脑室镜手术治疗外伤性硬膜下积液

目的 探索一种有效治疗外伤性硬膜下积液的手术方式.方法 应用脑室镜,采用小骨窗手术清除硬膜下积液,脑表面附以明胶海绵,并以耳脑胶使其粘连于脑表面及硬膜.从对侧骨窗减压区加压包扎消灭积液残腔.结果 采用脑室镜小骨窗清除硬膜下积液9例,全部治愈.病例随访3个月-2年不等,无1例出现积液复发或癫痫等不良并发症.结论 脑室镜小骨窗手术清除硬膜下积液,手术方式简单,效果极佳,可望成为治疗外伤性硬膜下积液的标准术式.     

外伤性硬膜下积液临床治疗

目的：探讨外伤性硬膜下积液的治疗经验。方法：对46例外伤性硬膜下积液患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：非手术治疗20例。手术治疗30例次,其中腰蛛网膜下腔置管持续引流脑脊液5例,钻孔外引流19例,骨窗开颅蛛网膜撕口4例,积液腔腹腔分流2例。结论：对外伤性硬膜下积液患者,应采取个性化的综合治疗方法。     

开颅术后硬膜下积液小骨窗引流术并发症防治（附60例报告）

目的探讨开颅术后硬膜下积液小骨窗引流术的特点、相关并发症的发生原因及预防措施。方法全麻或局麻下行单侧或双侧小骨窗引流术。结果全组60例除2例拔管后硬膜下积液有不同程度的复发,经保守治疗痊愈外,其余58例治疗效果较好。结论开颅术后硬膜下积液小骨窗引流术较单、双孔引流术更有利于并发症防治。     

小骨窗开颅联合蛛网膜造瘘术对外伤性硬膜下积液的疗效分析

目的:探讨小骨窗开颅联合蛛网膜造瘘术对外伤性硬膜下积液(TSE)的疗效。方法:根据住院号末位奇偶数,随机将64例TSE患者分为观察组(32例)和对照组(32例),其中观察组给予小骨窗开颅联合蛛网膜造瘘术,对照组给予钻孔引流术。观察2组患者积液消失时间、手术时间、术中出血量,住院时间和住院总费用等指标。结果:观察组平均手术时间、术中出血量均明显少于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后3个月GCS评分明显优于对照组,且积液消失时间明显少于对照组(均P0.05);观察组术后3个月颅内压明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组住院时间和住院总费用均明显少于对照组(均P0.05);术后3个月观察组有1例积液复发(3.13%),而对照组有9例积液复发(28.13%),二者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:小骨窗开颅联合蛛网膜造瘘术治疗TSE效果好,值得在临床推广。     

小骨窗开颅加带蒂颞肌瓣填塞术治疗硬膜下积液的临床效果

目的 探研小骨窗开颅加带蒂颞肌瓣填塞术治疗硬膜下积液患者的临床效果。方法 选取2015年4月～2018年7月我院收治的硬膜下积液患者49例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组23例和对照组26例。观察组采用小骨窗开颅加带蒂颞肌瓣填塞方案,对照组采用颅骨钻孔引流方案,观察两组患者治疗效果、不良躯体症状、神经功能恢复、并发症发生以及复发情况。结果 观察组治疗总有效率为73.91%,明显高于对照组的42.31%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组疼痛、呕吐患者比例均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者治疗后运动功能评分、认知功能评分较治疗前均显著升高,且观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后并发症发生率、复发率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 小骨窗开颅加带蒂颞肌瓣填塞治疗硬膜下积液与颅骨钻孔引流术相比,能够提升治疗效果,改善不良躯体症状,提升患者神经功能恢复效果,值得临床推广。     

外伤性硬膜下积液190例临床观察

为探讨外伤性硬膜下积液的发病特点、形成机制、诊断和治疗，对外伤性硬膜下腔积液190例的发生时间，部位及治疗进行分析，结果病灶均位于天幕上。一侧或双侧额颗部，50例钻孔引流工术治疗后患者恢复良好，9例行硬膜下腔-腹腔分流术，恢复良好。蛛网膜裂孔的单向活瓣作用是导致其发生的主要机制。连续CT检查动态观察病情。值得临床医生重视。钻孔引流是较常用简便的术式，硬膜下腔-腹腔分流术值得推荐。     

外伤性硬膜下积液临床观察及治疗

为探讨外伤性硬膜下积液的发病特点、形成机制、诊断和治疗，对外伤性硬膜下腔积液204例的发生时间，部位及治疗进行分析，结果病灶均位于天幕上，一侧或双侧额颗部50例钻孔引流工术治疗后患者恢复良好，9例行硬膜下腔一腹腔分流术，恢复良好。蛛网膜裂孔的单向活瓣作用是导致其发生的主要机制。连续CT检查动态观察病情，值得临床医生重视。钻孔引流是较常用简便的方式，硬膜下腔一腹腔分流术值得推荐。     

创伤性重型颅脑损伤患者硬膜下积液的相关危险因素分析

目的 使用logistic回归分析的方法探讨外伤后硬膜下积液患者的相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月至2023年1月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九八七医院收治的重型颅脑损伤163例患者的基本资料,根据是否出现硬膜下积液分为硬膜下积液组45例（27.61%）和无硬膜下积液组118例（72.39%）。结果 两组性别、术前GCS评分、高血压、糖尿病、出血倾向、大量使用甘露醇、骨缘距离中线距离、脑室外引流、硬膜修补、术前CT影像检查等差异无显著性（P>0.05）。硬膜下积液组年龄、硬膜下血肿、蛛网膜下腔出血、开颅减压骨瓣大小、弥散性轴索伤、大骨瓣减压术与无硬膜下积液组差异有显著性（P<0.05）。通过多因素logistic回归分析发现,年龄、术前硬膜下出血、蛛网膜下腔出血、弥散性轴索伤与硬膜下积液的发生相关,是颅脑损伤患者出现继发性硬膜下积液的相关危险因素。结论 高龄、术前硬膜下血肿、蛛网膜下腔出血、开颅减压骨瓣大小、大骨瓣减压与重型颅脑损伤后硬膜下积液形成相关。     

小骨窗开颅显微镜下手术治疗高血压脑内血肿的疗效评价

目的:探讨小骨窗显微镜下开颅手术治疗高血压脑内血肿的有效性。方法:对高血压脑内血肿25例采用小骨窗开颅显微镜下手术清除脑内血肿,同时行血肿腔外引流,术后应用尿激酶溶解残留血肿;传统大骨窗开颅并去骨瓣减压手术组(骨瓣手术组)28例。结果:小骨窗组手术时间明显短于开颅组(P<0.05);两种手术术后4周和6个月治疗效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);小骨窗组病死率显著低于大骨窗组(P<0.05)。结论:小骨窗开颅清除脑内血肿是高血压脑内出血较好的救治方法,可有效降低患者病死率。     

小骨窗开颅加带蒂颞肌瓣填塞治疗硬膜下积液对患者预后肢体运动和认知功能的影响

目的:探讨小骨窗开颅加带蒂颞肌瓣填塞治疗硬膜下积液患者预后肢体运动和认知功能的影响。方法:我院收治的接受手术治疗的硬膜下积液患者83例,根据手术方式,分成试验组50例和对照组33例。试验组行小骨窗开颅加带蒂颞肌瓣填塞治疗,对照组行颅骨钻孔引流术治疗。记录患者治疗后3 d临床症状的改变;于治疗前及治疗后3 d,采用格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评价意识状态。于治疗前及治疗后10、30、60 d,采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分法(FMA)评价肢体运动功能;采用简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评价认知功能。结果:手术治疗后3 d,试验组症状缓解好于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前,2组GCS评分、积液量、FMA评分、MMSE评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05);手术后3 d,2组GCS评分及积液量均低于同组治疗前,且试验组缓解程度高于对照组(P0.05)。手术后30及60 d,2组FMA、MMSE评分优于同组治疗前,且试验组优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:小骨窗开颅加带蒂颞肌瓣填塞治疗硬膜下积液对患者的肢体运动和认知功能的改善作用更强,预后效果更好。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.