丙型肝炎病毒体外培养系统的相关技术

很多研究者试图建立体内外模型,模拟HCV复制,都难以达到目的.直到2005年在1例暴发性肝炎患者体内分离到HCV 2a株,具有很强的复制能力,才建立了体外细胞培养,能够产生具有感染性的病毒颗粒.     

HCV受体及入胞相关分子的研究进展

HCV是丙型肝炎的致病体，在被感染组织和血清中浓度较低，病毒高度变异及缺乏稳定的体外细胞培养系统及理想的实验动物模型等问题，阻碍了对HCV的进一步研究。近年来各种HCV体外培养系统的建立，为HCV的研究提供了强有力的工具，使人们对HCV的认识提升到新的层次。本文就CD81、低密度脂蛋白受体、清道夫受体B1及claudin—1等受体及入胞相关分子研究进展作一简要综述。     

丙型肝炎病毒全长基因嵌合萤光素酶重组质粒转染细胞系的建立与初步应用

目的 构建能产生较高效价重组病毒的HCV细胞感染模型,为HCV致病机制的研究和抗病毒药物的筛选提供一个有效的体外细胞培养系统.方法 利用PCR技术在HCV NS5A C端插入海肾萤光素酶( Renilla Luciferase,Rluc)报告基因,并引入能提高HCV效价的突变,酶切鉴定重组基因序列构建成功后,转染入...     

HCV细胞培养系统及其在中草药提取物抗HCV研究中的应用

应用中草药治疗丙型肝炎报道较多,然而这些研究大多采用中药复方制剂进行临床治疗,疗效局限。由于一种中药含有多种活性物质,某些物质之间在体内甚至有相互拮抗的作用,因此,对于治疗结果的作用机理很难阐述清楚。简述了HCV假病毒、复制子和全长细胞培养系统的研究现状,并对应用HCV RNA细胞模型研究中药单体或有效成分进行抗HCV实验研究的相关进展进行了综述,为中药治疗丙型肝炎研究提供新思路。     

丙型肝炎实验室诊断技术研究进展

丙型肝炎是一种由HCV感染引起的主要经血液传播的疾病,部分患者可发展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞肝癌（HCC）,目前尚无有效疫苗,亦无有效治愈方法,故早期、准确诊断HCV感染状况有重要意义.现将丙型肝炎实验室诊断技术的研究进展综述如下.     

沈阳地区650例慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染者的病毒基因型分析

HCV感染呈全球分布,不同基因型和亚型的地理分布,可能与抗HCV治疗的疗程及效果相关.本研究以核酸序列分析法对650例患者进行HCV基因型检测分析,以探讨沈阳地区感染人群中HCV的基因型特征. 一、资料与方法     

丙型肝炎慢性化的免疫机制研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)是肝硬化和肝癌的主要原因之一,目前全球超过1.7亿人感染HCV.在HCV感染的急性阶段,宿主调动起天然免疫和适应免疫系统以达到清除病毒的目的[1].但仍有约80％急性感染者最终会慢性化.很多因素参与急性丙型肝炎慢性化的过程,本文从天然免疫,细胞免疫以及病毒免疫逃逸性突变等在慢性化机制方面的研究进展综述如下.     

HCV基因异质性及其宿主基因多态性

丙型肝炎的进展、严重程度、治疗反应性差异不仅与病毒的遗传多样性有关,而且与宿主IL-28B、IP-10、ITPA基因多态性有关。分别介绍了HCV基因多态性和宿主基因单核苷酸多态性的分子流行病学、临床和治疗学方面的研究进展,提出迫切需要可靠的有关病毒及宿主的相关分子流行病学数据,以协助决策HCV筛检等公共卫生问题,降低丙型肝炎全球发病率和病死率。     

双核酶自切割HCV全基因组复制子的构建及其体内外复制的特性

目的 建立可在细胞内直接启动HCV复制并且能产生感染性病毒颗粒的HCV全基因组复制子,进行HCV体内外实验研究. 方法 在HCV JFH1及JFH1/GND cDNA序列两侧分别加上核酶序列与pcDNA3.1载体构建重组质粒pcDNA3.1-RZ-JFH1和pcDNA3.1-RZ-JFH 1/GND.用重组质粒直接转染Huh7.5细胞及进行昆明小鼠尾静脉高压注射.定量实时逆转录聚合酶链反应、细胞免疫荧光染色、免疫组织化学染色和血清学检查分别检测其体内外复制的特性.结果 在16周的检测期内,从转染HCV复制子的Huh7.5细胞培养上清液中持续稳定地检测出1×106 ～3 × 106拷贝/ml的HCV RNA(非稳定转染),产生的病毒颗粒具有感染性.在尾静脉高压注射HCV复制子的昆明小鼠,检查到短暂的病毒血症,免疫组织化学染色未能发现HCV抗原阳性细胞,未检测到血清中HCV特异性抗体.结论 构建的HCV复制子在体外能长期、稳定及高效的产生感染性病毒颗粒,但体内实验未能获得预期效果,可能与HCV JFH1病毒株的特殊性有关.所建立的HCV全基因组复制子可用于HCV病毒学及抗病毒药物筛选等方面的研究.     

髓样分化蛋白88在炎症感染相关原发性肝癌发生中的作用

原发性肝癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其中90%为肝细胞癌(HCC).近年来,人们对HBV、HCV慢性感染等所致肝脏持续炎症反应中Toll样受体(TLR)髓样分化蛋白88(MyD88)在肝癌发生中作用机制的研究取得了较大进展,增加了对肝癌发生的性别差异分子基础的认识.现就HCC这一炎症相关肿瘤的发病机制及与之相关的宿主遗传因素在HCC发生中的作用的最新研究进展作一综述.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.