CCR2在大鼠闭合性颅脑损伤中的表达及意义

目的 复制Marmarou's大鼠闭合性颅脑损伤模型,采用组织芯片技术结合免疫组化染色,研究闭合性颅脑损伤后CC亚族趋化因子受体2(Chemokines receptors,CCR2)在脑组织中的表达部位和时序特点,为闭合性颅脑损伤的干预治疗提供理论和实验依据.方法 将雄性SD大鼠分为正常对照组、手术对照组和损伤后1h组、2h组、4h组、8h组、12h组、24h组、48h组、72h组和5d组,苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)和掊花青(Einarson)尼氏体染色法观察脑损伤病理改变.制作组织芯片,利用免疫组化检测大脑皮质、海马和脑干部位的神经细胞CCR2的表达.结果 CCR2在闭合性颅脑创伤早期即有明显表达,损伤组皮质、海马、脑干部位的CCR2免疫反应阳性细胞计数于损伤后4h表达开始增多,至24h达峰值,维持较高水平到72h,于损伤后5d基本回落至正常.结论 CCR2在闭合性颅脑创伤早期的动态表达,提示其在脑损伤病理生理进程中起着重要的调控作用.     

Distribution of CCR5-Δ32 and CCR2–64I alleles in an Argentine Amerindian population

In order to evaluate the frequency distributions of CCR5-Delta 32 and CCR2-64I polymorphisms in an Amerindian population, we tested a total of 42 Chiriguanos individuals that are aboriginal inhabitants of the north west of Argentina. Only one carried the CCR5-Delta 32 allele (0.0238), while 17 out of 35 carried the CCR2-64I mutation, including one homozygous for the mutated allele (0.2571). Although the cohort studied is considered highly endogamic, the HLA genotyping revealed that 8 out of 42 subjects had a gene flow from Caucasian populations. The only heterozygous CCR5+/Delta 32 found and three heterozygous CCR2+/64I belonged to the admix group. In conclusion, the protective deletion CCR5-Delta 32 is practically absent in Chiriguanos whereas the CCR2-64I allele is highly frequent.     

CCR2 and CCR5 chemokine receptors differentially influence the development of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse

The infiltration of monocytes represents an important early event in the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Given that chemokines are key regulators of leukocyte trafficking, we examined the requirement for the chemokine receptors β(CC)-chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) and β(CC)-chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), which recruit monocytes, in disease development in the NOD mouse. Whereas the onset of diabetes was significantly delayed in CCR2-/-NOD mice (25% at 30 weeks) compared to NOD mice (50% at 28 weeks), the pathogenesis of diabetes was accelerated in CCR5-/-NOD mice (75% at 23 weeks). The rapid development of diabetes in CCR5-/-NOD mice was associated with aggressive destructive insulitis and was accompanied by altered leukocyte migration into islets. In contrast, CCR2-/- NOD mice exhibited delayed inflammatory cell recruitment. Nevertheless, total diabetogenic splenocytes from CCR2-/-NOD and CCR5-/-NOD showed similar capability to adoptively transfer diabetes into NOD.scid recipients. Importantly, our data suggest that targeting of CCR2 may lead to therapies against Type 1 diabetes.     

SNP/haplotype associations of CCR2 and CCR5 genes with severity of chagasic cardiomyopathy

Background

Chronic inflammation plays a major role in the tissue injury seen in the chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. The CCR2 and CCR5 chemokine receptors are involved with the type of cellular infiltrate present in cardiac tissue and CCR5-gene variants were previously associated with this pathology.

Methods and results

This is a replication study in an independent cohort with larger sample size. Nine SNPs of CCR5 and CCR2 were typified to confirm the association previously found with Chagas disease. Evidence of association with severity was found for the A allele of rs1799864 of CCR2 (p_ad = 0.02; OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.10–3.30), the T allele of the rs1800024 of CCR5 (p_ad = 0.01; OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.13–3.38), and the HHF^∗2 haplotype (p = 0.03, OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.03–2.65). These results were replicated in the study combined with previous data. In this analysis it was replicated the allele T of rs2734648 (p_ad = 0.009, OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.32–0.85) with protection. In addition, the allele G of rs1800023 (p_ad = 0.043, OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.38–0.98), and the HHC haplotype (p = 0.004, OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.44–0.86) were also associated with protection. In contrast, the allele A of rs1799864 of CCR2 (p_ad = 0.009; OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.17–3.08); and the allele T of rs1800024 of CCR5 (p_ad = 0.005, OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.22–3.23) were associated with greater severity. No evidence of association between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients was observed.

Conclusions

These results confirm that variants of CCR5 and CCR2 genes and their haplotypes are associated with the severity but not with susceptibility to develop chagasic cardiomyopathy.     

Influence of nucleotide polymorphisms in the CCR2 gene and the CCR5 promoter on the expression of cell surface CCR5 and CXCR4

Polymorphisms in the CCR2 gene (CCR2-64I) and the CCR5 promoter (pCCR5-59029G) have been correlated with slower HIV-1 disease progression. How these polymorphisms influence the rate of AIDS progression has remained unclear. We have therefore investigated whether these nucleotide polymorphisms will reduce the expression levels of surface CCR5 and CXCR4, and thus lead to slower AIDS progression. For this, a cohort of Chinese volunteers in Taiwan was subjected to the determination of CCR2 and pCCR5 genotypes followed by analysis of the surface CCR5 and CXCR4 expression on five cell types derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry. Several significant associations were detected between genotypes and expression levels of the proteins. The most important finding was that an increased number of CD4(+) cells expressing CCR5 correlated with pCCR5-59029A homozygosity without the interference of both the CCR2-64 and the CCR5 delta 32 (deleted 32 bp) mutations (P: = 0.0453), which is consistent with the previous data on the association of the genotype to AIDS progression. Since different genetic polymorphisms co-exist in human beings, the rate of AIDS progression as well as the risk of rheumatoid arthritis may be governed by the interplay of the array of nucleotide changes and their affected proteins.     

趋化性细胞因子CCL28的功能与表达

CCL28是新近发现的趋化性细胞因子家族CC类中的成员。多种粘膜组织的上皮细胞可以产生CCL28,其受体为CCR10和CCR3。通过与相应受体结合,CCL28可介导血循环中的CD4^＋T细胞、CD8^＋T细胞、IgA抗体分泌细胞（ASC）等免疫活性细胞归巢迁徙至相关组织;另外,CCL28还具有明显的广谱抗微生物活性。因而,在粘膜免疫及某些肿瘤的免疫中,CCL28发挥着重要作用。CCL28的表达受到多种内外因素的影响。对其表达调节机制的阐明,必将为相关疾病的防治研究提供新的思路。     

GM-CSF-producing CCR2+CCR6+ Th17 cells are pathogenic in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model in mice

Although excessive immune responses by Th17 cells, a helper T cell subset, are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the mechanism by which its localization in an inflamed colon is regulated remains unclear. Chemokines and their receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, however, the relative significance of each receptor on Th17 cells remains unknown. We generated C–C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) knockout (KO) and CCR6 KO mice in the syngeneic background using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that the phenotypes of experimental colitis worsened in both mutant mice. Surprisingly, the phenotype of colitis in CCR2/CCR6-double knockout (CCR2/6 DKO) mice was opposite to that of the single-deficient mice, with significantly milder experimental colitis (p < .05). The same was true for the symptoms in CCR6 KO mice, but not in wild type mice treated with a CCR2 inhibitor, propagermanium. Colonic CCR2⁺CCR6⁺ Th17 cells produced a potentially pathogenic cytokine GM-CSF whose levels in the gut were significantly reduced in CCR2/6 DKO mice (p < .05). These results suggest that GM-CSF-producing CCR2⁺CCR6⁺ Th17 cells are pathogenic and are attracted to the inflamed colon by either CCR2 or CCR6 gradient, which subsequently exacerbates experimental colitis in mice.     

糖皮质激素对哮喘豚鼠模型Eotaxin、CCR3表达的调控

目的:观察哮喘豚鼠外周血、肺和骨髓组织嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)百分比和肺组织Eotaxin和CCR3的表达及激素对其影响.方法:健康雄性豚鼠40只,以卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏和激发制作哮喘模型,随机分为正常组(A组)、哮喘组(B组)、地塞米松干预组(C组)、布地奈德干预组(D组),每组10只,在末次激发6 h后处死豚鼠;取豚鼠颈动脉血、骨髓和肺组织,分别制备血涂片、骨髓涂片和肺组织切片;外周血和骨髓涂片用Wright染色,光学显微镜下计数细胞总数和EOS百分比;肺组织切片HE染色,光学显微镜下计数细胞总数和EOS百分比;肺组织切片用Eotaxin和CCR3多克隆抗体免疫组化染色,光学显微镜下分别计数阳性细胞百分比;用Western blot法测定肺组织中Eotaxin蛋白表达变化.结果:豚鼠外周血、骨髓和肺组织中EOS百分比,A组为(1.33±0.52)%、(1.17±0.41)%、(1.67±0.52)%;B组为(4.83±0.98)%、(3.17±0.75)%、(4.00±0.89)%;C组为(2.68±1.03)%、(1.67±0.82)%、(2.83±0.75)%;D组为(2.67±0.52)%、(1.83±0.75)%、(2.67±0.52)%;B组与A、C、D组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),A组与C、D组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),C组与D组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但C组较D组降低骨髓EOS百分比似乎更明显;豚鼠肺组织Eotaxin和CCR3多克隆抗体免疫组化染色阳性细胞百分比,A组为(2.29±0.35)%、(2.07±0.15)%;B组为(3.27±0.42)%、(3.66±0.47)%;C组为(2.80±0.22)%、(2.98±0.45)%;D组为(2.75±0.31)%、(2.65±0.25)%;B组与A、C、D组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),A组与C、D组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),C组与D组比较差异无统计学意义;免疫印迹法检测发现豚鼠肺组织Eotaxin在A、B、C、D组表达量分别为0.447 ±0.026、0.836±0.012、0.639±0.034、0.668±0.023,B组表达较A、C和D组明显升高(P＜0.01),C组与D组比较差异无统计学意义,但仍高于A组(P＜0.05);相关性分析结果提示哮喘豚鼠肺组织中EOS百分比和Eotaxin和CCR3在肺组织的表达皆呈正相关(r=0.852,P＜0.001)、(r=0.671,P＜0.001).结论:哮喘豚鼠外周血、骨髓和肺组织EOS均明显增加,并与肺内Eotaxin和CCR3的表达相一致,激素可通过抑制Eotaxin和CCR3的表达和活性,有效发挥抗EOS炎症作用,是激素控制哮喘发病的重要机制.     

次级淋巴组织趋化因子及其受体CCR7在胰腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 研究胰腺癌中次级淋巴组织趋化因子(SLC)及其受体CCR7的表达情况,探讨其与胰腺癌临床病理关系.方法 应用免疫组化、RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR技术检测30例胰腺癌组织、癌旁组织、正常胰腺组织和胰周淋巴结组织中SLC和CCR7的表达情况.结果 SLC蛋白在胰腺癌组织中呈低表达状态、在癌旁组织和胰周淋巴结均呈中等表达状态、在正常胰腺组织中高表达,阳性率分别为16.7%(5/30)、43.3%(13/30)、46.6%(14/30)和76.7%(23/30).RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR也证实SIC mRNA表达与SIC蛋白相同.CCR7蛋白在胰腺癌组织、癌旁组织和胰周淋巴结均呈高表达状态、在正常胰腺组织中呈低表达状态,阳性率分别为76.7%(23/30)、66.7%(23/30)、70.0%(/30)和30.0%;同时还发现CCR7蛋白在胰腺静脉平滑肌和淋巴结外脂肪组织也有阳性表达情况.RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR结果 也证实CCR7 mRNA表达与CCR7蛋白相同.结论 SLC在胰腺癌进展和淋巴结转移过程中起双重作用,既发挥抗肿瘤作用,又通过趋化CCR7表达阳性的肿瘤细胞促进胰腺癌的淋巴结转移.CCR7与胰腺癌淋巴结转移和TNM分期密切相关,并可能参与胰腺癌的淋巴管生成和淋巴结转移的调控.     

107 两类记忆性T细胞的表型、迁移途径及功能的关系

幼稚T细胞由胸腺迁出后,进入二级淋巴器官的T细胞区,一旦接触抗原后即可发生增殖反应.其中一部分T细胞分化成记忆性T细胞,它针对已接触过的抗原,为机体提供快速而强烈的免疫反应.目前认为记忆性T细胞包括CCR7-记忆性T细胞(TEM,效应性T细胞)和CCR7+记忆性T细胞(TCM,中央型T细胞).CCR7+记忆性T细胞表面受体有助于细胞进入炎症部位,并能迅速产生免疫效应,而CCR7+记忆性T细胞表达淋巴结归巢受体,并缺乏迅速产生免疫效应的功能,但它能有效地刺激树突状细胞,辅助B细胞,并在再次接触相同抗原时分化成CCR7-记忆性T细胞.     

趋化因子受体CCR1在人大肠癌组织中的表达及其与淋巴结转移的相关性

目的: 研究趋化因子受体CCR1在大肠癌中的表达,探讨其与淋巴转移的关系.方法: 采用SP免疫组织化学方法检测98例临床新鲜标本,其中包括15例癌旁正常大肠黏膜组织及83例大肠癌组织中CCR1的表达情况,计算大肠癌组织中的微淋巴管密度(LMVD)与微血管密度(MVD),并进行CCR1表达与大肠癌淋巴结转移的相关性分析.结果: CCR1在浸润程度深、分化程度低、有淋巴结转移及Dukes分期较晚的大肠癌组织中的阳性表达率高于浸润程度浅(P<0.05)、分化程度高(P<0.05)、无淋巴结转移(P<0.01)及Dukes分期较早(P<0.05)的大肠癌组织.CCR1表达阳性的大肠癌组织LMVD高于CCR1表达阴性的大肠癌组织LMVD(P<0.01).而CCR1表达阳性的大肠癌组织与CCR1表达阴性的大肠癌组织中,MVD无统计学差异.结论: 趋化因子受体CCR1在大肠癌组织中表达增高,并可能与大肠癌的淋巴结转移增加有关,具有一定的诊断价值.     

CCR5 antibodies HGS004 and HGS101 preferentially inhibit drug-bound CCR5 infection and restore drug sensitivity of Maraviroc-resistant HIV-1 in primary cells

R5 HIV-1 strains resistant to the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc (MVC) can use drug-bound CCR5. We demonstrate that MVC-resistant HIV-1 exhibits delayed kinetics of coreceptor engagement and fusion during drug-bound versus free CCR5 infection of cell lines. Antibodies directed against the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of CCR5 had greater antiviral activity against MVC-bound compared to MVC-free CCR5 infection. However, in PBMCs, only ECL2 CCR5 antibodies HGS004 and HGS101, but not 2D7, inhibited infection by MVC resistant HIV-1 more potently with MVC-bound than with free CCR5. In addition, HGS004 and HGS101, but not 2D7, restored the antiviral activity of MVC against resistant virus in PBMCs. In flow cytometric studies, CCR5 binding by the HGS mAbs, but not by 2D7, was increased when PBMCs were treated with MVC, suggesting MVC increases exposure of the relevant epitope. Thus, HGS004 and HGS101 have antiviral mechanisms distinct from 2D7 and could help overcome MVC resistance.     

CCR2、 CCL5、 CCR5和CCL1基因多态性与中国汉族儿童结核病易感性的关联研究

目的 探讨CCR2、CCL5、CCR5和CCL1的基因多态性与中国汉族儿童结核病易感性的关系.方法 收集353例汉族儿童结核病患者,以同期查体的400名儿童作为对照,采用病例对照研究,应用高通量MassARRAY技术对于CCR2、CCL5、CCR5和CCL1基因的SNP位点进行基因分型研究.结果 CCR2、CCL5、CCR5和CCL1基因SNP位点的等位基因、基因型以及单体型在结核病组和对照组的分布差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 CCR2、CCL5、CCR5和CCL1的基因多态性与中国汉族儿童结核病易感不存在相关性.     

Differential pattern of CCR1 internalization in human eosinophils: prolonged internalization by CCL5 in contrast to CCL3

BACKGROUND: Whereas recent studies underlie the fundamental importance of the CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) for the recruitment of eosinophils in allergic diseases, controversial data exist about the relevance of CCR1 on eosinophils. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of CCR1 on eosinophils. METHODS: Flow cytometric analysis of whole blood eosinophils and CD16-negative selected eosinophils from healthy nonatopic donors and from patients with atopic disorders was performed and CCR1 receptor internalization and re-expression were studied. RESULTS: Flow cytometric analysis of whole blood eosinophils revealed that 17.8% of the donors expressed high levels of CCR1 (CCR1high) and 82.2% low levels of CCR1 (CCR1low). A significant down-regulation of CCR1 was induced by 24 h preincubation of isolated eosinophils from CCR1high donors either with IL-3, CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), CCL5, CCL7, or CCL13. Internalization experiments using eosinophils from CCR1high donors revealed that CCL5 is more effective to induce CCR1 internalization than CCL3. Whereas CCR1 re-expression after stimulation with CCL3 reached prestimulation levels (120 min: 81.3% relative CCR1 surface expression) CCL5 induced a prolonged CCR1 internalization (120 min: 15.7%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a distinct pattern of CCR1 internalization and re-expression in human eosinophils between CCL3 and CCL5, as CCL5 induces a prolonged CCR1 internalization and the basic value is not reached after 24 h. Since prolonged receptor internalization plays a central role in chemokine-mediated inhibition of receptor function, CCR1 seems to be an attractive target on human eosinophils for chemokine receptor blockade besides CCR3.     

Hypoxia induces T-cell apoptosis by inhibiting chemokine C receptor 7 expression: the role of adenosine receptor A2

Hypoxia is a major characteristic of the tumor microenvironment, and its effects on immune cells are proposed to be important factors for the process of tumor immune escape. It has been reported that hypoxia affects the function of dendritic cells and the antitumor function of T cells. Here we discuss the effects of hypoxia on T-cell survival. Our results showed that hypoxia induced apoptosis of T cells. Adenosine and adenosine receptors (AR) are important to the hypoxia-related signaling pathway. Using AR agonists and antagonists, we demonstrated that hypoxia-induced apoptosis of T cells was mediated by A_2a and A_2b receptors. Furthermore, we are the first, to our knowledge, to report that hypoxia significantly inhibited the expression of chemokine C receptor 7 (CCR7) of T cells via the A₂R signal pathway, perhaps representing a mechanism of hypoxia-induced apoptosis of T cells. Collectively, our research demonstrated that hypoxia induces T-cell apoptosis by the A₂R signaling pathway partly by suppressing CCR7. Blocking the A₂R signaling pathway and/or activation of CCR7 can increase the anti-apoptosis function of T cells and may become a new strategy to improve antitumor potential.     

SARS-CoV2 pneumonia recovery is linked to expansion of innate lymphoid cells type 2 expressing CCR10

Accelerate lung repair in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is essential for pandemic handling. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are likely players, given their role in mucosal protection and tissue homeostasis. We studied ILC subpopulations at two time points in a cohort of patients admitted in the hospital due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 patients with moderate/severe respiratory failure featured profound depletion of circulating ILCs at hospital admission, in agreement with overall lymphocyte depletion. However, ILCs recovered in direct correlation with lung function improvement as measured by oxygenation index and in negative association with inflammatory and lung/endothelial damage markers like RAGE. While both ILC1 and ILC2 expanded, ILC2 showed the most striking phenotype changes, with CCR10 upregulation in strong correlation with these parameters. Overall, CCR10⁺ ILC2 emerge as relevant contributors to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia recovery.     

Selective CCR2‐targeted macrophage depletion ameliorates experimental mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis

The CCL2/CCR2 chemokine/receptor axis directs the chemotaxis of infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and T cells and plays a pivotal role in tissue damage and fibrosis in kidney diseases. The eradication of the activated leucocytes should diminish the production of inflammatory mediators, limit tissue damage and ameliorate disease. A recombinant fusion protein (OPL‐CCL2‐LPM) comprised of the human CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1) chemokine fused to a truncated form of the enzymatically active A1 domain of Shigella dysenteriae holotoxin (SA1) has been developed. The CCL2 portion binds specifically to CCR2‐bearing leucocytes and the fusion protein enters the cells, where the SA1 moiety inhibits protein synthesis resulting in cell death. The compound was tested in a model of anti‐thymocyte serum (ATS)‐induced mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (ATS‐GN). Male rats were injected with ATS on day 0 and treated intravenously with vehicle, 50 or 100 µg/kg of OPL‐CCL2‐LPM Q2D from days 2, 4, 6 and 8. Urine and blood were collected on days 0, 5 and 9. Animals were sacrificed on day 9. No treatment‐related effects on body weight or signs of clinical toxicity were observed. Urine protein levels were decreased in treated animals. At the highest dose, histopathological analyses of kidney sections revealed maximum reductions of 36, 31, 30 and 24% for macrophage count, glomerular lesions, α‐smooth muscle actin and fibronectin respectively. These results indicate a significant protective effect of OPL‐CCL2‐LPM in this model of nephritis.     

Clinical resistance to vicriviroc through adaptive V3 loop mutations in HIV-1 subtype D gp120 that alter interactions with the N-terminus and ECL2 of CCR5

The HIV-1 CCR5 co-receptor is a member of the chemokine receptor family of G-protein coupled receptors; for which a number of small molecule antagonists, such as vicriviroc (VCV), have been developed to inhibit HIV-1 R5-tropic replication. In this study, we analyzed an HIV-1 subtype D envelope gene from a clinical trial subject who developed complete resistance to VCV. The HIV-1 resistant envelope has six predominant amino acid changes in the V3 loop, together with one change in the C4 domain of gp120, which are fully responsible for the resistance phenotype. V3 loop mutations Q315E and R321G are essential for resistance to VCV, whereas E328K and G429R in C4 contribute significantly to the infectivity of the resistant variant. Collectively, these amino acid changes influenced the interaction of gp120 with both the N-terminus and ECL2 region of CCR5.