自发性低颅压综合征的临床特点和MRI表现

目的:分析自发性低颅压综合征的临床特点和MRI表现.材料和方法:5例SIH患者均行腰穿和MRI检查.结果:5例患者均有特征性体位性头痛症状,腰穿脑脊液压力为98～490Pa(10～50mm H2O),MRI平扫示4例出现脑膜增厚,增强扫描显示双侧额、顶、颞、枕颅板下方及小脑幕脑膜对称性条状增强,1例出现硬膜下出血,2例出现脑下垂,保守治疗后出血吸收,脑下垂表现缓解.结论:综合分析临床表现、腰穿结果和MRI表现可明确诊断.     

自发性低颅压综合征的临床及影像学表现

目的 探讨自发性低颅压综合征(spontaneous intracranial hypotension,SIH)的临床及影像学特征,以提高对本病的认识.方法 回顾性分析35例SIH患者的临床、头部影像学资料.全部患者行头颅CT检查,22例行头颅MRI检查,其中6例行增强检查.结果 所有患者均有体位性头痛,常伴有恶心、呕吐、头晕,偶有颈肩疼痛、脑膜刺 激征阳性,脑脊液(CSF)压力均<70 mmH2O,其中蛋白升高12例,氯化物升高11例,白细胞(WBC)增多5例,红细胞(RBC)增多12例.2例CT表现为蛛网膜下腔出血.MRI检查常见脑下坠(14例)、静脉窦扩张(11例)、硬膜下积液(6例)、硬脑膜强化(5例).结论 体位性头痛是SIH的重要的特征性症状,头部影像学特别是MRI有助于该病的诊断.     

癌性脑膜病3例及文献复习

目的探讨癌性脑膜病的病理机制及临床特点。方法回顾性分析一年内北京军区总医院神经内科收治的3例癌性脑膜病男性患者的临床特点,并通过复习文献,总结癌性脑膜病的病理机制、临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后。结果3例患者均以神经系统症状起病:病例1以头痛发病,3年前曾有胃癌手术史;病例2、3均以复视起病,病例3随后还出现下肢根性刺激痛和尿潴留。入院后检查,病例1未发现胃癌复发或全身转移;病例2、3被发现并确诊为肺癌。3例患者脑脊液改变大致相同:蛋白稍高,糖和氯化物减少。均于3例患者脑脊液中找到癌样细胞(异型细胞、印戒细胞、异型大圆细胞),且脑脊液中多种肿瘤标志物均呈阳性,增强头颅MRI可见脑膜异常强化。3例患者分别于死于脑膜癌病确诊后的第7、47、24天。结论神经症状可为癌性脑膜病的首发或唯一临床表现,对于无明显诱因的进行性神经系统损害,应进行详细的神经病学和肿瘤学检查。     

自发性低颅压综合征脑脊液间隙显像的影像学特征分析

目的 探讨自发性低颅压综合征（SIH）患者放射性核素脑脊液间隙显像（RNC）的影像学特点及其临床意义。 方法 回顾性分析2012年5月至2017年1月福建省立医院收治的19例SIH患者,均经腰椎穿刺脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射99Tcm-DTPA,行多时相脑脊液间隙显像,对99Tcm-DTPA异常分布处加做SPECT/CT断层融合显像及MRI扫描。综合分析RNC的影像学特点。计数资料的组间比较采用 χ 2 检验。 结果 RNC可通过显示脊髓或鼻部脑脊液漏点等直接征象诊断SIH;也可通过观察脑脊液循环过程异常,如：显像剂上升缓慢,难以抵达脑池、大脑凸面、上矢状窦等及膀胱、肾脏早期显像等间接征象诊断SIH。RNC检出脑脊液漏17例。直接脑脊液漏患者12例,其中颈、胸段9例,脑脊液鼻漏2例,大流量脑脊液漏（腰段）患者1例。RNC正常者2例。MRI[阳性率为58.8%（10/17）]与RNC[阳性率为88.2%（15/17）]对SIH低颅压诊断的差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.101,P>0.05）;12例RNC检出漏口的相应部位MRI仅检出1例。 结论 RNC可通过直接或间接征象协助SIH的病因诊断,在脑脊液漏口检出上明显优于MRI,并可反映脑脊液漏的流量,便于个体化治疗,在SIH的诊疗中有重要的应用价值。     

原发性低颅压综合征的MRI表现

目的 探讨原发性低颅压综合征(SIH)的MRI表现.资料与方法 回顾分析8例经临床证实的SIH患者的临床和MRI资料.结果 头颅MRI示硬膜下积液、硬脑膜增厚8例,静脉窦和脑静脉扩张7例,脑下垂2例,垂体增大1例.增强扫描6例均见硬膜均匀性增厚强化.2例脊髓MRI示蛛网膜下腔均匀变窄,硬脊膜外积液.腰穿结果提示8例患者脑脊液压力均<60 mm H2O.结论 MRI能显示SIH的特征性表现,有助于临床诊断.     

脑膜癌病的临床与脑脊液细胞学表现14例报道及文献复习

目的探讨脑膜癌病的脑脊液细胞学特征、影像学表现及临床特点。方法回顾分析14例确诊脑膜癌病患者的临床、影像学及脑脊液细胞学资料。结果 14例患者中男4例,女10例,年龄15～67岁。表现为进行性头痛等颅高压症状及脑膜刺激征阳性者8例,多颅神经及脊神经受损者5例,偏瘫1例,癫痫发作1例。MR增强按脑膜强化的形式分：线型强化9例,混合型强化5例,无单纯结节型强化。影像学还可见脑沟回消失、侧脑室增大、交通性脑积水。脑脊液细胞学查见肿瘤细胞6例。临床及病理确定来源的肺癌11例、淋巴瘤1例、黑色素瘤1例,乳腺癌1例。结论脑膜癌病首发症状多为颅高压症状,结合影像学检查有利于早期诊断,脑脊液细胞学找到肿瘤细胞是确诊的关键。     

结核性脑膜炎73例临床分析

目的探讨结核性脑膜炎的临床特点,以提高对结核性脑膜炎的诊断水平。方法对73例结核性脑膜炎的临床资料,包括分型、分期、脑脊液、CT、MRI及治疗进行回顾性分析。结果73例结核性脑膜炎中以脑膜脑炎型最多,其次为脑炎型;多数在脑膜刺激征期;脑脊液不典型者占20.5%(15/73);CT或MRI检查多数(20/36)显示有脑积水。结论综合分析临床表现、脑脊液、CT或MRI及试验性治疗是提高诊断正确率的有效方法。     

鼻咽癌脑膜侵犯的MRI研究

目的 探讨鼻咽癌脑膜侵犯的途径,MRI表现及其病理基础。方法 搜集25例鼻咽癌脑膜侵犯病例的MRI检查资料,全部病例经平扫加钆喷替酸葡甲胺（Gd-DTPA）增强扫描,9例经手术病理结果与MRI对比分析,1例脑脊液细胞学检查阳性。结果 （1）鼻咽癌侵犯脑膜主要有3条途径：①经颅底自然骨性通道侵犯11例;②经颅底骨侵犯10例;③经血行转移43例。（2）鼻咽癌脑膜侵犯表现为硬膜型24例,柔脑模型1例。（3）MRI表现为大片状脑膜增厚,可呈“花边状”、结节状甚至肿块形成,增强后有明显的对比增强,脉络膜转移1例,表现为侧脑室增大,室管膜下结节及条片状增厚的转移灶。结论 MRI为鼻咽癌脑膜侵犯的重要检查方法,增强扫描对显示病灶的部位、范围有重要意义。     

非脑膜瘤所致脑膜异常强化的MRI研究

目的分析不同脑膜病变(不包括脑膜瘤导致的脑膜改变)MRI表现,探讨MRI对不同病因所致脑膜异常强化的诊断及鉴别诊断。方法资料完整的脑膜病变28例,MRI常规扫描后均加增强扫描(Gd-DTPA0.1mmol/kg)。对显示脑膜异常强化的病例进行回顾性分析。结果有7例MRI平扫显示脑膜有异常表现,增强扫描28例均有异常表现。按脑膜主要异常强化方式可以分为:硬脑膜-蛛网膜强化10例,软脑膜-蛛网膜强化15例,全脑膜强化3例。按病因不同分为:感染性脑膜炎8例,脑膜转移瘤12例,脑梗死2例,开颅术6例。结论不同脑膜病变MRI上表现形式不同,特别是MRI增强扫描。MRI检查有助于明确脑膜病变。全面分析MRI表现并结合临床对鉴别不同病因的脑膜病变具有重要作用。     

系统性恶性肿瘤所致脑膜癌病的磁共振成像表现

目的 探讨脑膜癌病的MRI表现特点,提高对脑膜癌病的影像学认识和诊断水平。方法 经确诊的脑膜癌病11例,MR常规扫描后均行钆喷替酸葡甲胺（Gd－DTPA）增强扫描,对其增强特点及病变类型进行回顾性分析。结果 MR平扫均未见脑膜异常信号。增强扫描后9例显示软脑膜异常增强,表现为脑表面连续的、可延伸至脑沟内的细线状高信号,累及范围包括小脑、脑干及大脑表面,但未见明确的蛛网膜下腔异常增强。3例显示硬脑膜－蛛网膜异常增强,表现为大脑凸面,其中1例同时累及小脑凸 面和小脑幕。9例累及软脑膜者脑脊液均为异常,2例仅累及硬脑膜－蛛网膜者脑脊液均为正常。结论 MR增强扫描能很好地显示脑膜癌病,根据增强特点可以区分脑膜癌 病的类型,结合临床对脑膜癌病能作出诊断并指导治疗。     

Post-dural puncture pseudomeningocele (“arachnoid bleb”): An underrecognized etiology of spontaneous intracranial hypotension symptomatology

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an important secondary cause of a persistent headache syndrome, classically presenting as sudden onset debilitating positional headaches related to reduced intracranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. Current understanding of SIH pathogenesis recognizes three underlying etiologies: dural tear, meningeal diverticulum, and CSF-venous fistula, with a fourth broad category of indeterminate/unknown etiologies. Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is a well-known and common complication of dural puncture, typically remitting spontaneously within two weeks of onset or with autologous epidural blood patch, though with some patients developing complex and difficult to manage chronic PDPH. Herein, we present a case of chronic PDPH resulting in SIH symptomatology secondary to a post-dural puncture pseudomeningocele, or “arachnoid bleb,” successfully treated with curative surgical intervention. Increasing awareness of additional potential etiologies of SIH symptomatology will allow for improved detection for targeted definitive therapy, ultimately improving patient outcomes including quality of life in this debilitating and difficult to manage secondary headache syndrome.     

Neuroimaging features of spontaneous intracranial hypotension

We reviewed the cranial MRI and radionuclide cisternograms of four adults with postural headache indicating spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). All four underwent clinical and radiological follow-up. MRI showed diffuse, thin meningeal enhancement; bilateral subdural fluid collections; and morphological abnormalities secondary to “sagging” of the brain. Radionuclide cisternography revealed direct or indirect signs of leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) along the spinal axis, and the symptoms resolved after the leak treated by epidural injection of blood at a level indicated by the cisternogram. The diffuse meningeal enhancement decreased but persisted on follow-up MRI, although the patients were asymptomatic. All morphologic abnormalities resolved during 3–5 months follow-up. Received: 24 August 1998 Accepted: 27 April 1999     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: clinical and neuroimaging findings in six cases with literature review

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an uncommon but increasingly recognized syndrome. Orthostatic headache with typical findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the key to diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis of this condition may subject patients to unnecessary procedures and prolong morbidity. We describe six patients with SIH and outline the important clinical and neuroimaging findings. They were all relatively young, 20-54 years old, with clearly orthostatic headache, minimal neurological signs (only abducent nerve paresis in two) and diffuse pachymeningeal gadolinium enhancement on brain MRI, while two of them presented subdural hygromas. Spinal MRI was helpful in detecting a cervical cerebrospinal fluid leak in three patients and dilatation of the vertebral venous plexus with extradural fluid collection in another. Conservative management resulted in rapid resolution of symptoms in five patients (10 days-3 weeks) and in one who developed cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, the condition resolved in 2 months. However, this rapid clinical improvement was not accompanied by an analogous regression of the brain MR findings that persisted on a longer follow-up. Along with recent literature data, our patients further point out that SIH, to be correctly diagnosed, necessitates increased alertness by the attending physician, in the evaluation of headaches.     

Reversal in the Diameter of the Superior Ophthalmic Vein after an Epidural Blood Patch in a Case of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is caused by single or multiple cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks in the spine with the prototypical symptom of postural headache. One of the characteristic MRI features in SIH is intracranial venous engorgement. This report presents a case of SIH with engorgement of the bilateral superior ophthalmic veins (SOVs) which resume their normal diameters by the third day of successful epidural blood patches (EBPs). We define this phenomenon as the "reversal of the SOV" sign.     

Is early bladder activity in radionuclide cisternography an indirect sign of spontaneous intracranial hypotension or sequence of lumbar puncture?

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is characterized by severe postural headache and low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. Radionuclide cisternography (RC) is of some value in diagnosing CSF leakage causing SIH. However, the sensitivity of RC is too low to demonstrate the site of leakage. In these cases, the early appearance of the radioactivity in the urinary bladder has also been used as an indirect finding in the diagnosis of SIH. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of early urinary bladder activity as an indirect sign of SIH. We investigated early bladder activity in 21 patients with suspicion of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Of the 21 subjects, 13 (62%) showed early bladder activity. We demonstrated that early bladder activity is observed in patients without CSF leakage such as normal pressure hydrocephalus. Therefore, this indirect finding of RC is not a reliable finding in diagnosing SIH.     

MR findings of spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Purpose:
To present the MR features of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) and to discuss the correlation of MR features with clinical manifestations. Material and Methods:
Between 1997 and 2000, 15 patients with SIH underwent brain MR investigation. Lumbar puncture for the measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure was performed in 6 patients. Follow-up MR was obtained in 8 patients after the clinical symptoms had improved. We analyzed the MR findings of SIH, and discuss them in relation to CSF pressure and clinical manifestations. Results:
Fourteen of the 15 patients with SIH had abnormal MR findings. The imaging findings included: diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement in 13 patients; descent of the brain in 6 patients; and subdural effusion/hematoma in 2 patients. Low CSF pressure was shown at lumbar puncture in 5 out of 6 patients. Follow-up MR examination in the symptoms-relieved status demonstrated a recovery of the abnormal MR findings in 6 of 8 patients. Conclusion:
Our data revealed that MR is sensitive in diagnosing SIH. The presence of characteristic clinical manifestations and MR features are virtually diagnostic for SIH syndrome. Invasive lumbar puncture is thus reserved for the equivocal cases.     

Detection of cerebrospinal fluid leakage in intracranial hypotension with radionuclide cisternography and blood activity monitoring

Radionuclide cisternography is an indispensable examination to detect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage in patients suspected of having spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). However, it sometimes fails to demonstrate the site of CSF leakage, and in such cases, early bladder visualization is utilized for the diagnosis of SIH as an indirect finding. The aim of this work is to improve the diagnostic ability of radionuclide cisternography and to reevaluate the reliability of early bladder visualization as an indirect finding of CSF leakage. METHODS: We obtained serial images during the first hour after injection as well as the following time points in 4 patients with SIH and 5 with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) as a control. We also performed blood sampling over time to measure blood radioactivity concentrations. RESULTS: All 4 patients with SIH demonstrated leakage, 2 of 4 within one hour after injection. Bladder visualization was observed falsely in 4 of 5 patients with NPH, considered to be the result of a lumbar puncture complication. In this false bladder visualization, blood radioactivity showed a more rapid raise and fall than in CSF leakage of SIH. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of radionuclide cisternography, including early time points and blood sampling, may enable accurate diagnosis of SIH.     

Intracranial hypotension due to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid: could myelography be a therapeutic option?

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an uncommon condition caused by cerebrospinal fluid leakage. We report of a 29-year-old woman with typical symptoms in whom initial cranial MRI and CT were normal . A clinical diagnosis of SIH, but the symptoms did not resolve with conservative therapy or a lumbar epidural blood patch. Repeat MRI revealed (indirect) findings consistent with SIH but failed to directly demonstrate a cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Subsequent CT myelography revealed leakage of contrast medium into the epidural space bilaterally along the nerve roots at C3–7. Following the myelography the patient reported dramatic clinical improvement with complete resolution of symptoms. The adhesive quality of the myelographic contrast medium might have precipitated closure of the meningeal tears. Myelography may be not only of diagnostic value but also therapeutic in SIH.     

Spinal radiological findings in nine patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) are well known, while spinal studies have received less attention. Radiological spinal findings in nine patients with SIH are presented, looking for possible characteristic features. Five of the nine patients had histories of previous minor trauma, one of previous surgery; in three patients possible relevant preceding events were completely absent. All nine patients had cervical, seven thoracic, and four lumbar spine MRI studies; post-contrast studies were obtained in seven cases, MRI myelograms in five. Radioisotope myelocisternography was performed in four patients and myelo-CT in four. Epidural fluid collections were found in seven patients. In six cases the dural sac had collapsed, with a festooned appearance; intense epidural enhancement on post-contrast studies demonstrated marked dilatation of the epidural venous plexus. In three cases an irregular root sleeve suggested a possible point of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Myelo-CT demonstrated the CSF fistula in two cases, radioisotope myelocisternography in three. The pattern of spinal abnormalities is different from that seen in cranial MRI for anatomical reasons: in the spinal canal the dura is not adherent to the bone; therefore, collapse of the dural sac and dilatation of epidural venous plexus occur, rather than subdural hematomas. In most cases the search for the dural tear is difficult. Radioisotope cisternography is probably the most sensitive examination for documenting the leakage of CSF out of the subarachnoid space; myelo-CT may precisely demonstrate the point of the CSF fistula, whereas MRI may only suggest it.