动脉硬化闭塞症下肢缺血的外科治疗

我国血管外科事业在近五十年里取得了前所未有的发展 ,这是广大血管外科专业人员共同努力的结果。进入 2 1世纪后 ,血管外科将得到更加迅速的发展。本专题特邀国内在此领域有突出贡献的专家 ,就目前血管外科的现状与发展趋势作一讲座 ,希望这一方小小的论坛 ,能对血管外科新技术的推广起一点的推动作用 ,并能吸引更多的有志青年加入到血管外科专业医师的队伍中来     

术中髂动脉支架结合股动脉旁路术治疗多节段动脉硬化闭塞症

目的 探讨术中髂动脉腔内成形及支架植入结合股-Guo动脉旁路术治疗多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的初步临床经验。方法 采用术中同时行髂动脉腔内成形和支架植入结合股-Guo动脉旁路术治疗多节段动脉硬化闭塞症10例（12条肢体）。结果 术中11条髂动脉行腔内成形和支架植入均获成功,9条肢体行股-Guo动脉人工血管旁路术,3条肢体行股-股-Guo动脉人工血管旁路系列转流术;1条肢体股-Guo动脉旁路术失败,本组患者无重要脏器并发症和手术死亡。平均随访时间6个月（1-12个月,髂动脉腔内支架通畅率100%;3条股-股动脉耻骨上人工血管转流均通畅;而股-Guo动脉人工血管通畅率83.3%;截肢率8.3%。结论 术中髂动脉腔内支架结合股-Guo动脉旁路术是治疗多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的安全、有效方法。     

下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的联合治疗

目的探讨下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症治疗方法及临床疗效。方法2004年3月至2005年11月,采用髂动脉球囊扩张和支架植入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形术或自体骨髓干细胞移植术治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症17例(19条肢体),术前踝肱指数(ABI)为(0.26±0.13),术前常规行血管彩超及CTA检查评价下肢动脉病变情况。结果髂动脉球囊扩张和支架植入19条,股深动脉成形11条,股-动脉人工血管转流术12条,自体骨髓干细胞移植3条,均获得成功。均未出现严重并发症。术后ABI(0.64±0.17)(P<0.05,t检验),随访期间,4例残余间歇性跛行,3例术后3个月行干细胞移植术后症状明显好转。结论多方法联合是治疗多节段多平面下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的有效方法;股深动脉的病变范围与手术治疗效果密切相关;术前正确评价股深动脉的通畅程度十分重要。     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的外科治疗

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(lowerextremityatheroscleroticocclu sivedisease,LEAOD)是血管外科常见病,是导致慢性下肢缺血的主要原因,其发病率随年龄增大而增加,Criqui统计65岁以上的男性约10%患有LEAOD,而75岁以上则有20%的发病率[1];北美60岁以上的高血压患者中有近25%患有慢性下肢缺血[2]。LEAOD是全身动脉硬化的局部表现。在我们的一组158例严重多节段动脉硬化闭塞症患者中,50%以上合并有心脑血管疾病,25%以上合并有糖尿病。严重的合并症是导致临床治疗效果欠佳和死亡率高的主要原因之一。因此,在下肢缺血的治疗中,不仅要注重肢体血管…     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的外科治疗

目的:探讨外科治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的临床经验。方法:从1995年7月～2002年7月共对292例(313条肢体)动脉硬化闭塞症病人进行外科治疗,其中20条患肢施行解剖外血管重建术,38条患肢施行了腔内外科治疗或合并开放性血管重建手术,255条患肢施行了开放性手术重建下肢血供。结果:手术成功者患肢的踝肱指数与术前比较显著增加(P<0.01),症状得到明显改善。平均随访时间3.1年(0.5～7年),解剖外重建组移植血管一期通畅率为56%,腔内外科组通畅率为78%,开放性手术组通畅率为72%。结论:病人的全身情况、动脉病变的范围和程度是选择下肢动脉硬化闭塞症外科治疗方法的主要依据,为取得较好的长期通畅率和临床效果需要重视围手术期处理和术后随访。     

血管腔内介入联合外科手术治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症

目的：探讨下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的治疗手段及临床疗效。方法：采用下肢动脉球囊扩张、支架植入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形及原位大隐静脉动脉化,治疗下肢多节段动脉硬化闭塞症31例（36条患肢）,行髂动脉支架植入球囊扩张术33条患肢;股总动脉支架植入球囊扩张术3条患肢,23条患肢行股一胭动脉人工血管旁路术,12条患肢行股深动脉成形术,6条行原位的大隐静脉动脉化。结果：手术均获得成功,未出现严重并发症。术后踝肱指数（0．65±0．18）与术前（0．25±0．11）相比较有明显提高（P〈0．05）。平均随访14个月（2～24个月）,与术前相比,患者术后症状明显好转,跛行距离加大（〉1000m）。结论：下肢动脉腔内介入结合动脉旁路术、股深动脉成形术、大隐静脉动脉化等是治疗多节段多平面下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的有效方法。     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的外科治疗

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的传统外科手术治疗创伤较大,术后并发症发生率高。介入治疗具有微创、高效、并发症低、可重复治疗等优点,逐渐成为治疗该疾病的首选。本文就下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的外科治疗现状及前景做一综述。     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的外科治疗问题

肢体慢性缺血主要由动脉硬化闭塞(anerial sclerosis occlusion，ASO)症引起，本文着重就其手术方式、外科治疗中需要把握的问题及有关治疗进展方面的问题做一简要评述。     

多节段下肢动脉硬化闭塞症介入治疗及手术治疗体会

目的 总结一侧髂动脉闭塞合并下肢动脉长段闭塞患者治疗的临床效果.方法 对于一侧髂动脉同时合并下肢动脉长段闭塞的多节段下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者,间歇跛行距离小于50m或有静息痛者采用髂动脉支架或联合血管旁路术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症32例.结果 行髂动脉病变段球囊扩张及内置支架术29例36枚支架,3例髂动脉介入治疗失败,行股浅动脉病变段支架置入3例,行股-腘动脉膝上血管旁路术13例,行膝下血管旁路术2例,3例髂动脉支架治疗失败者2例行股-股动脉耻骨上旁路术,1例放弃治疗.介入治疗及手术治疗均取得成功.随访3～36个月,3例患者因肿瘤或急性心肌梗塞死亡,大部分患者临床症状消失.1例股浅动脉支架1个月后闭塞,后因肢体严重缺血截肢.3例股-腘旁路血管闭塞,1例接受取栓手术好转,1例截肢,1例无静息痛间歇跛行距离大于50m应用药物治疗.结论 支架置入或联合血管旁路术是治疗多节段下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的安全有效方法 .     

81例下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的治疗经验

本文报告自1963－1988年期间收治的81例下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的治疗概况，41例做出各种血管重建术，其中38例保存了肢体，3例行截肢术。另40例因病变已属晚期，未行血管重建手术，有15例行膝上或膝下截肢术，截肢率高达38．5％。因此下肢动脉硬化闭症的早期手术治疗十分必要。     

腋-股架桥术治疗髂、股动脉闭塞性疾病

目的：总结腋—股架桥术治疗髂、股动脉闭塞或狭窄的疗效。方法：回顾性分析20例髂、股动脉闭塞或狭窄病例的临床资料、危险因素、手术指征及效果。结果：均行腋—股动脉架桥术，17例单侧，3例双侧，共26条；18例是为拯救肢体而手术，其1，3，5年通畅率为87％(20/23)，74％(17／23)及61％(14／23)。30d内死亡1例(占5％)。3例移植物在术后6．5个月内闭塞，均发生在股—股搭桥中，而腋—股搭桥则长期通畅。结论：对广泛的慢性髂、股动脉闭塞性疾病，腋—股架桥对于行主动脉重建有危险或预期寿命受限的病人不失为一种可行术式。     

股深动脉成形术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症

目的：当股浅动脉广泛闭塞时，股深动脉由于其独特的解剖条件和生理功能，为重建下肢血液循环起到重要的作用。本文报道股深动脉成形术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症。方法：5例施行股深动脉成形术。沿股深动脉纵轴切开管壁全层至股总动脉，完成4～5cm长的侧刀形切口，作局部内膜剥脱术，然后取4～5mm宽、长度相匹配的自体大隐静脉补片修复。结果：术后3个月，踝/肱指数从术前0～0.35(0.16±0.17）上升为0.34～0.75（0.66±0.32）。术后随访15～27个月，平均21个月。疗效良好者3例，满意1例，另1例术后6个月继发严重感染而作膝下截肢。结论：在股浅动脉广泛闭塞时，选用股深动脉成形术作为重建患肢血液循环的通道是一种有效的手术方法。手术创伤小，操作方便，更适宜老年患者。     

Ultrasonic Endarterectomy for Long Superficial Femoral Artery Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease

OBJECTIVE: To report the long term results of ultrasonic superficial femoral artery endarterectomy (USFAE). DESIGN: Retrospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1998 to June 2004 218 USFAE were performed in 202 selected patients (178 males, 192 procedures) with a median age of 65 years (46-87 years). Indications for operation were disabling intermittent claudication in 137 procedures (68%), rest pain in 24 procedures (12%), and limb salvage in 41 procedures (20%). The new medical technology of ultrasonic endarterectomy is based on the application of the mechanical vibrations in the range of low frequency ultrasound. The ultrasonic device consists of the ultrasonic generator, acoustic unit and the flexible wave concentrators with special working tips in the shape of a ring. Follow up consisted of clinical evaluation, ankle-brachial index measurements and duplex scanning. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 30.1 months. The mean length of the endarterectomised SFAs was 29 cm (range, 15-43 cm). The five year cumulative primary patency rate by means of life table analysis was 45.8 +/- 4.4% (SE). Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty and surgical re-interventions were performed in thirty three and five patients respectively resulting in a primary assisted patency rate of 57.5 +/- 4.1%. The five year secondary patency rate was 65.6 +/- 3.8%. Limb salvage was achieved in 35 of the 41 patients with gangrene. CONCLUSIONS: The long term results of ultrasonic SFA endarterectomy suggest this is an effective technique.     

Multi-Detector Row Computed Tomography Angiography: an Alternative Imaging Method for Surgical Strategy in Lower Extremity Arterial Occlusive Disease

In order to show the value of CT angiography in the pretherapeutic assessment of lower leg ischemia, we studied 93 CT angiographies in 85 patients. Two groups were defined according to the level of revascularization: 52 angioscanner were made prior to suprainguinal revascularization and 41 prior to infrainguinal reconstruction. Two decision attitudes were chosen by two different physicians, a radiologist and vascular surgeon, members of the same team. The attitudes where then compared in order to evaluate the value of CT angiography. The first attitude was a pragmatic strategy based on the images as interpreted by the first physician and on the intraoperative information including surgical treatment and, if necessary, angiography. This indicates that the results of this attitude cover the performed revascularizations. The second attitude determined a virtual strategy and was chosen by the second physician a posteriori, based solely on the medical file with the same CT angiography images. These two strategies were compared in order to assess the agreement on the level of the lesion and the choice of revascularization. In 84 CT angiographies (90.3%), the analysis of the lesions and the choice of lesions to be treated were identical. In 9.6% of scans the strategies were not comparable because the lesions were interpreted differently or the scans were difficult to read. The sensitivity of CT angiography in detecting lesions and guiding the therapeutic strategy was 96% and its positive predictive value was 93%. Follow-up was reported according to the life-table method to assess the overall outcome and the results in both groups. The overall survival rate at 12 months for 85 patients was 90%. Secondary patency rates at 12 months in the group of patients who underwent a suprainguinal and infrainguinal revascularization were 98% and 71% respectively. Overall limb salvage at 12 months was 94%. In this setting, CT angiography allowed us to select adequate treatment in the majority of cases. These results obtained after a strategy based on CT angiography images are comparable with the results as published in the literature after the strategy based on conventional angiography.     

髂外-腘动脉人工血管交叉转流术治疗髂股动脉硬化闭塞症

目的 探讨髂外动脉-腘动脉人工血管移植交义转流术治疗单侧髂股动脉硬化广泛性闭塞的疗效.方法 1999年9月至2007年10月39例患者经血管彩超、CT血管造影(CTA)或数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,证实单侧髂股动脉硬化广泛性闭塞;静息痛25例,14例足趾溃疡或坏疽,平均踝/肱指数0.19;采用健侧髂外动脉-患侧胴动脉人工血管移植交叉转流术,左转至右22例,右转至左17例.结果 围手术期无死亡及截肢患者.踝/肱指数由术前平均0.19术后升至0.94;术前以80 m/min速度行走,跛行距离15～60 m,术后(100～120)m/min行走,距离增至350～500 m或>500 m;术后血管彩超检测胭动脉平均血流速为45 cm/s,胫前(后)动脉术前极少量血流信号,术后平均血流速41 cm/s.35例(89.7%)平均随访3.4年,3年一二期累计通畅率85.7%,其中4例截肢,保肢率88.6%.结论 髂外动脉-腘动脉人工血管移植交叉转流术是治疗单侧髂股动脉闭塞可行有效的方法,尤其适宜全身状态较差,合并有重要器官病变的老年患者.     

Remote Endarterectomy: First Choice in Surgical Treatment of Long Segmental SFA Occlusive Disease?

OBJECTIVES: to report the long term results of remote superficial femoral artery endarterectomy (RSFAE) with the MollRing Cutter for the treatment of long segmental SFA occlusive disease. DESIGN: retrospective open study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: from March 1994 to August 2000 183 RSFAEs were performed in 164 selected patients (105 males, 120 procedures) with a median age of 63 years (43-84 years). Indications for operation were disabling intermittent claudication in 129 procedures (70%), rest pain in 20 procedures (11%), and limb salvage in 34 procedures (19%). Follow up consisted of clinical evaluation, ankle-brachial index measurements and duplex scanning. RESULTS: the mean follow-up time was 29.3 months. The mean length of the endarterectomised SFAs was 31 cm (range, 17-45cm). The five year cumulative primary patency rate by means of life table analysis was 37.8+/-6.67% (SE). Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty and surgical re-intervention were performed in twenty-nine and four patients respectively resulting in a primary assisted patency rate of 47.9+/-6.27%. Limb salvage was achieved in 30 of the 34 patients. Females had a statistically significant lower primary patency rate, i.e., 26 vs 45% (p -value=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: the long term results of remote SFA endarterectomy show that it is a safe, effective and durable, minimally invasive procedure. It also leaves open all other options for conventional bypass procedures. The five-year primary patency rate is at least similar to prosthetic above-knee bypass surgery.     

胫后静脉一期动脉化治疗周围动脉广泛性闭塞性疾病

目的探讨应用胫后静脉一期动脉化治疗周围动脉广泛性闭塞性疾病的疗效。方法应用胫后静脉一期动脉化治疗周围动脉广泛性闭塞性疾病46例(56条患肢)。结果术后患者疼痛症状消失、皮温升高。经3个月～7年的随访,除2条患肢行截肢、2条患肢再行带蒂网膜移植术外,其余肢体治疗效果良好,总有效率为92.9%(52/56)。结论胫后静脉一期动脉化具有手术一期完成、适应证广、对静脉回流影响小、缺血症状解除快等优点。     

Current Therapeutic Options in the Management of Superficial Femoral Artery Occlusive Disease

The management of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease remains challenging for vascular surgeons. Despite the advances and dramatic changes we have seen in modern practice with the development and introduction of new endovascular techniques, long-term results with these interventions remain disappointing when compared to the “gold standard” of a vein bypass with a good run-off. Furthermore, there is little Level 1 evidence to guide us with regards to the best treatment strategy. In this article, we review some of the currently available open surgical and endovascular options for the management of superficial femoral artery disease.     

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with Treadmill Exercise to Assess Lower Limb Ischemia in Patients with Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease

Purpose We used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure exercise-induced ischemia in patients with intermittent claudication, and compared these results with those obtained by ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) analysis.Methods Sixty-two patients with intermittent claudication caused by atherosclerotic occlusive disease exercised on a treadmill until reaching the maximal tolerated walking distance. We measured the ABPI at rest and after exercise until it returned to the baseline value. A NIRS probe was positioned on the patients calf, which allowed the continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation (StO₂), oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy Hb), and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Deoxy Hb) in the calf muscles before, during, and after exercise. During exercise, the StO₂ and Oxy Hb decreased, and the Deoxy Hb increased. The time taken for each measurement to return to the baseline value was defined as the recovery time. The recovery times obtained by NIRS and ABPI were compared.Results The recovery time for ABPI correlated well with that for StO₂ (_s = 0.73), Oxy Hb (_s = 0.63), and Deoxy Hb (_s = 0.65); however, the recovery times measured by NIRS were shorter than the recovery time for the ABPI.Conclusions Near-infrared spectroscopy is a reliable method for monitoring peripheral circulation during and after exercise, although the data generated provided slightly different information than the results obtained by ABPI.