糖耐量减低与心血管疾病及阿卡波糖作用

Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) is a clinical state between normal and abnormal glucose metabolism with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Its mechanism mainly related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress ,blood hypercoagulability, inflammatory response ,as well as related lipotoxieity. α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is safe and effective to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, and has been approved for the treatment of patients with IGT. A growing number of studies have shown that acarbose also has cardiovascular benefit.     

糖耐量减低与心血管疾病及阿卡波糖作用

Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) is a clinical state between normal and abnormal glucose metabolism with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Its mechanism mainly related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress ,blood hypercoagulability, inflammatory response ,as well as related lipotoxieity. α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is safe and effective to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, and has been approved for the treatment of patients with IGT. A growing number of studies have shown that acarbose also has cardiovascular benefit.     

糖耐量减低与心血管疾病及阿卡波糖作用

Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) is a clinical state between normal and abnormal glucose metabolism with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Its mechanism mainly related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress ,blood hypercoagulability, inflammatory response ,as well as related lipotoxieity. α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is safe and effective to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, and has been approved for the treatment of patients with IGT. A growing number of studies have shown that acarbose also has cardiovascular benefit.     

糖耐量减低与心血管疾病及阿卡波糖作用

Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) is a clinical state between normal and abnormal glucose metabolism with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Its mechanism mainly related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress ,blood hypercoagulability, inflammatory response ,as well as related lipotoxieity. α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is safe and effective to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, and has been approved for the treatment of patients with IGT. A growing number of studies have shown that acarbose also has cardiovascular benefit.     

糖耐量减低与心血管疾病及阿卡波糖作用

Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) is a clinical state between normal and abnormal glucose metabolism with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Its mechanism mainly related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress ,blood hypercoagulability, inflammatory response ,as well as related lipotoxieity. α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is safe and effective to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, and has been approved for the treatment of patients with IGT. A growing number of studies have shown that acarbose also has cardiovascular benefit.     

糖耐量减低与心血管疾病及阿卡波糖作用

Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) is a clinical state between normal and abnormal glucose metabolism with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Its mechanism mainly related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress ,blood hypercoagulability, inflammatory response ,as well as related lipotoxieity. α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is safe and effective to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, and has been approved for the treatment of patients with IGT. A growing number of studies have shown that acarbose also has cardiovascular benefit.     

糖耐量减低与心血管疾病及阿卡波糖作用

Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) is a clinical state between normal and abnormal glucose metabolism with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Its mechanism mainly related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress ,blood hypercoagulability, inflammatory response ,as well as related lipotoxieity. α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is safe and effective to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, and has been approved for the treatment of patients with IGT. A growing number of studies have shown that acarbose also has cardiovascular benefit.     

糖耐量减低与心血管疾病及阿卡波糖作用

Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) is a clinical state between normal and abnormal glucose metabolism with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Its mechanism mainly related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress ,blood hypercoagulability, inflammatory response ,as well as related lipotoxieity. α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is safe and effective to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, and has been approved for the treatment of patients with IGT. A growing number of studies have shown that acarbose also has cardiovascular benefit.     

糖耐量减低与心血管疾病及阿卡波糖作用

Impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) is a clinical state between normal and abnormal glucose metabolism with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Its mechanism mainly related to insulin resistance, oxidative stress ,blood hypercoagulability, inflammatory response ,as well as related lipotoxieity. α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is safe and effective to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, and has been approved for the treatment of patients with IGT. A growing number of studies have shown that acarbose also has cardiovascular benefit.     

Post-load hyperglycaemia and diagnostic criteria for diabetes

The evolution of 2 h post-load glucose tolerance test for diagnosis of diabetes and its clinical implication was reviewed and discussed. Post-load hyperglycemia is a risk factor for both microand macro-vascular diseases. According to its relationship with retinopathy,the current cut-off values for diabetes was defined since 1979. Recently,strong evidence has shown that post-load hyperglycemia is also an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease （ CVD）, the relation is linear and no a threshold was found. There are large discrepancies between fasting and 2 h glucose criteria in the classification of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance （IGT）/impaired fasting glucose （IFG）. For early diagnosis and intervention administrating a 2 h OGTT to suspect individuals is necessary.     

ERCP and MRCP--when and why

Since the introduction of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the 1970s, gastroenterologists have a wide spectrum of diagnostic and therapeutic options in the biliopancreatic ductal system at their disposal. With its arrival in the 1990s, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) developed as a potent diagnostic tool in biliopancreatic pathology. Currently, MRCP is widely replacing diagnostic ERCP and thereby avoiding complications related to endoscopic technique.We summarize evidence-based data and demonstrate indications and differential indications for MRCP and ERCP in pancreatic disease. Complications related to the procedures and possible medical prevention are discussed. The feasibility of interventional endoscopy in pancreatic disease is reported in detail. The role of gastroenterologists in performing MRCP is outlined on the basis of practical examples.     

Micronutrients and infection: interactions and implications with enteric and other infections and future priorities

Symposium presentations have focused on the elegant molecular science and the biologic mechanisms by which micronutrients play critical roles in cellular and humoral immune responses, cellular signaling and function, and even in the evolution of microbial virulence. The concluding session examined the practical issues of how best to evaluate the nutritionally at-risk host, especially in the areas of greatest need-an analytical model of nutrient-immune interactions, implications of nutritional modulation of the immune response for disease, and the implications for international research and child health. This overview illustrated how malnutrition may be a major consequence of early childhood diarrhea and enteric infections, as enteric infections may critically impair intestinal absorptive function with potential long-term consequences for growth and development. The potentially huge, largely undefined DALY (disability-adjusted life years) impact of early childhood diarrheal illnesses demonstrates the importance of quantifying the long-term functional impact of largely preventable nutritional and infectious diseases, especially in children in developing areas.