头皮血管畸形的外科治疗

目的：讨论有关头皮血管畸形的诊断和治疗问题。方法：３２例头皮血管畸形经显微手术全切除。年龄６～５９岁，１４岁以下儿童１１例，平均年龄２８．４岁。畸形血管直径３～５ｃｍ１１例，５～１０ｃｍ１８例，大于１０ｃｍ３例。结果：经病理证实毛细血管畸形１例，海绵状血管瘤４例，动静脉畸形２７例。３２例随访１２～４０月，平均１８月，未见复发。结论：头皮血管畸形属先天畸形，但也可能与头部外伤有关，本组４例有头部外伤史。本病以手术切除最为彻底。脑血管造影是确诊的重要手段。单纯颞浅动脉供血属普通型。脑膜中动脉和颈内动脉参与供血属复杂型。     

介入栓塞联合显微手术治疗头皮大型动静脉畸形2例并文献复习

目的探讨介入栓塞联合显微手术治疗头皮大型动静脉畸形的技术。方法回顾性分析2例大型头皮动静脉畸形的临床资料,经部分介入栓塞联合显微手术全切除病变。结果 2例病人经介入栓塞深部供血动脉后,手术切除过程中出血少,畸形血管团达全切除,术后无并发症。随访半年未见复发。结论对大型头皮动静脉畸形,术前实施介入栓塞,可以有效降低外科手术风险及并发症。     

外伤性头皮动静脉瘘二例

例1男,24岁。左枕部无痛渐大性肿物3年。3年前左枕部被打伤。查体：左枕部一3cm×4cm大小肿物,形状不规则,表面无红肿,可见搏动感,与动脉搏动节律一致。肿物上方可见3cm伤口疤痕。MRA示：左侧枕部头皮下条带状信号影,4cm×1cm,部分呈等信号,边界尚清。DSA示：左枕区一异常血管团,供血动脉为双侧枕动脉、椎动脉的分支（脑膜后动脉）,引流静脉为头皮浅静脉和颈外静脉（图1）。诊断：左枕部动静脉瘘。手术取左枕部一直切口,长约10cm,于畸形肿物尾侧游离,找出左枕动脉,以一把血管钳夹闭,肿物略缩小,仍有搏动,仔细游离肿块,电凝切断供血动脉,术中见侵及骨膜,切除病变骨膜,电凝切断引流静脉,将畸形完整切除。术后病理：头皮蔓状血管瘤。术后随访6个月,未复发。     

先天性头皮动静脉瘘6例诊治分析

目的 探讨头皮动静脉瘘的诊断及治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2010年12月至2021年12月收治的6例先天性头皮动静脉瘘的临床资料。结果 6例均经DSA确诊为头皮动静脉瘘,其中5例行手术切除后完全治愈,1例经超声定位、局部压迫瘘口后症状消失。术后随访3个月～4年,复查血管彩色多普勒超声、CTA或DSA,未发现复发。结论 DSA是诊断头皮动静脉瘘的金标准,彩色多普勒超声在术前诊断、术中仔细识别血管构筑特征、术后复查有重要作用。手术阻断供血动脉、灼闭瘘口是首选治疗方法,皮瓣设计要考虑术后头皮血供。     

头皮血管畸形2例报告

头皮血管畸形是一类发生于颈外血管系统的血管畸形，其发病率低，临床治疗复杂，术后易复发。我科收治2例复杂的头皮血管畸形患者，1例栓塞后行外科手术治疗，1例单纯手术切除，均取得了良好的效果。     

脑动静脉畸形破裂出血并血肿形成急诊手术治疗

目的 探讨脑动静脉畸形破裂出血并血肿形成急诊手术治疗的特点.方法 回顾分析我院21例脑动静脉畸形(AVM)破裂出血并血肿形成急诊手术治疗的病历资料.病变位于额叶4例,顶叶2例,颞叶7例,枕叶2例,小脑半球3例,基底节区3例.结果 血肿清除加AVM全切除12例;血肿清除加供血动脉夹闭、部分AVM畸形血管团切除3例;单纯血肿清除或脑室引流加AVM II期治疗5例(包括手术切除、介入栓塞及γ-刀治疗).结论 脑动静脉畸形破裂出血并血肿形成,出现神经系统症状恶化者需急诊清除血肿同时切除畸形血管团,而对位于功能区、脑深部或巨大AVM破裂出血并血肿形成者,在安全的前提下应尽可能的夹闭供血动脉及尽可能多的切除AVM畸形血管团,否则,仅清除血肿,待病情稳定后Ⅱ期治疗.     

术中DSA辅助手术切除脑动静脉畸形的安全性及有效性

目的 探讨术中DSA辅助显微手术切除脑动静脉畸形的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年12月术中DSA辅助下显微手术治疗的47例脑动静脉畸形的临床资料。结果 首次切除后术中DSA显示,畸形血管团完全切除10例,有残留37例。术中DSA次数中位数为2.0（2.0,3.5）次。26例采用动脉瘤夹定位畸形血管团位置,定位造影次数中位数为1.5（1.0,2.0）次。术后即刻造影显示畸形血管团完全切除44例,部分残留3例。5例术后出现手术相关并发症。术后随访1年,预后良好（mRS评分≤2分）46例,预后不良1例;DSA随访发现复发7例。结论 术中DSA辅助下手术切除脑动静脉畸形,有助于提高畸形团全切除率,减少手术并发症。     

脊髓髓内动静脉畸形的复合手术治疗

目的 探讨脊髓髓内动静脉畸形（IAVMs）的临床特点以及复合手术的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年9月至2021年6月在复合手术室行显微手术治疗的7例IAVMs的临床资料。先行DSA定位，显微镜下完全显露畸形血管团，术中DSA美兰实时显影技术精准判断供血动脉、引流静脉。结果 7例均顺利完成手术，其中6例畸形血管团全切除，术后即刻DSA显示供血动脉、畸形血管团、引流静脉不显影；1例胸段IAVM因部分病灶深入脊髓腹侧，在阻断供血动脉及引流静脉后仅进行部分切除。7例术后随访9~54个月，平均（27.7±16.5）个月；术后9个月McCormick分级Ⅰ级2例，Ⅱ级2例，Ⅲ级1例，Ⅳ级2例；末次随访，7例症状均改善，无死亡病例；除部分切除的1例外，其余6例复查MRI未见迂曲血管影及畸形血管团。结论 IAVMs临床少见。在电生理监测下，运用术中DSA美兰实时显影辅助显微手术切除IAVMs，可取得较好的临床疗效。     

深部脑动静脉畸形的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨深部脑动静脉畸形(BAVM)的显微手术技巧及效果. 方法 吉林大学中日联谊医院自2001年1月至2008年6月对收治入院的70例深部BAVM患者采用显微手术治疗,其中70例患者脑部畸形血管团属小型(直径＜3 cm)31例,中型(直径3～6 cm)36例,巨大型(直径＞6 cm)3例;按Spetzler-Martin分级:Ⅰ级11例,Ⅱ级12例,Ⅲ级23例,Ⅳ级16例,Ⅴ级8例,对术中的显微手术技巧及术后疗效进行总结分析. 结果 70例患者深部畸形血管团术中均完整切除,27例复查MRI、8例复查DSA证实.1例Spetzler-MartinⅤ级患者术后发生正常灌注压突破.所有患者随访6个月～3年,均无复发及再次出血.8例术前脑疝患者术后3例重残,2例中残,3例生活能自理.10例癫痫患者术后服用抗癫痫药物症状得到控制.余患者术后未遗留明显神经功能障碍. 结论 深部BAVM血管构筑复杂,手术全切除最为彻底.高流量BAVM行术前栓塞及口服β受体阻滞剂,术中降低动脉压、延长麻醉苏醒时间,术后减少液体摄入及应用脱水疗法,可降低正常灌注压突破的发生率.     

28例脑动静脉畸形的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨显微手术切除脑动静脉畸形的病例选择及手术方法.方法 分析28例脑动静脉畸形显微手术切除病例的临床资料.结果 复查DSA畸形血管团全切除25例(89.3%),大部分切除3例(10.7%).无死亡病例.结论 畸形团直径小于4cm,供血动脉、引流静脉不大于2支,无深静脉引流的病例是显微手术切除的最佳适应证,手术切除效果好.     

Primary giant congential infantile fibrosarcoma of the scalp

Case report A primary giant infantile fibrosarcoma of the scalp in a 6-month-old boy is reported. He presented with a rapidly enlarging right paramedian parietal scalp swelling since birth. There were no signs of raised intracranial tension. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain revealed a large vascular scalp tumor extending over the posterior frontal and parietal region bilaterally crossing the midline. There was no intracranial extension. Carotid angiography revealed an extremely vascular tumor supplied by the external carotid artery branches. The tumor was completely resected through a curvilinear scalp incision. Histology was consistent with diagnosis of an infantile fibrosarcoma. The patient had an uneventful course and received no postoperative adjuvant therapy. MR imaging of the brain at follow-up after 5 years showed no evidence of recurrence of tumor. At follow-up after 10 years, he is asymptomatic and leading an active life.Discussion The pathology and management of primary scalp fibrosarcoma is discussed, and the relevant literature is briefly reviewed.     

侵入颅内的头皮恶性肿瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨侵入颅内的头皮恶性肿瘤的治疗方法和效果。方法对我院收治的23例侵入颅内的头皮恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。23例均采用手术治疗。术后12例行放射治疗,剂量50～75GY;5例行化学治疗。结果肿瘤全切19例,次全切3例,大部分切除1例。术后主要并发症有皮瓣部分坏死3例,脑脊液漏2例,颅内感染1例,周围型面瘫1例,昏迷7d后苏醒1例。1例于术后21d死于全身衰竭;余22例中,1例失访,另21例随访2～7年,7例死亡。死亡原因为局部复发2例,全身转移3例,全身衰竭1例,肺心病1例。结论侵入颅内的头皮恶性肿瘤虽属于晚期肿瘤,但仍可以行手术治疗,术后结合放、化疗,可提高患者生存率和生存质量。     

Scalp arteriovenous malformations

AIMS: We discuss our experience with the surgical management of scalp vascular malformation and review the literature on the subject. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A prospective case-control study of eight patients with scalp vascular malformations admitted to our hospital between 1997 and 2002. METHODS AND MATERIALS: All the patients were investigated with selective internal and external carotid angiography. Depending upon the origin of feeding arteries, the scalp vascular malformations were classified into two categories: Group I: the primary scalp arteriovenous malformations and Group II: secondary venous dilatations. Six patients belonged to Group I and two patients were in Group II. RESULTS: Five patients belonging to Group I underwent successful excision of the arteriovenous malformation. There was no recurrence in this group. Of the two patients in Group II, one patient who had scalp vascular dilatation simulating a primary scalp vascular malformation underwent excision of the lesion. This patient developed severe postoperative brain edema and died. CONCLUSIONS: Primary scalp vascular malformation can be excised safely. However, excision of secondary scalp venous dilatation without treatment of the intracranial component can be dangerous.     

Low Grade Myofibroblastic Sarcoma Occurred in the Scalp

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma (LGMS) is a rare sarcoma with myofibroblastic differentiation. LGMS has a propensity for local recurrence and is associated with a low risk of metastatic spread. A 26-year-old man presented with a 12-month history of a slow growing palpable hard mass in the right parietal scalp. Enhanced CT scan of head showed a 3×4 cm sized well-defined and heterogeneously enhancing scalp mass. The patient underwent excision of the tumor. The histological and immunohistochemical features were consistent with a LGMS. We performed re-operation for remnant tumor removal after diagnosis. After 14 months of surgery, the patient was well-being state.     

脑干血管畸形的显微手术治疗(附19例报告)

目的 探讨脑干血管畸形的显微外科手术治疗方法和预后.方法 显微手术切除脑干血管畸形19例.6例经枕下正中第四脑室底入路切除;9例经枕下乙状窦后入路切除;3例经小脑延髓裂入路切除;1例经枕下正中入路上抬蚓垂后切除.结果 19例病灶均镜下全切,其中海绵状血管瘤15例,动静脉畸形4例.13例症状改善,5例出现并发症,1例因下呼吸道感染死亡.随访中GOS 5分15例,GOS 4分2例,GOS 3分1例.MRI复查无病灶残留.结论 在恰当选择手术适应证、手术时机和手术入路的基础上,运用娴熟的显微外科技术,脑干血管畸形的手术治疗结果是令人满意的.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the microsurgical treatment of brainstem vascular malformation and evaluate the surgical outcome. Method Brain stem vascular malformations in 19 cases were resected by microsurgical techniques. Six cases of cavernous malformations ( CM ) in the dorsal of pons and medulla underwent operations via through the base of the forth ventrical approach. Another nine cases of CM in lateral and ventral lateral pons were treated via suboccipito - retrosigmoid approach. Three cases of arteriovenous malformation(AVM) in cerebellomedullary fissure were treated via telovelar approach. One case of AVM in the dosal medulla were resected via transvermian approach. Results All the lesions were totally resected. Pathologic diagnosis were CM( 15 cases) and AVM(4 cases). The diameter of all the CM were less than 1 centimeter. One AVM was 1.5 centimeter in diameter, the other two lesions was 2. 0 centimeter, the last one was 2. 5 centimeter. The functional disorders were improved after operation in 13 cases. Complications appeared in five patients, which improved between one week and three months. One patient died of sever pneumonia. During two months to six years after operation, the brainstem vascular malformation didn't recrudesce and re - bleed. No one patient appeared new syndromes. Conclusions The microsurgical management of brainstem vascular malformation can effectively prevent re - bleeding. Selecting different surgical approach basing on the locations can reduce the neurofunction damage. In order to accelerate the recovery of damaged brainstem, early surgery should be choosen for the patients with surgical indications. Basing on the correct choice of surgical indications, using the extensive knowledge of microanatomy,new concept of minimal invasive surgery and skillful microsurgical techniques, the surgical results of brainstem vascular malformation are satisfactory.     

Temporal Epileptogenesis: Localizing Value of Scalp and Subdural Interictal and Ictal EEG Data

PURPOSE: To determine the value of scalp epileptiform EEG data and subdural interictal spikes in localizing temporal epileptogenesis among patients requiring invasive recordings. For this delineation, we related such factors to site of subdural seizure origin in 27 consecutive patients. METHODS: Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy whose non-invasive lateralizing data were inconclusive and therefore required subdural electroencephalography were studied. All patients had (a) 24-h scalp telemetered EEGs, (b) adequate bitemporal subdural placements with an inferomesial line extending from a posterior burr hole anteriorly to <2.5 cm from anterior uncus and a lateral line reaching within 2.5 cm of the temporal tip, and (c) > or =2 subdurally recorded seizures. RESULTS: Three hundred one (96%) of 314 subdurally recorded clinical seizures involving all 27 patients arose from a discrete focus; 266 (85%) arose from mesial temporal regions, which was the origin of the majority of seizures in 24 (89%) patients. The majority of subdural seizures arose ipsilateral to the majority of scalp EEG spikes in 22 (81%) of 27, and most subdural seizures of 15 (75%) of 20 arose ipsilateral to scalp seizures. Lateralization of interictal subdural spikes correlated with that of subdural seizures in 74-92% of patients, depending on the method of spike compilation: for example, most subdural seizures arose from the same lobe of most consistent principal temporal spikes in 92% of patients. These indices of epileptogenesis also appeared more commonly on the side of effective (> or =90% improvement) temporal lobectomy than contralaterally in the following proportions: most consistent principal subdural spikes, 86% of patients ipsilateral vs. 9% contralateral; scalp-recorded clinical seizures, 55% vs. 18%; scalp EEG spikes, 45% vs. 9%. CONCLUSIONS: Even among patients whose scalp data are sufficiently complex to require invasive recording for clarification, lateralization of temporal scalp interictal and ictal epileptiform activity and subdural interictal spikes should be included when assessing the side of temporal epileptogenesis.     

Intracranial EEG substrates of scalp EEG interictal spikes

PURPOSE: To determine the area of cortical generators of scalp EEG interictal spikes, such as those in the temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS: We recorded simultaneously 26 channels of scalp EEG with subtemporal supplementary electrodes and 46 to 98 channels of intracranial EEG in 16 surgery candidates with temporal lobe epilepsy. Cerebral discharges with and without scalp EEG correlates were identified, and the area of cortical sources was estimated from the number of electrode contacts demonstrating concurrent depolarization. RESULTS: We reviewed approximately 600 interictal spikes recorded with intracranial EEG. Only a very few of these cortical spikes were associated with scalp recognizable potentials; 90% of cortical spikes with a source area of >10 cm(2) produced scalp EEG spikes, whereas only 10% of cortical spikes having <10 cm(2) of source area produced scalp potentials. Intracranial spikes with <6 cm(2) of area were never associated with scalp EEG spikes. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral sources of scalp EEG spikes are larger than commonly thought. Synchronous or at least temporally overlapping activation of 10-20 cm(2) of gyral cortex is common. The attenuating property of the skull may actually serve a useful role in filtering out all but the most significant interictal discharges that can recruit substantial surrounding cortex.     

Surgical treatment of spinal vascular malformations performed using intraoperative indocyanine green videoangiography

This study aims to evaluate the benefits of intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) videoangiography and associated surgical outcomes of patients with spinal vascular malformations. ICG videoangiography was used during 24 surgical interventions to treat spinal vascular malformations at the Beijing Tiantan Hospital from August 2009 to May 2011. The vascular malformations were removed or the fistulae were occluded with the assistance of ICG videoangiography. The completeness of fistula clipping or nidus extirpation and each patient’s neurological status were evaluated. Among these 24 patients, there were seven with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae, five glomus arteriovenous malformations, one juvenile arteriovenous malformation, nine perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae, and two perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae in combination with perimedullary arteriovenous malformations. Intraoperative ICG videoangiography confirmed the definite clipping of the fistulous points and complete removal of intramedullary arteriovenous malformations in all but one patient. All patients had satisfactory preservation of spinal cord blood supply and venous return. No adverse effects or complications related to ICG videoangiography occurred. Three patients were lost to follow up; 21 patients were followed clinically with a mean follow up of 7.5 months. The neurological deficits completely resolved in six patients, improved significantly in 10, remained stable in two, and were aggravated in three patients. Our experience shows that intraoperative ICG videoangiography offers useful information on the pathological and physiological vascular anatomy encountered during surgery for spinal vascular malformations.     

The impact of cerebral source area and synchrony on recording scalp electroencephalography ictal patterns

PURPOSE: To determine the cerebral electroencephalography (EEG) substrates of scalp EEG seizure patterns, such as source area and synchrony, and in so doing assess the limitations of scalp seizure recording in the localization of seizure onset zones in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS: We recorded simultaneously 26 channels of scalp EEG with subtemporal supplementary electrodes and 46-98 channels of intracranial EEG in presurgical candidates with temporal lobe epilepsy. We correlated intracranial EEG source area and synchrony at seizure onset with the corresponding scalp EEG. Eighty-six simultaneous intracranial- and scalp-recorded seizures from 23 patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-four intracranial ictal discharges (40%) from 9 patients (39%) had sufficient cortical source area (namely > 10 cm(2)) and synchrony at seizure onset to produce a simultaneous or nearly simultaneous focal scalp EEG ictal pattern. Forty-one intracranial ictal discharges (48%) from 10 patients (43%) gradually achieved the necessary source area and synchrony over several seconds to generate a scalp EEG ictal pattern. These scalp rhythms were lateralized, but not localizable as to seizure origin. Eleven intracranial ictal discharges (13%) from 4 patients (17%) recruited the necessary source area, but lacked sufficient synchrony to result in a clearly localized or lateralized scalp ictal pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Sufficient source area and synchrony are mandatory cerebral EEG requirements for generating scalp-recordable ictal EEG patterns. The dynamic interaction of cortical source area and synchrony at the onset and during a seizure is a primary reason for heterogeneous scalp ictal EEG patterns.     

婴幼儿头皮血肿及合并症的处理

目的 探讨婴幼儿头皮血肿及合并症的处理.方法 2004年1月至2006年6月诊治99例婴幼儿头皮血肿及合并症,均经头颅CT扣描证实.头皮血肿白行吸收16例,穿刺44例,血肿机化硬块切除39例.结果 44例头皮血肿穿刺和39例机化硬块术后,无一例感染和再出血,并恢复正常头颅外形.颅内合并症经综合治疗后,恢复良好.结论 婴幼儿头皮血肿及合并症应早期诊断和治疗,效果佳.