人参化学成分的免疫作用及其机制的研究进展

人参是我国传统名贵中药材,具有良好的免疫药理作用,对其免疫作用及机制的研究已成为热点。因此,文章综述了人参中人参总皂苷、人参皂苷单体、人参多糖和人参蛋白的免疫作用及其作用机制。旨在为人参产业化发展及应用提供一定的科学依据。     

人参抗辐射损伤研究概况

目的:通过总结人参抗辐射损伤研究的情况,为抗辐射损伤人参制剂的研发提供依据。方法:查阅近年来国内外学术杂志公开发表的文献资料并总结归纳。结果:人参可通过对造血系统的保护、抗自由基作用以及对免疫系统的保护作用而减轻辐射损伤,其活性成分主要有人参皂苷和人参多糖等。结论:应继续加强人参抗辐射损伤作用机制的研究,人参皂苷中抗辐射损伤的主成分研究以及构效关系研究,为人参抗辐射损伤制剂的研发奠定基础。     

人参的化学成分与人参产品的质量评价

参考文献资料,总结人参中皂苷、多糖、聚炔、黄酮类和挥发油5大类成分,从人参的化学成分入手,对人参产品市场研究及质量标准进行了简述和探讨,人参皂苷总量和Rb1/Rg1的比例常作为人参产品的标准化指标。同时对人参化学成分分析方法进行了概述,高效液相色谱(HPLC)是分析人参化学成分的首选方法,近年来发展起来的多方法联合应用提高了检测灵敏度和专属性,也简化了分析过程。希望通过此项工作为开发利用人参及其衍生物提供参考。     

人参综合利用药理研究

目的：对人参根与人参芦、人参地上部分茎叶、花的有效成分和药理作用进行比较研究。方法测定人参根与人参芦中总皂苷含量和人参中人参皂苷的含量。结果人参芦、茎、叶、花等含有的皂苷,基本上和根相似。结论开发和利用人参地上部分,对人参的来源和生产提供了行之有效的途径。     

人参和人参皂苷的抗过敏作用

曾有研究显示,某些人参皂苷对大鼠嗜碱性白血病细胞株RBL-2H3有抗过敏作用,但尚未进行详细研究。作者研究了人参、人参皂苷及原人参萜二醇人肠道细菌代谢物20-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-20(S)-原人参萜二醇(K)的抗过敏作用。     

人参的词源学、生药学、产品及市场的现代评价

随着对人参研究的日益深入,人参产品的价值愈加为人们所认识,更多的含人参的药物被开发、应用于临床.一些国家和地区对人参生产、市场及有关法规做出相应的调整或更新.在参阅大量文献的基础上,对近年来有关人参词源学、生药学(包括植物来源、药材性状、化学性质、种属鉴定)、种植与加工对活性成分的影响、国际市场及相关法规等方面研究进行...     

人参皂苷的体内代谢

人参在祖国医学中应用广泛,历史悠久,神农本草经列为上品。有“主补五脏、安精神、止惊悸、除邪气、明目、开心益智”的记述。人参在临床上有重要功能,在很多方剂中列为君药,因而吸引了历代药学家的致力研究。人参及其同属近缘植物,在很多国家也用作民间传统药物,在俄国、美国、日本、英国等也有大量研究。从某种意义上讲人参可以说是中草药的代表之一,是中草药研究工作者不可回避的课题。现在对于人参各组分的化学结构及其药理活性,已有较为详尽的了解。对人参成分的代谢研究也有不断深入,值得提出的是近来发现,人参皂甙在肠内细菌作用下产…     

人参多种化学成分的药理研究

本文主要综述了近几年来有关对人参多种化学成分的药理研究。指出了该植物资源丰富、化学成分多、萃取容易和药理作用广泛等特点,对进一步评价人参的药用价值和开发新药具有重要的指导意义。     

人参皂苷的微生物转化研究进展

研究表明人参稀有皂苷具有很强的生物活性,为获得稀有人参皂苷的各种研究越来越多,而生物转化法制备稀有人参皂苷已成为一条重要途径。本文对产稀有人参皂苷微生物转化的方法最新研究进展进行了简要的综述,并简要展望了人参皂苷生物转化研究的前景。     

6种内生菌对发酵人参茎叶农药残留降解和皂苷转化的影响

目的 研究6种内生菌对人参茎叶中5种农药残留降解和20种皂苷单体转化的影响。方法 在同一培养条件下,通过GC、HPLC分别对6种人参内生芽孢杆菌处理前后人参茎叶中农药残留及人参皂苷含量进行测定,计算6种内生菌对人参茎叶中农药残留率和皂苷转化率,评价内生菌对人参茎叶转化产物质量的影响,优选出降农残和转化皂苷效果好的菌株。结果 6种人参内生菌对人参茎叶中的5种农药残留均有降解作用,其中,多黏类芽孢杆菌对农药残留降解作用最强,氟啶胺、六六六、五氯硝基苯、毒死蜱、滴滴涕的降解率分别为86.90%,88.89%,79.88%,86.12%和86.67%(P<0.05);对20种单体皂苷均有转化作用,其中,赖氨酸芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌转化人参茎叶皂苷作用最强,20种单体皂苷加和值分别为5.84%和5.85%(P<0.05)。结论 6种内生菌对人参茎叶农药残留降解和皂苷转化的影响不同,多黏类芽孢杆菌降解农药残留效果最好,赖氨酸芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌转化人参皂苷效果最好,为提高人参茎叶总皂苷提供理论依据。     

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定人参与人参果中的无机元素

目的：测定人参和人参果中9种无机元素的含量。方法：将人参和人参果粉碎后置于锥形瓶中,分别在电热板上经硝酸-高氯酸（4∶1）消解体系小火加热消解后,采用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定。结果：人参和人参果样品中Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Ca、Mg、Cd、K、Na 9种无机元素含量测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.53%-3.4%,加样回收率分别为90.59%-110.00%和90.00%-114.29%。结论：该方法简单、快速,可用于人参和人参果中9种无机元素含量的测定,为其临床疗效研究提供了实验依据。     

Antiepileptic activity of Panax ginseng against pentylenetetrazole induced kindling in rats

In the present study, Panax ginseng was evaluated for its antiepileptic activity against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced chemical kindling in rats. PTZ was injected at the dose of 30 mg/kg, i.p. on alternate days and the occurrence of generalized tonic clonic convulsions were considered as the end point. One group received Panax ginseng every day, at a dose of 100 mg/kg, 30 min prior to PTZ injection whereas the other group received an equal volume of distilled water to serve as control. In a separate group the rats were evaluated for motor performance tests after Panax ginseng. The rats treated with Panax ginseng showed significant protection as compared to vehicle treated PTZ injected rats. The study suggests to potential of Panax ginseng against seizures.     

西洋参与籽播参的傅里叶变换红外光谱法鉴别

目的 为了建立西洋参与籽播参有效的鉴别方法。方法 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）仪并借助OMNI采样器直接测定了样品的FTIR。结果 西洋参及籽播参外表皮及木质部的傅里叶变换红外光谱吸收差别较大。结论 可以采用FTIR直接测定法鉴别籽播参与西洋参，本法简便、快速、准确，而且不需制备样品。     

Molecular authentication of Panax ginseng and ginseng products using robust SNP markers in ribosomal external transcribed spacer region

Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius are the most widely used Panax species, but they are known to have different properties and medicinal values. The aim of this study is to develop a robust and accurate DNA marker for identifying P. ginseng and the origins of ginseng products. Two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites specific to P. ginseng were exploited from nuclear ribosomal external transcribed spacer (ETS) region. Based on the SNP sites, two specific primers were designed for P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius respectively. P. ginseng can be easily discriminated from P. quinquefolius by amplifying the two specific alleles using multiplex allele-specific PCR. Favorable results can also be obtained from commercial ginseng products. The established method is highly sensitive and can detect 1% of intentional adulteration of P. quinquefolius into P. ginseng down to the 0.1ng level of total DNA. Therefore this study provides a reliable and simple DNA method for authentication of the origins and purities of ginseng products.     

Stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis by the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng root in RAW 264.7 cells.

1. In this study, we investigated the effect of Panax ginseng root aqueous extracts upon inducible nitric oxide synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. Panax ginseng root extract has been used in the Asian world for centuries as a traditional herb to enhance physical strength and resistance and is becoming more and more popular in Europe and North America. 2. Incubation of murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) with increasing amounts of aqueous extracts of Panax ginseng (0.05 - 0.8 microg microl(-1)) showed a dose dependent stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthesis. 3. Polysaccharides isolated from Panax ginseng showed strong stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthesis, whereas a triterpene-enriched fraction from an aqueous extract of Panax ginseng did not show any stimulation. 4. Inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression was enhanced in a dose dependent manner as revealed by immunoblotting when cells were incubated with increasing amounts of Panax ginseng extract. This was associated with an incline in inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA-levels as determined by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction and electromobility shift assay studies indicated enhanced nuclear factor-kappaB DNA binding activity. 5. As nitric oxide plays an important role in immune function, Panax ginseng treatment could modulate several aspects of host defense mechanisms due to stimulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase.     

Identification of Panax species in the herbal medicine preparations using gradient PCR method

In order to identify the existence of Panax species in herbal medicine preparations, the Ginseng specific marker primer was selected and created based on the sequence of Korean ginseng DNA fragment, 359 bp. The gradient PCR was performed on 40 types of the herbal medicines including the 7 types of Araliaceae that are in the same family with the Panax ginseng using the created Ginseng maker primer. As result, Panax notoginseng (Chinese), Panax japonicus (Japanese) and Panax quinquefolius (American), along with Panax ginseng (Korean) were the only ones amplified. However, in the case of Atractylodes lancea, one of the herbal medicines not categorized as Panax species, the DNA was prominently amplified by the Ginseng marker primer. The sequence of the amplified DNA of Atractylodes lancea was identified, resulting in enabling the differentiation from the Panax species by the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) method. In addition, the results of the gradient PCR performed on the herbal medicine preparations that consists of Panax ginseng showed that 290 bp size of the original DNA fragments of Panax ginseng was amplified on the herbal medicine preparations containing Panax ginseng. Therefore, these results suggest a possibility of creating a new testing method for identifying specific herb medicines using the gradient PCR, a molecular biological method not only on Panax ginseng, but also on other herbal medicines and herbal medicine preparations.     

Molecular authentication of Panax ginseng species by RAPD analysis and PCR-RFLP

In order to develop convenient and reproducible methods for the identification of ginseng drugs at a DNA level, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analyses were applied within Panax species. To authenticate Panax ginseng among ginseng populations, RAPD analysis was carried out using a 20 mer-random primer. The similarity coefficients among the DNA of ginseng plants analyzed were low, ranging from 0.197 to 0.491. In addition, by using PCR-RFLP analysis, very different fingerprints were obtained within Korean ginseng plants. These results suggest that these methods are able to authenticate the concerned Panax species. Broader application of this approach to authenticate other morphologically similar medicinal materials is rationalized.     

HPLC 法鉴别西洋参和人参

用ＨＰＬＣ法测定了２４种西洋参根皂苷、５种西洋参茎叶皂苷、７种人参根皂苷、一种人参茎叶皂苷及８种单体皂苷（Ｒｏ，Ｒｅ，Ｒｇ１，Ｒｆ，Ｒｂ１，Ｒｇ２，Ｒｃ，Ｒｂ２）．结果表明，西洋参与人参的明显区别在于：人参含有Ｒｆ及Ｒｇ１；而西洋参不含Ｒｆ及Ｒｇ１     

Protective role of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats

Acrylamide (ACR) is an industrial neurotoxic chemical that has been recently found in carbohydrate-rich foods cooked at high temperatures. ACR was designated as a probable human carcinogen by IARC (1994) and USEPA (1988). Panax ginseng extract has efficacies such as anticancer, antihypertension, antidiabetes and antinociception. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the protective effects of Panax ginseng extract against ACR-induced toxicity in rats. Sixty adult Sprague Dawley female rats were divided into six groups included a control group, a group treated orally with ACR (50 mg kg(-1) body weight; b.w.) for 11 days, a group treated orally with Panax ginseng extract (20 mg kg(-1) b.w.) for 11 days and groups treated orally with Panax ginseng for 11 days before, during or after 11 days of ACR treatment. The results indicated that treatment with ACR alone resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation level and LDH activity in brain homogenate as well as in serum CK activity, whereas it caused a significant decrease in SOD activity and a small but statistically insignificant decrease in Na(+)K(+)-ATPase activity in brain homogenate. Serum serotonin, corticosterone, T3, T4, TSH, estradiol, progesterone and plasma adrenaline were significantly decreased in ACR-treated rats. Treatment with Panax ginseng before, during or after ACR treatment reduced or partially antagonized the effects induced by ACR towards the normal values of controls. It could be concluded that Panax ginseng extract exhibited a protective action against ACR toxicity and it is worth noting that treatment with Panax ginseng extract before or at the same time as ACR treatment was more effective than when administered after ACR treatment.     

主要人参皂甙的分布和比例及人参产品的质量控制

采用反相高效液相色谱法，对１５０多种西洋参、人参及三七的根、叶及其产品进行了分析。以８种主要的人参皂甙Ｒｇ，Ｒｅ，Ｒｆ，Ｒｂ１，Ｒｃ，Ｒｂ２，Ｒｇ２和Ｒｄ作为对照品，来评价人参及其产品的质量，这８种人参皂甙的分布及其比例在对人参及其商品的定性、定量分析方面具有显著的意义。本文首次提出了单体皂甙的含量比率这一有价值的数据在人参品种及不同用药部位鉴定方面的有效性。