Endovascular Treatment of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Single Center Experience

Objective

Treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) remains a challenge. However, after introduction of Onyx, transarterial approach is the preferred treatment option in many centers. We report our experience of dAVFs embolization with special emphasis on transarterial approach.

Methods

Seventeen embolization procedures were performed in 13 patients with dAVFs between Jan 2009 and Oct 2014. Clinical symptoms, location and type of fistulas, embolization methods, complications, radiological and clinical outcomes were evaluated using charts and PACS images.

Results

All 13 patients had symptomatic lesions. The locations of fistulas were transverse-sigmoid sinus in 6, middle fossa dura in 4, cavernous sinus in 2, and superior sagittal sinus in 1 patient. Cognard types were as follows : I in 4, IIa in 2, IIa+IIb in 5, and IV in 2. Embolization procedures were performed ≥2 times in 3 patients. Nine patients were treated with transarterial Onyx embolization alone. One of these required direct surgical puncture of middle meningeal artery. Complete obliteration of fistulas was achieved in 11/13 (85%) patients. There were no complications except for 1 case of Onyx migration in cavernous dAVF. Modified Rankin scale score at post-operative 3 months were 0 in 11, and 3 in 2 patients.

Conclusion

Transarterial Onyx embolization can be a first line therapeutic option in patients with dAVFs. However, transvenous approach should be tried first in cavernous sinus dAVF because of the risk of intracranial migration of liquid embolic materials. Furthermore, combined surgical endovascular approach can be considered as a useful option in inaccessible route.     

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的栓塞治疗

目的探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的有效治疗方法。方法11例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘病人经动脉途径,采用真丝线段或真丝线段加NBCA胶栓塞治疗。其中3例同时经静脉途径采用微弹簧圈(GDC、MDS和游离弹簧圈)或弹簧圈加真丝线段栓塞海绵窦结果本组。11例中有10例临床治愈(症状消失),其中8例解剖治愈(瘘口消失);1例症状明显缓解。结论血管内栓塞是海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘有效安全的治疗方法。     

Occurrence of De Novo Dural Arteriovenous Fistula after Transvenous Embolization of Dural Arteriovenous Fistula : Case Reports of Two Patients

Development of de novo dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) at a different site after resolution of an initial DAVF, is rare. Here we report two cases, which we encountered in our hospital. A 68-year-old woman presented with pulsatile tinnitus on the left side. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a left anterior condylar confluence (ACC) DVAF and she underwent transvenous embolization. Four years after this treatment, she presented with tinnitus on the left side, and cerebral angiography revealed a right DAVF around the sinus of the lesser sphenoid wing. Another 69-year-old woman presented with left-sided orbital bruits, chemosis, and conjunctival hyperemia. Cerebral angiography showed left cavernous sinus (CS) DAVF, for which she underwent transvenous embolization for CS DAVF. One year later, she developed a left ACC and transverse-sigmoid sinus (TSS) DAVF.     

海绵窦区自发性硬脑膜动静脉瘘血管内治疗研究

目的 探讨自发性海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula,CSDAVF)的临床特点及血管内介入栓塞治疗的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2017年9月-2020年1月于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院神经外科收治的经DSA检查确诊为自发性CSDAVF并行介入栓塞治...     

经单侧椎板开窗夹闭硬脊膜动静脉瘘

目的　总结经单侧椎板开窗入路夹闭硬脊膜动静脉瘘的经验。方法　回顾性分析了 5 6例经脊髓MR和脊髓血管造影确诊的硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者经单侧椎板开窗夹闭瘘口的临床资料。结果　 5 4例患者术后行脊髓血管造影复查 ,显示瘘口全部消失。 38例患者术后 6个月行脊髓MR复查 ,显示脊髓周围的血管流空影完全消失 ,T2 像髓内高信号影消失或明显减少。 5 4例患者获随访 ,随访时间 3～ 36个月 ,2 4例症状完全消失 ,2 7例症状改善 ,3例无变化。结论　经单侧椎板开窗夹闭瘘口的手术方法是硬脊膜动静脉瘘的首选治疗方法。     

Use of a Rigid-Tipped Microguidewire for the Endovascular Treatment of Cavernous Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas with an Occluded Inferior Petrosal Sinus

ObjectiveTransvenous embolization (TVE) via an occluded inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) in a cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula (CSDAVF) is challenging, often requiring navigation of a microcatheter through resistive obstacles between the occluded IPS and shunted pouch (SP), although the reopening technique was successfully performed. We report five cases of successful access to the cavernous sinus (CS) or SP using the rigid-tipped microguidewire such as chronic total occlusion (CTO) wire aiming to share our initial experience with this wire. MethodsIn this retrospective study, four patients with CSDAVF underwent five procedures using the CTO wire puncture during transfemoral transvenous coil embolization. Puncture success, shunt occlusion, and complications including any hemorrhage and cranial nerve palsy were evaluated. ResultsDespite successful access through the occluded IPS, further entry into the target area using neurointerventional devices was impossible due to a short-segment stricture before the CS (three cases) and a membranous barrier within the CS (two cases). However, puncturing these structures using the rigid-tipped microguidewire was successful in all cases. We could advance the microcatheter over the rigid-tipped microguidewire for the navigation to the SP and achieved complete occlusion of the SP without complications. ConclusionThe use of the rigid-tipped microguidewire in the TVE via the occluded IPS of the CSDAVF would be feasible and safe.     

经面静脉-眼静脉途径栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨经面静脉-眼静脉途径栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（CSDAVFs）的方法和疗效。方法自2001年4月至2005年9月采用经股静脉-面静脉-眼静脉途径插管，以弹簧圈栓塞治疗CSDAVFs病人9例。结果7例病人导管均成功插入海绵窦，其中6例病人栓塞后完全治愈，另1例病人不全栓塞，但病人突眼、球结膜充血等症状完全好转。1例病人由于术中眼静脉痉挛导致插管失败，术后症状加重，但2个月后眼部症状完全恢复正常。1例病人由于插管失败，改行眼静脉切开穿刺插管成功栓塞。随访4～51个月，9例病人均未复发。结论对于岩下窦插管困难、面静脉和眼静脉扩张明显而无明显迂曲的CSDAVFs病人采取经面静脉-眼静脉栓塞治疗,其疗效较满意。     

Novalis Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

The spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is rare, presenting with progressive, insidious symptoms, and inducing spinal cord ischemia and myelopathy, resulting in severe neurological deficits. If physicians have accurate and enough information about vascular anatomy and hemodynamics, they achieve the good results though the surgery or endovascular embolization. However, when selective spinal angiography is unsuccessful due to neurological deficits, surgery and endovascular embolization might be failed because of inadequate information. We describe a patient with a history of vasospasm during spinal angiography, who was successfully treated by spinal stereotactic radiosurgery using Novalis system.     

27例硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床分析

【摘要】 目的 探讨硬脑膜动静脉瘘（dural arteriovenous fistula,DAVF）的可能危险因素、临床、神经影像特点及治疗策略。 方法 回顾性分析2009年10月～2012年12月期间北京天坛医院神经内科连续收治住院的27例DAVF患者,收集患者的起病方式、危险因素、首发症状、神经影像特点及治疗方式等资料并进行分析。 结果 27例DAVF患者中急性起病13例（48.1％）,其中合并脑出血/蛛网膜下腔出血者10例（37％）,颅内静脉窦血栓形成及高同型半胱氨酸血症者各3例（11.1%）,首发症状为头痛者11例（40.7％）;亚急性起病3例（11.1％）,其中合并颅内静脉窦血栓形成者1例（3.7％）,首发症状为肢体瘫痪/失语者各1例（3.7％）;慢性病程11例（40.7％）,其中合并颅内静脉窦血栓形成、脑出血/蛛网膜下腔出血者各5例（18.5％）,高同型半胱氨酸血症者3例（11.1%）,首发症状为头痛或眼部症状者各5例（18.5％）。其中19例患者行颅脑计算机断层扫描（computed tomography,CT）,3例提示DAVF可能;18例患者行颅脑磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）,7例提示DAVF可能;26例患者完成数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）检查,均被确诊为DAVF。本组患者中动静脉瘘口位置以横窦、乙状窦及海绵窦区最为多见。接受血管内栓塞治疗14例（51.9％）,建议观察或择期血管内栓塞治疗7例（25.9％）,外科手术治疗2例（7.4％）,放弃治疗4例（14.8％）。 结论 不同起病形式的DAVF伴随疾病不同,临床表现多样;DSA具有诊断优势;血管内栓塞可以作为DAVF的有效治疗手段之一。     

硬脊膜动-静脉瘘

硬脊膜动-静脉瘘(SDAVF)是一种常见的脊髓血管畸形,但临床表现常不具有特异性,临床医生对其认识不够,所以患者往往不能得到及时诊断,延误治疗。因此,早期诊断本病非常重要。本文总结了近年对SDAVF的临床特征、影像学表现、诊断和鉴别诊断要点及治疗方法的选择等方面的进展作一介绍。     

Extensive Spinal Cord Infarction after Surgical Interruption of Thoracolumbar Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Presenting with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Nontraumatic intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) attributable to the thoracolumbar dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) has been extremely rare. A 41-year-old male patient was admitted with severe acute headache, neck stiffness, and pronounced low-back pain radiating to both legs. The T2-weighted MR imaging showed irregular signal void and enlarged, varix like pouch formation with spinal cord compression at the T11-12 level. The angiogram revealed a DAVF.We report a DAVF case with SAH that revealed an extensive infarction from C5 to the conus medullaris after undergoing operative treatment.     

Tentorial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Treated Using Transarterial Onyx Embolization

Tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is a rare vascular disease, which has high risk of intracranial hemorrhage. We present two cases of tentorial DAVF which were successfully treated with single trial of transarterial embolization using Onyx. We briefly reviewed the types of the tentorial DAVF and strategies of treatment.     

Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Involving the Anterior Condylar Canal

Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) of the anterior condylar canal is a rare subgroup of posterior fossa DAVF. Successful treatment of this DAVF requires an accurate image diagnosis and the knowledge of the anatomy of the anterior condylar confluent. We present the imaging features of angiography and MR angiography of a 54‐year‐old man, who presented progressive right synchronous tinnitus due to a DAVF of the anterior condylar confluent, successfully treated by transvenous embolization.     

Combined Surgical and Endovascular Management of a Complex Posttraumatic Dural Arteriovenous Fistula of the Tentorium and Straight Sinus

Diagnosis and management of a complex tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) of the straight sinus with vein of Galen aneurysmal dilatation is presented. A 65-year-old woman with remote history of cranial gunshot lapsed into coma after months of progressive neurological decline. Computed tomography brain scan showed cerebellar hemorrhage while arteriography demonstrated a complex arteriovenous fistula of an isolated straight sinus and tentorium with extensive arterial supply. First extracranial then intracranial arterial feeders to the fistula were occluded in separate procedures following initial presentation. Eleven days after presentation, an occipital burr-hole craniotomy was performed, the isolated straight sinus was cannulated under fluoroscopic guidance, and the fistula eradicated with multiple thrombogenic fibered platinum and Gugliemi detachable coils. Staged embolization now represents the standard of care for many complex DAVFs. A multi-disciplinary surgical and endovascular approach is a valuable combination to cure deep lesions with limited surgical or transvascular access.     

Surgical Obliteration in Superior Petrosal Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

Superior petrosal sinus (SPS) dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is one of tentorial DAVFs with significant morbidity, which usually drains into the petrosal vein and its tributaries. Unless there is a connection with venous sinus, surgical obliteration is required. We present two cases of SPS DAVF which were successfully treated with the presigmoid retrolabyrinthine approach.     

Vagal Nerve Palsy After Transarterial Embolization of Transverse-Sigmoid Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Using Onyx

Objective

We report a case of a 70-year-old man who developed a transverse-sigmoid dural arteriovenous fistula (TS-DAVF) that was successfully treated by transarterial embolization (TAE) with Onyx.