territory. A single case of Murray Valley encephalitis was reported from Central Australia. MVEV activity was also detected at Minindee in western New South Wales for the first time since 2000-2001. No activity was detected in Victoria.     

2003年福建省流行性感冒监测结果分析

[目的]对福建省2003年流行性感冒进行病原学、流行病学监测分析。[方法]采集监测医院和疑似流感暴发点流感样病例(ILI)的咽拭子或漱口液、双份血清和一般人群血清标本;用MDCK细胞和鸡胚接种法分离病毒;血凝抑制法鉴定毒株和测定血清抗体。[结果]监测医院报告ILI7467例,占门诊病例总数的3．7％。从792份ILI呼吸道标本中分离出流感病毒97株,其中H3N2亚型90．7％,B型9．3％。75例中的31例双份血清抗体呈≥4倍升高,其中H3N2亚型20例,B型11例。150份一般人群血清的H1N1、H3N2亚型和B型流感病毒抗体阳性率分别为57．3％、90．7％和48．0％。[结论]2003年福建省同时存在H3N2亚型和B型流感病毒流行,前者为优势毒株,未发现H1N1亚型。一般人群大多具有H3N2亚型流感病毒抗体,但H1N1和B型抗体阳性率较低。     

Annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme, 2003.

Surveillance of influenza in Australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general-practitioner practices for influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. In 2003, the peak in influenza activity was in August which was later than in 2002. In 2003, 3,604 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza were notified to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, which was marginally lower than for the previous year. Ninety-four per cent of the circulating viruses were influenza A. This was the highest proportion in the last five years. Nine hundred and thirty-five isolates were antigenically analysed: 928 were A(H3), two were A(H1) strains and five were influenza B viruses. The majority (98%) of the A(H3) subtypes were A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2)-like and have shown a significant antigenic drift. The 2003 Australian influenza vaccine contained A/Panama/2007/99, which induced 2-4-fold lower antibody response against the drifted strain. An A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2)-like virus has been incorporated in the Australian influenza vaccine for 2004. In 2003, the influenza vaccine was given to 77 per cent of Australians aged over 65 years; the same up take as in 2002.     

北京市2003-2004年流感监测结果分析

目的通过对北京市2003-2004年流感监测结果的分析。显示流感的流行趋势，为控制北京市流感流行提供参考．方法总结、分析流感监测点流感样病例、病毒分离及血清学监测情况。结果北京市2003-2004年以流行甲3型为主。1月病例数最多。多以散发病例为主。疫情处于相对平稳状态。正常人群血清对A／PANAMA／2007／99（H3N2）毒株抗体阳性率最高（99．33％）；对B／HONGKONG／330／01．LIKE毒株抗体阳性率最低（47．65％）。结论流感样病例数与病原学监测结果吻合。可以用来反映流感活动的强弱。同时说明哨点监测显示流感流行趋势。     

Building Influenza Surveillance Pyramids in Near Real Time,Australia

A timely measure of circulating influenza virus severity has been elusive. Flutracking, the Australian online influenza-like illness surveillance system, was used to construct a surveillance pyramid in near real time for 2011/2012 participants and demonstrated a striking difference between years. Such pyramids will facilitate rapid estimation of attack rates and disease severity.     

2000-2003年广东省流感监测结果分析

[目的]了解广东省流感流行情况,为预防和控制提供科学依据.[方法]在8个流感监测点采集疑似流感病人的咽拭子,一般人群及职业人群采集血清,用9～11 d鸡胚和(或)MDCK细胞分离病毒,用常量红细胞凝集抑制法(HI)鉴定病毒;用微量半加敏红细胞凝集抑制法(micro-HI)检测流感抗体.[结果]2000、2001年流感疫情较平静,2002、2003年由A(H3N2)引起的局部暴发增多,未发生大流行.4年共分离流感病毒1 425株,A(H3N2)占61. 2%、B型占27.0%、A(H1N1)占11.8%;从鸡标本分离A(H9N2)型禽流感病毒17株.一般人群血清A(H3N2)抗体阳性率较高,B(Yamagata)型较低;职业人群部分A(H9N2)禽流感抗体阳性.[结论]除2003年未分离到A(H1N1)外,2000-2002年都能同时分离到A(H1N1),A(H3N2)亚型和B型.做好流感监测对控制流行与预测有重要意义.     

Surveillance of adverse events following immunisation: Australia 2002 to 2003.

Reports of suspected adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) are reviewed by the Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee and collated in a central database. We analysed AEFI records for vaccines administered during October 2002 to December 2003, and assessed AEFI reporting trends for 2000 to 2003. AEFI reporting rates were calculated using denominator data from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register and the annual national influenza vaccination coverage survey. A total of 1,744 AEFI records were analysed for October 2002 to December 2003. The majority described non-serious events; 9 per cent (n=149) described AEFIs defined as 'serious'. Four deaths were reported but none were causally related to immunisation. Dose-based AEFI reporting rates were 2.1 per 100,000 doses of influenza vaccine for adults aged 40 years or over and 19.8 per 100,000 doses of scheduled vaccines for children aged <7 years. The most frequently reported individual AEFI was injection site reaction in children after a fourth or fifth dose of an acellular pertussis-containing vaccine (54 and 98 reports per 100,000 doses respectively). The most frequently suspected vaccine was meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (34% of reports-mostly injection site reactions, gastrointestinal symptoms and headaches). The average annual reporting rate was 7.0 per 100,000 population, the highest to date. The increase in the AEFI reporting rate was due to a greater number of children becoming eligible to receive a fourth or fifth consecutive dose of acellular pertussis vaccine and the introduction of the meningococcal C vaccination program in January 2003 for those aged 1-19 years. The low reporting rate of serious AEFIs demonstrates the high level of safety of vaccines in Australia.     

Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 2003.

The National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) received 982 tuberculosis (TB) notifications in 2003, of which 947 were new cases, 33 were relapses and two were cases with unknown history. The incidence of TB in Australia has remained at a stable rate since 1985 and was 4.9 cases per 100,000 population in 2003. The high-incidence groups remain people born overseas and Indigenous Australians at 19.9 and 8.7 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. By contrast the incidence in non-Indigenous Australians was 0.9 per 100,000. Comparison of the 2003 TB notification data against the performance indicators set by National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee highlights that enhanced TB control measures should be considered among these high-risk groups.     

Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2003.

There were 2,174 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) notified to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) in Australia in 2003; a rate of 10.9 per 100,000 population. The notification rate varied between states and territories and by geographical region with the highest rates in the north of the country. Invasive pneumococcal disease was reported most frequently in children aged less than two years (98.8 cases per 100,000 population). Enhanced surveillance for IPD in 2003 was carried out in all states and territories, providing additional data on 1,842 (85%) of all notified cases. Rates of IPD in Indigenous Australians were three times the rate in non-Indigenous Australians. There were 125 deaths attributed to IPD resulting in an overall case fatality rate of 6.8 per cent. Seventy-one percent of all pneumococcal isolates serotyped were serotypes in the seven-valent conjugate vaccine and 91 per cent were serotypes in the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. The clinical presentation and risk factors for IPD varied between Indigenous and non-Indigenous cases and non-vaccine serotypes occurred more frequently among Indigenous children and adults. Data from three years of surveillance indicate an early impact of the 7-valent vaccine in the target population.     

2003-2004年福建省流感暴发监测分析

[目的]了解福建省流感流行动态,探索流行规律,为流感防治提供科学依据.[方法]进行流行病学调查,用MDCK细胞和鸡胚进行病毒分离,用血凝抑制实验对病毒株进行分型鉴定及血清流感抗体测定.[结果]2003-2004年我省共报告局部暴发流感疫情49起,发病3 088例,共采集咽拭子或漱口液标本360份,分离流感病毒阳性率25.8%(93/360).其中甲3型88株(94.6%),乙型5株(5.3%).2年共采集流感样患者急性期、恢复期血清各221份,其中甲3型抗体4倍增长阳性率58.4%(129/221),乙型抗体4倍增长阳性0.5%(11/221).[结论]引起福建省2003-2004年流感暴发的毒株以甲3型为主,暴发的时间主要集中在每年的4月和9月.     

The US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network

In 2003, surveillance for influenza in hospitalized persons was added to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infections Program network. This surveillance enabled monitoring of the severity of influenza seasons and provided a platform for addressing priority questions associated with influenza. For enhanced surveillance capacity during the 2009 influenza pandemic, new sites were added to this platform. The combined surveillance platform is called the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET). FluSurv-NET has helped to determine the risk for influenza-associated illness in various segments of the US population, define the severity of influenza seasons and the 2009 pandemic, and guide recommendations for treatment and vaccination programs.     

2002年湖南省流行性感冒监测结果分析

目的　对湖南省 2 0 0 2年流行性感冒 (流感 )的流行病学和病原学监测结果进行分析。　方法　逐月统计流感样病例(IL I) ,采集 IL I咽拭子标本用狗肾传代细胞进行流感病毒分离 ,采用血凝抑制方法 (HI)进行流感病毒型别鉴定。　结果　 2所监测医院 2 0 0 2年共统计上报的流感样病例 (IL I) 72 6 9例 ,其中 <15岁的 IL I占 80 .95 % ;≥ 15的 IL I占 19.0 5 %。 2 0 0 2年 3～ 12月共检测流感样病人咽拭子标本数 5 6 1份 ,分离出流感病毒 80株 ,并对 4 1株毒株进行了分型鉴定 ,其中 H3N2亚型 36株 (占 87.80 % ) ,B型 5株 (占 12 .2 0 % )。　结论　湖南省监测地区同时有 H3N2亚型和 B型流感病毒的流行 ,流行优势毒株为 H3N2亚型 ,未发现H1N1亚型毒株     

2001年福建省部分监测点监测结果分析

[目的] 总结2001年福建省流感监测情况，为流感防治提供依据。[方法] 用鸡胚法和MDCK细胞法分离流感病毒，用红细胞凝集及凝集抑制试验对流感病毒进行型和亚型的鉴定。[结果]全年分离流感病毒42株，其中甲1型(H1N1)32株，乙型(B)10株，未分离出甲3型(H3N2)流感病毒。[结论] 2001年福建省部分地区全年流感散发流行以甲1型为主，春季(3、4月份)为一个流行高峰，以乙型为主，夏季(8月份前后)为另一个流行高峰，以甲1型为主。     

Annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme, 2001.

Surveillance of influenza in Australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. In 2001, laboratory-confirmed influenza became a notifiable disease and was reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Influenza A was the dominant type, 81 per cent of which were subtype H1N1 and 19 per cent were subtype H3N2. The influenza A (H1N1) analysed were all A/New Caledonia/20/99-like strains. The H3N2 isolates were antigenically similar to the reference strain A/Moscow/10/99 and the vaccine strain A/Panama/2007/99. The influenza B isolates, which made up only 10 per cent of all isolates, were mainly B/Sichuan/379/99-like strains but 10 per cent of isolates were more closely related to B/Harbin/7/94-like viruses, which circulated in previous years. The Australian 2001 influenza vaccine represented a good match for the circulating viruses and 77 per cent of persons over 65 years in Australia were vaccinated in 2001.     

Annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme, 2000.

Surveillance of influenza in Australia in 2000 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel general practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. The peak in influenza cases was in mid-September. Influenza A was the dominant strain, with the highest proportion being influenza A (H3N2), but with a significant proportion of isolates of influenza A (H1N1) (16%) for the first time since 1995. The influenza A (H3N2) isolates were predominantly related to A/Moscow/10/99 and vaccine strain A/Panama/2007/99. Influenza A (H1N1) was predominantly A/New Caledonia/20/99. The proportion of Influenza B viruses isolated also increased in keeping with a three-yearly cycle of influenza B epidemics in Australia. influenza B isolates showed a progressive drift away from the B/Beijing/184/93 strain with the majority closely related to the B/Sichuan/379/99 strain. In 2000, influenza vaccination levels reached 74 per cent in persons aged over 65 years.     

Annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme, 2004.

The National Influenza Surveillance Scheme includes data on influenza-like illness from sentinel general practitioner practices, laboratory reports of influenza from National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance Scheme and absenteeism data from a national employer. In 2004, 2,116 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness were reported, which was 41 per cent lower than the previous year. Peak activity was recorded in September, a month later than in 2003. Influenza A was again predominant while influenza B had an increased activity compared to the previous season. Four hundred and fifty-four isolates were antigenically analysed: 342 were A (H3N2 strain), 4 were A(H1N1 strain) strains and 108 were influenza B viruses. Further antigenic drift was seen in the A(H3N2) subtype with approximately one third of all isolates antigenically distinguishable from the A/Fujian/411/2002 reference strain. Vaccination coverage indicated that 79 per cent of Australians aged over 65 years received the 2004 influenza vaccine.     

Annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme, 1998.

The National Influenza Surveillance Scheme includes data from sentinel general practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory reports of influenza and absenteeism rates from a national employer. The 1998 season was dominated by an increase in influenza A in all States and Territories and low influenza B activity. All influenza A isolates were characterised as influenza A (H3N2). Peak activity in 1998 was recorded in July and August. Data are coordinated, analysed and disseminated at a national level and published in Communicable Diseases Intelligence during the influenza season.     

Annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme, 2002.

Surveillance for influenza in Australia in 2002 was based on notifications to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance system from all states and territories, national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness and reports of influenza virus isolations from a laboratory network. The impact of influenza was assessed by absenteeism data from a major national employer. Influenza A was the dominant type, 99 per cent of which were subtype H3N2 with only a single H1 isolate, which was identified as H1N2. The H3N2 isolates were closely related to the vaccine strain A/Moscow/10/99 and the A/Panama/2007/99, with less than one per cent showing genetic variation. Influenza B made up 21 per cent of circulating influenza and the majority of B strains were of the B/Victoria lineage, but had a haemagglutinin closely related to the B/Hong Kong/330/2001 strain. This strain was associated with two outbreaks but a proportion of vaccinees with the 2002 vaccine showed protective antibody titres. The 2002 influenza vaccine was given to 77 per cent of Australians over 65 years.