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1.
Klaus Tauer Armin Wedel Elena M. Morozova 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》1992,193(6):1387-1398
Radical copolymerization of a nitro group containing azo-dye monomer ( 1 ) and methyl methacrylate leads to significantly higher polymerization rates and higher molecular weights when dispersion technique is used instead of solution polymerization. The preparation of mechanically stable coatings and free films with good mechanical properties and transparency for electro-optical investigations is possible by a spin coating technique with the dispersion copolymers. The dye side chains of these copolymers can be poled in an electric field. The orientation of the side chains leads to a change of the light absorption in the dye absorption band. Results of m-line spectroscopy show that the copolymers possess wave guiding properties. 相似文献
2.
Von D. Heinze 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》1967,101(1):166-187
The characterization of binary copolymers is discussed on the basis of NMR and IR spectroscopic measurements carried out with single molecules. The physical investigation of single molecules, however, provides only limited information concerning the nature of the solid substance. A study of the structure of the condensed state is of greater value as regards the physical characterization of copolymers and polymer mixtures. Mechanical, IR spectroscopic, X-ray, calorimetric and electron microscopic methods are most suitable for this purpose. Consideration is first given to monophase systems. The properties of these systems are a complex synthesis of the properties of the components. Copolymers and polymer mixtures of mutually soluble, non-crystalline components are monophase systems; these include all statistical copolymers provided that no crystallization takes place even when a very large excess of one component is present. In contrast to these homogeneous systems the properties of the components forming the phases in bi- and polyphase systems are apparent. Mixtures of mutually insoluble polymers, block and graft copolymers whose components form sufficiently large, separated blocks, and partially crystalline polymers behave as heterogeneous systems. The two components in heterogeneous binary systems are normally present as coherent and incoherent phases. Examples of the different systems are discussed. 相似文献
3.
Copolymers of styrene and p-iodostyrene containing up to 33 mole-% p-iodostyrene can be fractionated according to their molecular weights in a BAKER-WILLIAMS-column with benzene/methanol mixtures. The copolymers can be converted to polystyrene without chain degradation. 相似文献
4.
The distributions of molecular weights and of chemical compositions of a binary linear copolymer may be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) followed by turbidimetric titration of the eluates. Eluate fractions of 5,0ml are automatically collected and titrated within 7 min. The intensity R of the scattered light at a wavelength λ0=940nm is measured at an angle of 19° to the primary beam and corrected for the change of solution volume V during titration. The solubilities of chemically different molecules of a mixture are influenced somewhat but not substantially by the components of the mixture. During the titration the turbidity of the eluates from graft copolymers often increases with time discontinuously, the points of inflection indicating the precipitation of a new species of molecules. If the dependence of solubility on chemical composition and concentration is known for the particular elution volume, the chemical composition of each species of the titrated molecules may be evaluated from these points of inflection. The elution volume VE and the chemical composition are used for obtaining the molecular weight M from plots of M vs. VE for different chemical compositions. The concentration of a certain species of molecules in the eluate cannot be derived from R itself as has been tried up to now because the turbidity continues to increase after complete precipitation of the polymer. However the rate of coagulation is proportional to the concentration c of precipitated polymer. This leads to a nearly linear dependence of R · V/V0 on log V with a slope porportional to c2. The velocity constants of this coagulation are nearly independent of molecular weight and chemical composition. Therefore the concentration of the first precipitated component of a mixture may be determined absolutely with a relative error of about ±4% at a concentration of 50 mg/l of the mixture. The molecules of a second component of the mixture precipitated at a later stage of the titration are quickly adsorbed by the particles of the first component. After this the enlarged particles coagulate with the coagulation constant of the second component. The velocity of coagulation is now proportional to the sum of the concentrations of the first and second components. The distribution of chemical compositions of the molecules in an eluate may therefore be derived from the increase of turbidity with volume at different points of the titration curve. By plotting such distribution perpendicularly over the curves representing constant elution volume in the M-composition-plane one obtains a three-dimensional surface resembling a mountain range which characterises completely the molecular and compositional distribution of a binary copolymer. 相似文献
5.
The preparation of homopolymers of butadiene in the presence of cobalt and vanadium-containing ZIEGLER -catalysts is reported and the influence of water on the reaction system is investigated. Furthermore, the preparation of copolymers of butadiene with isoprene, 1,3-pentadiene, and styrene in the presence of the catalysts is described and the technical properties of the polymers discussed. While, the homopolymers have a sterically uniform structure, butadiene is sterically less regularly introduced into the copolymers. Only in the case of containing catalysts, butadiene is homo- and co-polymerized in 1,4-trans position. Individual technical properties of the copolymers yet not the properties as a whole are superior to 1,4cis-polybutadiene. 相似文献
6.
Thermal degradation of linear polyethylene (PE) of the Ziegler type and n-alkanes were investigated in view of scission mechanism of vinyl polymers and investigation of their sequence distribution. The pyrolysis was conducted at elevated temperatures within a few seconds. It was coupled with hydrogenation of the fragments and linearly temperature programmed gaschromatography. By an improved technique, fragments were observed up to C30 with the FID (flame ionization detector). The results are discussed assuming general mechanisms of homolytic scission into radicals. With this assumption, fragment distributions could be calculated and discussed. The best fits with the experimental distribution are obtained with superposition of primary statistical and secondary nonstatistical scissions. In the long fragment region, the distribution can be fitted to a pure statistical one. Thus, the probability of a statistical scission is found as s = 0,07 in linear PE. In the region of 550–1000°C,s is independent of pyrolysis temperature and is also not influenced by reactive polyisobutylene radicals. The pyrolysis of short n-alkane chains yields in volatilization without scission. Intermolecular reactions, e.g. the combination of fragments were not detected in our system. 相似文献
7.
Copolymers of 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane ( 1 ) and β-propiolactone ( 2 ) were produced by cationic polymerisation. The copolymers contained up to a mole fraction of 0,16 of units derived from β-propiolactone (PL). The copolymerization features were investigated and the copolymerization parameters were determined. The copolymers were crystallized and the single crystals characterized by their composition and morphology. The distribution of the PL-units over the crystals was studied by selective ester cleavage in the amorphous phase of the suspended single crystals. The results were compared with those of a degradation-reaction using the dissolved copolymers. The copolymerization of 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane and β-propiolactone gives rise to a copolymer in which blocks of 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane ((-BCMO)n-) alternate with blocks of a statistical copolymer of BCMO- and PL-units. The average length of the homogeneous BCMO-blocks is independent of the composition of the investigated monomer-mixtures within the investigated range of mixing. In the lamellar single crystals the homogenous BCMO-blocks build up the crystalline phase, whereas the BCMO-PL-blocks are excluded into the amorphous regions. 相似文献
8.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
9.
Dr. Richard Labes 《Pflügers Archiv : European journal of physiology》1921,186(1):98-111
Ohne ZusammenfassungHerrn Professor L. Michaelis, von dem ich dieses Thema erhielt und der mir bei der Durchführung stets ratend und helfend zur Seite stand, möchte ich auch an dieser Stelle meinen aufrichtigsten Dank aussprechen. 相似文献
10.
Alternating copolymers from ethylene and propylene were prepared by hydrogenation of cis-1,4-polyisoprene and isotactic trans-1,4-poly(1,3-pentadiene). In their 13C-NMR spectra meso and racemic diads were identified and assigned. The chemical shift of the meso diad appears to higher field. 相似文献
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Single crystals of copolymers of 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane and ß-propiolactone were investigated with regard to melting, heat of fusion, density and long spacing. The crystallization degrees could be calculated from the heat of fusion and the density-values to be 50—60%. They agree well with the calculation of a model demanding the exclusion of the units derived from ß-propiolactone (PL) from the lattice which consists of sequences derived from 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane (BCMO). Compared with pure single crystals of poly-BCMO, the thickness of copolymer single crystals is less affected by variation of the crystallisation temperature. Because of the sequence structure of the copolymers the average length of the BCMO-sequences determines the thickness of the crystalline core. Close to the melting temperature of the crystals typical recrystallisation processes are observed. The increase of the long spacing observed during melting and its relation to the melting process could be eludicated by investigating annealed single crystals. The content of PL-units in the copolymer influences the rate of recrystallisation. The observed depression of the melting points of single crystals with different PL-content can be described considering variations in the crystal size. In the melt the sequences of pure poly-BCMO and of BCMO-PL-units do not mix. However, if the crystals are dissolved, the different units and sequences of the copolymer seem to mix and a depression of the dissolution temperature is observed. The depression can be accounted for by assuming the proper entropy of mixing. 相似文献
14.
H. Petsche G. Gogolák Ch. Stumpf T. Newkirk 《Pflügers Archiv : European journal of physiology》1963,278(5):520-531
Zusammenfassung Langsame rhythmische elektrische Reizungen der medianen Septumregion und der Formatio reticularis des Mittelhirns lösen im Hippocampus des Kaninchens evoked potentials aus, die in ihrer Konfiguration ähnlich sind und sich vornehmlich durch ihre Latenz unterscheiden. Die vergleichbare Form, die Latenzunterschiede und der Umstand, daß sie durch mediane Septumläsion in ihrer Amplitude weitgehend vermindert werden, lassen den Schluß zu, daß auch die von retikulär ausgelösten, im Hippocampus registrierten evoked potentials über das Septum geleitet werden.Der Effekt langsamer rhythmischer Reizung von beiden Reizorten auf den Thetarhythmus ist allerdings verschieden. Bei Septumreizung kommt es zu einer rhythmischen Folge von evoked potentials bei unterdrücktem Thetarhythmus (früher als Theta driving bezeichnet); bei retikulärer Reizung dagegen treten rhythmische Schwebungen der Thetaamplitude auf, deren Frequenz der Differenz zwischen Thetafrequenz und Reizfrequenz entspricht. Durch Messung der Abhängigkeit der Amplitude der einzelnen Komponenten des evoked potential von der Thetaphase konnte gezeigt werden, daß es sich dabei um einen rein physikalischen Überlagerungseffekt handelt und keine Beeinflussung durch einen Erregbarkeitscyclus anzunehmen ist.Der verschiedenartige Effekt von Septum- und retikulärer Reizung auf den Hippocampus-Thetarhythmus wird darauf zurückgeführt, daß bei der ersteren in einem örtlich streng umschriebenen pacemaker für den Thetarhythmus gereizt wird, bei der letzteren dagegen innerhalb einer weiten, nicht exakt abgrenzbaren Region, der Formatio reticularis, die mit dem Hippocampus in Verbindung steht und von der immer nur ein relativ umschriebener Teil durch die Reizung erregt werden kann.Ferner wurde nachgewiesen, daß ein resetting des Thetarhythmus nur bei relativ instabilem Theta und nur von retikulär aus zu erzielen ist.Mit 4 Textabbildungen 相似文献
15.
Ulrich Berger 《Medical microbiology and immunology》1961,148(1):45-50
Zusammenfassung 52 Stämme aller bekannten Arten vonNeisseria wurden auf ihre Fähigkeit zur Nitrat- und Nitritreduktion sowie zur Ammoniakbildung untersucht.Es ergab sich, daß — mit Ausnahme der mikroaerophilenN. gonorrhoeae — alle zuckerverwertenden Arten Nitrit denitrifizieren, ohne Nitrat in nennenswertem Maße anzugreifen. Ebenso verhalten sich die meisten Stämme vonN. catarrhalis.
N. caviae reduziert Nitrit ohne Gasbildung. Die kräftig nitratreduzierendeN. ovis ist dagegen indifferent gegen Nitrit.
N. gonorrhoeae reduziert weder Nitrat noch Nitrit.Ammoniak wird von allen Stämmen in Spuren gebildet, von den menschenpathogenen Arten am wenigsten, vonN. ovis relativ am stärksten.Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. K.Schuchardt zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurden mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt. 相似文献
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Von Dietrich Braun Francisco-Jos Quesada Lucas Werner Neumann 《Macromolecular chemistry and physics.》1969,127(1):253-263
p-Vinyl-trans-stilbene was obtained by GRIGNARD reaction from p-chlorostyrene and phenyl acetaldehyde. It was radically polymerized and copolymerized with styrene in benzene solution at 60°C. The polymerization takes place only via the vinyl group; the linear polymers formed contain C°C double bonds in the side chains. From IR-spectroscopic analysis of the copolymers the following reactivity ratios result: Copolymers of p-vinyl-trans-stilbene and styrene give deeply coloured solutions of the corresponding polyradicalanions and polydianions by reaction with sodium in tetrahydrofuran. The macromolecular radicalanions and dianions of the cited copolymers initiate the polymerization of acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate and styrene essentially by electron transfer and without grafting; when styrene is used, “living” polymers are formed. 相似文献
18.
Zusammenfassung Die elektrometrische Messung von Chlorkonzentrationen wurde in einer genauer beschriebenen Anordnung zur Untersuchung der elektiven Anionenpermeabilität der roten Blutkörperchen herangezogen. Mit dieser Methode lassen sich die Untersuchungen über den Anionenaustausch einfacher, schneller und genauer anstellen als mit den früheren Verfahren. Es ist dadurch möglich, Reihenuntersuchungen anzustellen und feinere Permeabilitätsunterschiede zu erfassen. Außerdem gelingt es mit Hilfe der Methode, schneller ablaufende Austauschvorgänge zu registrieren.Die Geschwindigkeit des Cl- und HCO3-Austausches wurde untersucht und gefunden, daß der Austausch nach spätestens 2–3 Sek. vollständig ist. Aus der in der Arbeit erörterten Verknüpfung dieses Austausches mit dem Atemvorgang wird auf einen noch schnelleren Austauschgang geschlossen, der aber quantitativ noch nicht erfaßt werden konnte. 相似文献
19.
Summary The inhibition of potassium loss of fluoride poisoned (40 mequiv/l. cell suspension) human red cells by metabolic poisons and substrates at varying Ca++-concentrations has been studied. At low calcium concentrations, fluoride produces rapid potassium loss after a lag period, whereas sodium permeability is little affected. This specific action of fluoride on potassium permeability can be almost completely prevented by the addition of cyanide, monoiodoacetic acid or adenosine. At high calcium concentrations, exceeding 0.1 mequiv/l. cell suspension, fluoride destroys the permeability barrier for both sodium and potassium ions without a preceeding lag period, which eventually leads to colloid osmotic hemolysis. This effect cannot be prevented by adenosine, monoiodoacetic acid or cyanide. It is concluded that the permeability change at high calcium concentrations is independent of the action of fluoride on cellular metabolism and is due to the formation of a calcium-fluoride-complex with ligands in the outer cell surface. On the other hand, the specific effect on potassium permeability, occuring at low Ca++-concentrations, is related to the inhibition of cellular metabolism by fluoride.
Mit 3 Textabbildungen
Herrn Professor Dr. Rudolf Mond zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.
Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und des Bundesministeriums für Atomkernenergie und Wasserwirtschaft. 相似文献
Mit 3 Textabbildungen
Herrn Professor Dr. Rudolf Mond zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.
Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und des Bundesministeriums für Atomkernenergie und Wasserwirtschaft. 相似文献
20.
Zusammenfassung Bei vier gesunden Versuchspersonen konnte durch Ernährung mit kaliumarmer Diät über einen Zeitraum von 4 bis 8 Wochen ein Kaliummangelzustand erzielt werden, bei dem der Kaliumverlust des Organismus im Mittel 9% betrug. Während der Dauer der Versuchsreihen wurde in regelmäßigen Abständen von etwa 8 Tagen die Änderung des Gesamtkörper-Kaliumgehaltes der Versuchspersonen mit einem Ganzkörper-Gammastrahlenspektrometer (Human Body Counter) verfolgt und der Kaliumverlust zu verschiedenen Zeiten der Versuchsperiode aus der Differenz der Normalwerte und der jeweiligen Gesamtkörperwerte errechnet. Parallel dazu wurde der Kaliumvertust in Bilanzversuchen durch Messung der Kaliumzufuhr und -ausscheidung bestimmt. Aus der Übereinstimmung der Ergebnisse derdirekten Meßmethode (Gesamtkörpermessung) und derindirekten Bestimmungsart (Bilanzversuche) innerhalb ± 10% ist zu folgern, daß die Kaliumverarmung mit beiden Meßmethoden hinreichend genau verfolgt werden kann.Mit Unterstützung durch das Bundesministerium des Innern 相似文献