Postoperative complications and mortality in older patients having non-cardiac surgery at three Melbourne teaching hospitals

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of postoperative complications, including 30-day mortality rate, and need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in older patients after non-cardiac surgery. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective observational study of all patients aged 70 years or older having elective and non-elective, non-cardiac surgery, and staying at least 1 night after surgery in one of three Melbourne teaching hospitals, June to September 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative complications and 30-day mortality rate. RESULTS: 1102 consecutive patients were audited in mid 2004; 70% had pre-existing comorbidities. The 30-day mortality rate was 6%; 19% had postoperative complications; and 20% of patients spent at least 1 night in ICU. On multivariate analysis, preoperative factors associated with 30-day mortality included age (odds ratio [OR], 1.09 per year over 70 years; 95% CI, 1.04-1.13; P < 0.001); increasing severity of systemic disease (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification) (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.65-3.86; P < 0.001); and albumin level < 30 g/L (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.09-4.57; P = 0.03). Postoperative factors associated with 30-day mortality were unplanned ICU admission (OR, 3.95; 95% CI, 1.63-9.55; P = 0.003); sepsis (OR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.17-6.47; P = 0.02); and acute renal impairment (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.06-5.41; P = 0.04). Thoracic surgery was the only surgical specialty significantly associated with mortality (OR, 3.96; 95% CI, 1.44-9.10; P = 0.008) in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Older patients having surgery had high rates of comorbidities and postoperative complications, placing considerable demands on critical care services. Patient factors were often stronger predictors of mortality than the type of surgery.     

Total arterial revascularisation as a primary strategy for coronary artery bypass grafting

Background: Bilateral internal thoracic arteries confer improved survival benefit after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Despite increasing evidence, the use of arterial conduits has not been accepted as a primary practice in most of the centres in the UK for various reasons. A series of patients has been analysed to assess the feasibility of total arterial revascularisation as a primary strategy in patients requiring first time CABG. Methods: Altogether 245 patients undergoing first time CABG by one surgeon, from June 1999 to October 2000, were studied. Group 1 consisted of 165 patients undergoing total arterial revascularisation (using bilateral internal thoracic and radial arteries) and group 2 consisted of 80 patients undergoing conventional CABG (using one internal thoracic artery and supplemental veins). Thirty day mortality and early morbidity with particular reference to resternotomy for bleeding, cerebrovascular accidents, renal failure, and sternal dehiscence were the main outcome measures. Results: Patients in group 1 were younger (mean (SD) 60 (10) v 65 (9) years; p<0.001), had lower Parsonnet scores (mean (SD) 5 (5) v 11 (7); p<0.001), and better left ventricular function. Both groups received a similar number of grafts. The percentage of patients undergoing total arterial revascularisation rose from 44% in the first three months to over 75% in the three latter three month periods. Overall 30 day mortality was 1.3%, one patient (0.6%) in group 1 and two patients (2.5%) in group 2. There was a similar incidence of postoperative complications and length of median postoperative stay in both groups. Conclusion: Total arterial revascularisation can be adopted as a primary strategy in most patients undergoing CABG with no increase in mortality or morbidity.     

Preoperative beta-blocker use and mortality and morbidity following CABG surgery in North America

CONTEXT: beta-Blockade therapy has recently been shown to convey a survival benefit in preoperative noncardiac vascular surgical settings. The effect of preoperative beta-blocker therapy on coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) outcomes has not been assessed. OBJECTIVES: To examine patterns of use of preoperative beta-blockers in patients undergoing isolated CABG and to determine whether use of beta-blockers is associated with lower operative mortality and morbidity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Observational study using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Adult Cardiac Surgery Database (NCD) to assess beta-blocker use and outcomes among 629 877 patients undergoing isolated CABG between 1996 and 1999 at 497 US and Canadian sites. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Influence of beta-blockers on operative mortality, examined using both direct risk adjustment and a matched-pairs analysis based on propensity for preoperative beta-blocker therapy. RESULTS: From 1996 to 1999, overall use of preoperative beta-blockers increased from 50% to 60% in the NCD (P<.001 for time trend). Major predictors of use included recent myocardial infarction; hypertension; worse angina; younger age; better left ventricular systolic function; and absence of congestive heart failure, chronic lung disease, and diabetes. Patients who received beta-blockers had lower mortality than those who did not (unadjusted 30-day mortality, 2.8% vs 3.4%; odds ratio [OR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.82). Preoperative beta-blocker use remained associated with slightly lower mortality after adjusting for patient risk and center effects using both risk adjustment (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.97) and treatment propensity matching (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93-1.00). Procedural complications also tended to be lower among treated patients. This treatment advantage was seen among the majority of patient subgroups, including women; elderly persons; and those with chronic lung disease, diabetes, or moderately depressed ventricular function. Among patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 30%, however, preoperative beta-blocker therapy was associated with a trend toward a higher mortality rate (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.96-1.33; P =.23). CONCLUSIONS: In this large North American observational analysis, preoperative beta-blocker therapy was associated with a small but consistent survival benefit for patients undergoing CABG, except among patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 30%. This analysis further suggests that preoperative beta-blocker therapy may be a useful process measure for CABG quality improvement assessment.     

既往经皮冠状动脉介入治疗对冠状动脉旁路手术结局的影响

目的:分析既往行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)在患者行冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)时对手术结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析中国人民解放总医院2002年-2010年共117名有既往PCI史患者与既往无PCI史患者1 189例行首次CABG的资料,在住院病死率、主要心血管事件方面进行对比。结果:本组共1 306例患者,平均年龄(63±9.72)岁。既往1次PCI史患者99例,既往2次以上PCI史的患者18例。既往有PCI史的患者年龄较小,近期心肌梗死(心梗)较少,与CABG间隔(13.39±13.81)月;冠状动脉造影资料提示既往有PCI的患者左主干及3支病变较少。2组患者在术后心梗、再次开胸止血、术后中风、术后肾衰方面没有明显差别,主要心脏不良事件(Mace事件)两组之间无明显差别(2.6%vs 1.1%,P=0.167),术后住院死亡率2组亦无明显差别(1.7%vs 0.5%,P=0.156)。结论:既往PCI与患者行首次CABG的风险之间无明显相关性,既往PCI患者行CABG可以获得很好的结果。     

24-hour in-hospital mortality predictions in coronary artery bypass grafting patients

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that can help predict risk of mortality in the first 24 h of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), because mortality within a few hours of surgery is a disastrous event for surgeons and the patient's family. METHODS: The study population consisted of 120 in-hospital mortality cases (1.07%) from 11,183 patients who underwent CABG from February 2002 to February 2006 by the same group of surgeons in a referral center. One group consisted of 40/120 (about 33.3%) patients who died during the first 24 h after surgery. The second group consisted of 80/120 patients (66.7%) who died between the 2(nd) and 30(th) day postoperatively. A set of data was gathered from the surgery database of the hospital and analyzed in a univariate model. RESULTS: Among the studied variables, only the following factors proved to be significant: previous percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), previous cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP) time, and postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) (p 相似文献   

Coronary artery bypass grafting in Canada: national and provincial mortality trends, 1992-1995

BACKGROUND: Despite a body of research on outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Canada, little is known about Canada-wide outcome trends and interregional differences in outcome. The objectives of this study were to examine Canadian trends in rates of in-hospital death after CABG and to compare provincial risk-adjusted death rates. METHODS: Hospital discharge data were obtained from the Canadian Institute for Health Information and were used to identify complete cohorts of patients who underwent CABG in 8 provinces in fiscal years 1992/93 through 1995/96. Data from Quebec hospitals were not available. A logistic regression model was used to calculate risk-adjusted death rates by year, province, and province and year. RESULTS: A total of 50,357 CABG cases were studied, with an overall death rate of 3.6%. A national trend of decreasing mortality was found, with a risk-adjusted death rate of 3.8% in 1992/93 versus 3.2% in 1995/96 (relative decrease of 17%) (p < 0.001 for difference across years). Some provinces (e.g., Alberta, Manitoba and Ontario) achieved overall declines in death rates over the study period, whereas others (e.g., British Columbia and Saskatchewan) did not. The average severity of illness of patients who underwent CABG differed considerably across provinces. Despite risk adjustment for these differences, provincial death rates varied significantly (p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION: Rates of death after CABG in Canada decreased significantly in a relatively short period. Despite this encouraging finding, there were interprovincial differences in severity of illness and risk-adjusted death rates. This finding raises the possibility of unequal access to CABG and variable quality of care for patients undergoing the surgery across Canadian provinces.     

Health-related quality of life as a predictor of mortality following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Participants of the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Processes, Structures, and Outcomes of Care in Cardiac Surgery

CONTEXT: Health-related quality of life has not been evaluated as a predictor of mortality following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Evaluation of health status as a mortality predictor may be useful for preoperative risk stratification. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the Physical and Mental Component Summary scores from the preoperative Short-Form 36 (SF-36) health status survey predict mortality following CABG surgery after adjustment for known clinical risk variables. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study conducted between September 1992 and December 1996. SETTING: Fourteen Veterans Affairs hospitals. PATIENTS: Of the 3956 patients undergoing CABG surgery only and who were enrolled in the Processes, Structures, and Outcomes of Care in Cardiac Surgery study, the 2480 who completed a preoperative SF-36. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: All-cause mortality within 180 days after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 117 deaths (4.7%) occurred within 180 days of CABG surgery. The Physical Component Summary of the preoperative SF-36 was a statistically significant risk factor for 6-month mortality after adjustment for known clinical risk factors for mortality following CABG surgery. In multivariate analysis, a 10-point lower SF-36 Physical Component Summary score had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.77; P=.006) for predicting mortality. The SF-36 Mental Component Summary score was not associated with 6-month mortality in multivariate analyses (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.92-1.29; P=.31). CONCLUSIONS: The Physical Component Summary score from the preoperative SF-36 is an independent risk factor for mortality following CABG surgery. The baseline Mental Component Summary score does not appear to be predictive of mortality. Preoperative patient self-report of the physical component of health status may be helpful for risk stratification and clinical decision making for patients undergoing CABG surgery.     

腹部大手术后首次动脉血乳酸浓度对患者并发症的预测价值

目的 探讨腹部大手术后动脉血乳酸浓度与术后并发症的关系.方法 对139例腹部大手术患者收集如下资料:性别、年龄、术式、生理学和手术侵袭度评分(POSSUM)、术后24 h内简化急性生理评分(SAPS)Ⅱ、术后早期首次实验室指标包括血红蛋白浓度、血肌酐、电解质、动脉血气指标pH、碱缺、PaO2/FiO2、乳酸浓度及术后各种并发症.比较术后有、无并发症的两组患者资料,采用多元Logistic回归分析独立预测术后并发症的因素.结果 47例(34%)发生各种术后并发症.并发症组动脉乳酸值显著高于对照组(P<0.01).Logistic回归结果显示,乳酸水平(OR=1.81,95%CI:1.14～2.89,P<0.05)和SAPSⅡ评分(OR=1.14,95%CI:1.08～1.21,P<0.01)是预测术后并发症的两个独立因素.结论 腹部大手术后首次动脉血乳酸水平与患者预后密切相关,可独立预测术后并发症.     

Atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery is associated with adverse outcome

Abstract

Background: The aim was to determine the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Methods: All patients undergoing CABG between January 2010 and June 2013 were identified in the Swedish Heart Surgery Registry. Outcomes studied were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, ischemic stroke, and recurrent AF. Patients with history of AF prior to surgery (preoperative AF) and patients without history of AF but with AF episodes post-surgery (postoperative AF) were compared to patients with no AF using adjusted Cox regression models.

Results: Among 9,107 identified patients, 8.1% (n?=?737) had preoperative AF, and 25.1% (n?=?2,290) had postoperative AF. Median follow-up was 2.2?years. Compared to no AF, preoperative AF was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality, adjusted hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval (HR) 1.76 (1.33–2.33); cardiovascular mortality, HR 2.43 (1.68–3.50); and congestive heart failure, HR 2.21 (1.72–2.84). Postoperative AF was associated with risk of all-cause mortality, HR 1.27 (1.01–1.60); cardiovascular mortality, HR 1.52 (1.10–2.11); congestive heart failure, HR 1.47 (1.18–1.83); and recurrent AF, HR 4.38 (2.46–7.78). No significant association was observed between pre- or postoperative AF and risk for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.

Conclusions: Approximately 1 in 3 patients undergoing CABG had pre- or postoperative AF. Patients with pre- or postoperative AF were at higher risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and congestive heart failure, but not of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. Postoperative AF was associated with higher risk of recurrent AF.     

Is the use of cardiopulmonary bypass for isolated coronary artery bypass an independent predictor of mortality and morbidity in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction?

Background Patients presenting with severe left ventricular dysfunction （SLVD） undergoing conventional coronary artery bypass grafting （CCABG） are at an increased risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors responsible for mortality and morbidity among patients with SLVD by comparing CCABG and oft-pump coronary artery bypass surgery （OPCAB）.
Methods We retrospectively evaluated 186 consecutive patients with SLVD who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting （CABG）, including 102 by CCABG and 84 by OPCAB. Registry database, medical notes, and charts were studied for preoperative and postoperative data of the patients. Different variables and risk factors （preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative） were evaluated and compared. The morbidity and mortality outcomes were compared in the two groups. The follow-up results and quality of life were assessed after surgery.
Results The two groups had similar percentage of patients with preoperative high-risk profiles and no significant differences were found between groups in baseline variables such as age or comorbidities. There was a significant difference in the number of grafts used between the two groups. CCABG patients received （3.6±0.5） grafts per patient, while OPCAB patients had （2.7±0.6） grafts （P 〈0.05）. Completeness of revascularization was also significantly different between the two groups （CCABG 91.1% vs OPCAB 73.8%, P 〈0.05）. The hospital mortality was similar in the two groups （4.8% in OPCAB vs 5.9% in CCABG）. The risk-adjusted mortality, according to the calculated propensity score, did not reach statistical significance in the two groups. In this study, OPCAB seemed to have a beneficial effect on reducing reoperation for bleeding, blood transfusion requirement, and the length of stay at ICU. But the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction was more common in the off-pump group （P 〈0.05）. The degree of improvement in angina and qual     

Obesity and early complications after cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of obesity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve surgery, or both procedures, and its association with postoperative outcomes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis of data, collected by the Australasian Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons Victorian Cardiac Surgery Database Project, on patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve surgery, or both procedures, between 1 June 2001 and 31 January 2006. PARTICIPANTS: 11 736 patients divided into four groups: underweight (body mass index [BMI], < 20), normal weight (BMI, 20-30), obese (BMI, > 30 to < 40), and morbidly obese (BMI, >/= 40). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of obesity (compared with the age- and sex-matched adult Australian population); associations between obesity and morbid obesity in cardiac patients and adverse postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: 30.4% of patients had a BMI > 30 (28.6% obese, 1.8% morbidly obese) compared with an expected prevalence of 21.2%. Morbid obesity was associated with prolonged ventilation (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6-3.7), readmission to intensive care (adjusted OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.1), and length of stay > 14 days (adjusted OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4-3.3). Both obesity and morbid obesity were associated with renal failure (adjusted ORs, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.1-1.7] and 2.9 [95% CI, 1.7-4.9], respectively) and deep sternal wound infection (adjusted ORs, 2.4 [95% CI, 1.5-3.8] and 7.2 [95% CI, 2.8-18.7], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is 1.4 times more prevalent in patients having coronary artery bypass grafting or heart valve surgery in Victoria compared with the general adult Australian population. Both obesity and morbid obesity are associated with early morbidity, but not mortality, after operation.     

Characteristics and outcomes of patients who "did not wait" after attending Perth public hospital emergency departments, 2000-2003

OBJECTIVE: To determine characteristics and outcomes of patients who did not wait to see a doctor in emergency departments (EDs). DESIGN AND SETTING: Population-based outcome study using probabilistically linked ED and Western Australian death records, with ED records from all seven Perth public hospitals that have EDs from 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2003. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of "did not wait" (DNW) presentations, overall and for individual hospitals; characteristics of DNW patients; mortality rates among DNW patients at 2, 7 and 30 days. RESULTS: DNW rates varied from 2.6% to 6.3% (average, 4.1%) and were generally lower in tertiary teaching hospitals. DNW patients had conditions of lower urgency, predominantly Australasian Triage Scale category 4 (67.1%) and 5 (23.4%). The DNW rates in these categories were 5.8% and 10.6%, respectively (P < 0.001). Patients referred by health care providers had lower DNW rates (0.5%; P < 0.001). DNW patients were more frequently male (4.4% v 3.8%; P < 0.001), and young to middle-aged adults (15-44 years; 5.8%; P < 0.001). Patients with a higher than average DNW rate were more likely to arrive by private transport (5.0%; P < 0.001) or with police (5.8%; P < 0.001), re-present for review (8.6%; P < 0.001) or have social or behavioural problems (7.7%; P < 0.001). Most patients (91.9%) did not wait on only one occasion. The 30-day mortality rate among DNW patients was significantly lower than for patients seen by a doctor and discharged (0.14 v 0.20%; P = 0.026), and for all patients seen in the ED (1.28%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who did not wait for medical assessment in Perth EDs had conditions of lower acuity and had lower mortality rates than those who waited for assessment.     

80岁以上高龄患者冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的探讨80岁以上高龄患者冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床效果和围术期管理特点。方法 24例80岁以上患者单纯行冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）,其中体外循环下2例,非体外循环下22例,胸骨下端小切口2例,应用主动脉近端吻合器5例。结果死亡2例,死亡率8.33%。术后低心排出量3例,心房纤颤9例,低氧血症2例,急性肾功能损伤2例,术后出现精神症状3例,胸部切口感染1例,以上均经治疗后痊愈出院。呼吸机辅助时间（11.3±8.6）h。应用主动脉内球囊反搏2例。住ICU时间（3.15±1.74）d,术后住院时间（18.47±5.32）d。生存患者随访3～37个月,1例死亡,17例患者心绞痛消失,占77.3%,心功能Ⅱ级。结论根据高龄病人的特点,采取适当的术前准备,手术方案和术后管理,80岁以上患者行CABG的临床结果可以接受。     

Preoperative hematocrit levels and postoperative outcomes in older patients undergoing noncardiac surgery

Context  Elderly patients are at high risk of both abnormal hematocrit values and cardiovascular complications of noncardiac surgery. Despite nearly universal screening of patients for abnormal preoperative hematocrit levels, limited evidence demonstrates the adverse effects of preoperative anemia or polycythemia. Objective  To evaluate the prevalence of preoperative anemia and polycythemia and their effects on 30-day postoperative outcomes in elderly veterans undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Design  Retrospective cohort study using the VA National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Based on preoperative hematocrit levels, we stratified patients into standard categories of anemia (hematocrit <39.0%), normal hematocrit (39.0%-53.9%), and polycythemia (hematocrit 54%). We then estimated increases in 30-day postoperative cardiac event and mortality risks in relation to each hematocrit point deviation from the normal category. Setting and Patients  A total of 310 311 veterans aged 65 years or older who underwent major noncardiac surgery between 1997 and 2004 in 132 Veterans' Affairs medical centers across the United States. Main Outcome Measures  The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality; a secondary outcome measure was composite 30-day postoperative mortality or cardiac events (cardiac arrest or Q-wave myocardial infarction). Results  Thirty-day mortality and cardiac event rates increased monotonically, with either positive or negative deviations from normal hematocrit levels. We found a 1.6% (95% confidence interval, 1.1%-2.2%) increase in 30-day postoperative mortality associated with every percentage-point increase or decrease in the hematocrit value from the normal range. Additional analyses suggest that the adjusted risk of 30-day postoperative mortality and cardiac morbidity begins to rise when hematocrit levels decrease to less than 39% or exceed 51%. Conclusions  Even mild degrees of preoperative anemia or polycythemia were associated with an increased risk of 30-day postoperative mortality and cardiac events in older, mostly male veterans undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Future studies should determine whether these findings are reproducible in other populations and if preoperative management of anemia or polycythemia decreases the risk of postoperative mortality.      

Aspects of survival from colorectal cancer in Denmark

This thesis has reported survival among Danish colorectal cancer patients over the past decades and it has explored different aspects of the inferior short-term and long-term survival of Danish patients in relation to (i) patient factors: old age and comorbidity; (ii) disease factors: prognostic factors for early death after emergency surgery; (iii) diagnostic factors: impact of diagnostic delay; (iv) treatment factors: seasonal variation in postoperative mortality and the benefit of a new approach for management of obstructive cancer; and (v) structural factors: hospital volume and surgeon characteristics. Short-term survival. For colonic cancer, the 30-day relative survival rose from 86% in 1977-1982 to 90% in 1995-1999, and for rectal cancer it rose from 90% to 94% (I). Data from regional hospital discharge registries show that the overall 30-day mortality rates of colonic and rectal cancer remained stable at about 11% and 4-5%, respectively, during 1985-2004 (II). Stratifying for urgency of surgery, but not for tumour site, the 30-day mortality rate was 6.2% after elective surgery and 22.1% after emergency surgery in the period 2001-2008 according to DCCG data (17). Nevertheless, the 30-day mortality was about twice as high in Denmark as in Norway, Sweden and Scotland, even if the data for these countries are older than the Danish data. Mortality rates after palliative surgery are three times higher than the rates following curative surgery (115). The stage distribution at the time of diagnosis is more unfavourable in Denmark than in the other Nordic countries (114). Comparison of survival among countries is, however, encumbered by several methodological issues related to completeness, and data quality of cancer registries, among others, biases the survival estimates. Like most western populations, the Danish population is ageing and the proportion of elderly colorectal cancer patients aged >75 years has therefore risen from 37% in 1977-1982 to 42% in 1995-1999 (III). Disparity in cancer treatment between elderly and younger patients exists on a number of counts, e.g., the former's curative resection rate is lower, their emergency presentation rate is higher and they are moreover more likely to present with later-stage disease than are younger patients. However, in Denmark the curative resection rate among elderly patients aged >75 years rose from 36% in 1977-1982 to 49% in 1995-1999 (III). This trend was paralleled by an increase in 30-day and 6-month relative survival. Patients aged >70 years have a 30-day mortality rate of 13.1%, but their younger counterparts' mortality rate is only 3.5% (17). A mortality rate at least two to three times higher among the elderly than among younger patients has been reported repeatedly in various populations (95,96,116,127,128,130,131,135,136,144,145). In Denmark there is an inverse relationship between the comorbidity level and the resection rate in colorectal cancer. In the period 1995-2006, surgical treatment of patients with colonic cancer and severe comorbidity became progressively more aggressive, whereas surgical treatment of patients with rectal cancer apparently became more cautious or differentiated (VI). Nevertheless, the overall 30-day mortality rate after resectional surgery remained stable at about 8% in colonic cancer and at about 6% in rectal cancer. Almost every fourth patient had severe comorbidity as determined by an ASA of III or more and their 30-day mortality rate was at least 18% in 2001-2008. Any reduction in their short-term mortality will therefore have a substantial impact on the overall mortality rate. Despite the impact of comorbidity on postoperative mortality, the distinct seasonal variation seen in mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, with excess mortality in the winter months, has not been observed in postoperative mortality from colorectal cancer (VII). Postoperative mortality from colonic cancer was non-significantly higher in July than in other months of the year (VII). Evidence reveals a volume-outcome relationship regarding postoperative mortality in colonic cancer (IV) and the most recent literature suggests that it probably also is so in rectal cancer. However, volume may be a surrogate marker or proxy for other important structural factors such as quality and capacity of intensive care units, the availability of other clinical services like cardiac care units, multiple medical specialties, multidisciplinary infrastructure and nurse staffing, etc. Postoperative mortality after emergency surgery for colonic cancer was as high as 22% in 2001-2005 and mortality was significantly associated with the postoperative course. Patients developing medical complications had a mortality rate of 57.8%. Independent risk factors for death within 30 days after surgery were age ≥ 71 years, male gender, ASA grade ≥ III, palliative outcome, free or iatrogenic tumour perforation, splenectomy, intraoperative surgical adverse events and postoperative medical complications (VIII). SEMS placement performed on the indication acute bowel obstruction in patients with potentially curable disease can be accomplished with high technical and clinical success rates. The perforation rate, however, may reach 12%. Even so, the mortality rate within 30 days after a SEMS attempt and later surgery may, irrespective of its timing, by very low (3%) relative to the mortality seen after emergency surgery (IX). Long-term survival. The 5-year relative survival improved by 9% for both colonic and rectal cancer from 1977-1982 to 1995-1999 (I). Further improvement has been observed and in 2004-2006, the 5-year relative survival from colonic cancer was 52% (95% CI 51-54) for men and 57% (95% CI 55-58) for women. For rectal cancer the corresponding percentages were 55% (95% CI 53-57) and 57% (95% CI 55-59) (202). Overall, from 1977 until 2006, 1-year and 5-year survival increased almost 0.5-1% annually. Long-term survival has improved more in rectal cancer than in colonic cancer and survival from rectal cancer surpassed that of colonic cancer in the 2000s (202,204). Elderly patients aged >75 years experienced a marked 13-16% increase in relative survival from 1977-1982 to 1995-1999, i.e., a period during which the rate of curative surgery increased pronouncedly among the elderly (III). The survival improvement among their younger counterparts in that period only reached 7%. Mortality from colorectal cancer was only excessive in the elderly during the first two years after surgery. In 1995-2006, about 30-43% of colorectal cancer patients had moderate and severe comorbidity as determined by a Charlson Comorbidity score of 1-2 and 3+, respectively. These comorbid patients had a long-term survival inferior to that of patients with no comorbidity. In colonic cancer, the 5-year survival in 1998-2000 was 43% in patients with no comorbidity and only 20% in patients with severe comorbidity. Comorbidity had an even stronger impact in rectal cancer (VI). Evidence repeatedly demonstrates a volume-outcome effect on long-term survival from colonic and rectal cancer with improved survival being significantly associated with increasing hospital caseload and surgeon's education/specialty (V). In addition, the most recent evidence reveals that surgeon caseload may have a stronger impact on long-term survival than hospital volume which reflects the complexity in the interaction between hospital caseload and surgeon caseload. A total therapeutic delay ≥ 60 day has been shown to have a negative impact on the long-term survival from rectal cancer, but not from colon cancer, given that stage is an intermediate step in the causal pathway between delay and survival (X). Neither provider delay ≥ 60 days, nor hospital delays ≥ 30 days or ≥ 60 days had any prognostic impact on long-term survival from colorectal cancer. Emergency surgery for colonic cancer is associated with an inferior long-term survival. The 5-year survival after acute curative surgery in Denmark is 39% (16). However, the use of SEMS as bridge to elective curative surgery makes it possible to achieve 3-year survival rates similar to those of 75% seen after elective curative surgery for colonic cancer (IX) - despite an unexpectedly high perforation rate.     

Low-dose amiodarone for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients older than 70 years

Background Atrial fibrillation （AF） is one of the most common arrhythmia after coronary artery bypass grafting （CABG）, which not only increases the suffering of the patients, but also prolongs hospital stay and enhances cost of care, especially for patients older than 70 years. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-dose amiodarone in the prevention of AF after CABG, especially for the elderly. Methods Two hundred and ten senile patients undergoing off-pump CABG were included in this prospective, randomized, double-blind and placebo controlled study. Patients were given 10 mg/kg of amiodarone （low-dose amiodarone group, n=100） or placebo （control group, n=110） daily for 7 days before surgery and followed by 200 mg of amiodarone or placebo daily for 10 days postoperatively. Results Postoperative AF occurred in 16 patients （16%） receiving amiodarone and in 36 （37.7%） patients receiving placebo （P=0.006）. AF occurred at （58.13±16.63） hours after CABG in the low-dose amiodarone group and at （45.03±17.40） hours in the control group （P=0.018）. The maximum ventricular rate during AF was significantly slower in the low-dose amiodarone group （（121.42±8.91） beats/min） than in the control group （（134.11±30.57） beats/min, P=0.036）. The duration of AF was （10.92±9.56） hours for the low-dose amiodarone group compared with （14.81±10.37） hours for the control group （P=0.002）. The postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） was significantly improved in the low-dose amiodarone group （from （59.9±10.3）% to （63.4±11.4）%, P=0.001）, and significantly higher compared with the control group （（58.5±10.7）%, P=-0.002）. Both groups had a similar incidence of complication other than rhythm disturbances （12.0% vs 16.4%, P=0.368）. The low-dose amiodarone group patients had shorter hospital stays （（11.8±3.2） days vs （13.8±4.7） days, P=-0.001） and lower cost of care （RMB （79 115±16 673） Yuan vs RMB （84 997±21 587） Yuan, P=0.031） than that of control group patients. The in-hospital mortality was not significantly different between the two groups （1.0% vs 0.9%, P=0.946）. Conclusions Perioperative low-dose oral amiodarone appeared to be cost-effective in the prevention and delay of new-onset postoperative AF in aged patients. It significantly reduced ventricular rate and duration of AF after CABG, decreased hospital cost and stay, as well as promoted the amelioration of left ventricular, systolic function. Furthermore, low-dose amiodarone was safe to use and well tolerated with low toxic and side effects, and did not increase the risk of complications and mortality. It is proved to be a first-line therapy and as routine prophylaxis for AF after CABG, especially for elderly patients complicated with left ventricular dysfunction.     

体外循环心脏手术后精神障碍发生率及相关因素

目的研究外科ICU中体外循环心脏手术后精神障碍的发生率，并分析其相关因素。方法305例体外循环冠脉搭桥和瓣膜手术病人，术前统计年龄、性别、合并症及手术种类，体外循环期间统计最低红细胞压积及总转流时间，术后统计低氧血症、高血糖及电解质紊乱发生情况。术后第1d起用CAM-ICU量表观察病人精神变化。结果305例病人中，33例术后发生精神障碍，总发生率为10．82％。其中冠脉搭桥术后发生率为14．43％，心脏瓣膜术后为3．85％；年龄、术前合并糖尿病、冠脉搭桥手术、体外循环期间红细胞压积与术后精神障碍密切相关。结论冠脉搭桥手术病人术后精神障碍发生率较高；高龄、术前合并糖尿病、冠脉搭桥手术及体外循环期间红细胞压积过低与术后精神障碍的发生密切相关。     

去分支杂交手术和传统手术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤的结果比较

目的: 总结和对比去分支杂交手术和传统手术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤的近远期结果。方法: 回顾性分析2008年1月至2019年12月采用传统手术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤的18例患者和采用杂交手术治疗的11例患者的临床资料。杂交手术组中,夹层动脉瘤、术前合并肾功能不全以及美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)评分≥3分的患者比例明显高于传统手术组。结果: 去分支杂交手术患者的手术时间为(445±85) min,术中出血量为(955±599) mL,术后30 d发生并发症2例,没有截瘫,死亡1例,术后30 d并发症发生率为18.2%,死亡率为9.1%。传统手术患者的手术时间为(560±245) min,术中出血量为(6 100±4 536) mL,术后30 d发生并发症12例,其中截瘫1例,死亡4例,术后30 d并发症发生率为66.7%,死亡率为22.2%。去分支杂交手术的术中出血量明显低于传统手术(P<0.001),30 d内并发症发生率显著降低(P=0.011)。随访期内,杂交手术组二次手术4例,死亡3例,1年、5年和10年的全因生存率分别为72%、54%和29%;传统手术组二次手术1例,死亡5例,1年、5年和10年的全因生存率分别为81%、71%和35%。杂交手术和传统手术在全因生存率和动脉瘤生存率上差异没有统计学意义。结论: 去分支杂交手术是一种治疗高危胸腹主动脉瘤患者安全、有效的手术方式,术后早期并发症发生率明显低于传统手术,但中远期疗效仍需要进一步提高。     

1650例男性患者冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期临床回顾性研究

目的 冠状动脉旁路移植术（coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG）是治疗冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（以下简称冠心病）主要手段之一,主要手术方式包括体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（on-pump CABG,ONCABG）和非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（off-pump CABG,OPCABG）.本文拟通过回顾性分析1 650例男性患者施行OPCABG和不停跳ONCABG临床资料进行两种手术方式的临床效果分析.方法 采用首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院麻醉科2007年至2009年CABG数据库的有关数据.比较OPCABG组和不停跳ONCABG组近期疗效,并分别以术后死亡和术后应用连续性肾脏替代治疗（continuous renal replacement treatment,CRRT）为因变量进行Logistic危险因素回归分析.结果 OPCABG组搭桥时间和总手术时间均小于ONCABG组（P〈0.01）.OPCABG组搭桥数大于3的病例明显多于ONCABG组（20.9% vs 13.3%） （P〈0.01）,应用CRRT（1.33% vs 3.98%）和主动脉内球囊反搏（3.23% vs 6.63%）患者的比例较ONCABG组显著减少（P≤0.01）,两组术后院内病死率差异无统计学意义.CABG术后发生院内死亡的独立危险因素为术前左室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）〈40%（P=0.000,OR=8.321）、年龄〉70岁（P=0.003,OR=4.870）和术后应用CRRT（P=0.000,OR=45.500）.术后应用CRRT的独立危险因素为术前高血压病史（P=0.049,OR=2.665）、术前肾功能异常（P=0.045,OR=3.598）,OPCABG可以减少2/3的术后CRRT的使用率（P=0.008,OR=0.333）.结论 OPCABG可以降低术后CRRT和IABP的使用率,缩短手术时间.因此在年龄〉70岁,术前肾脏功能下降,心功能差等患者施行OPCABG手术对早期恢复是有益的.     

IABP在合并严重左室功能低下的冠脉搭桥患者中的应用

目的:对冠脉搭桥合并严重左室功能低下患者进行主动脉内球囊反搏(intra-aortic balloon pump,IABP)植入,探讨积极植入IABP能否减少此类患者术后并发症的发生。方法:对26例左心室射血分数(LVEF)<0.30的冠脉搭桥患者给予IABP辅助治疗,分为术前植入和术后植入两组,术前植入14例,术后植入12例,并对这两组进行术后心脏指数及各种术后并发症等重要指标监测。结果:在术后心脏指数、肾功能不全、围手术期心肌梗死方面无明显差异(P>0.05),术后脱机时间、术后ICU时间,室性心律失常、低心排发生率则存在明显差异(P<0.05)。结论:对冠脉搭桥合并严重左室功能低下患者应积极植入IABP,能减少术后并发症并提高手术成功率。