急性下消化道出血急诊结肠镜时机的争议

急性下消化道出血以突发的伴有血流动力学异常的便血为主要症状，发生率约占所有消化道出血的20%，与年龄成正相关，是消化科、普外科的常见住院原因。结肠镜具有直观、可以进行镜下治疗和相对安全的优点，被认为是下消化道出血的首选检查方法。但急性下消化道出血患者是否应行急诊结肠镜检查学术界仍存在不同意见。本研究对近新发表的关于急诊结肠镜时机方面的文献进行综述，以更清晰地了解急性下消化道出血时急诊结肠镜检查的价值。     

老年人急性下消化道出血的相关诊治研究

[目的]探讨老年人急性下消化道出血的病因及诊治。[方法]对277例行急诊结肠镜检查的急性下消化道出血老年患者的内镜资料进行分析,比较内镜下止血的效果。以同期非老年急性下消化道出血患者201例作为对照组。[结果]老年人急性下消化道出血的前4位病因分别为:大肠癌、大肠息肉、缺血性结肠炎、血管性病变。急诊结肠镜内镜下止血成功率为80.31%。[结论]老年人下消化道出血的诊断和治疗的首选方法是急诊结肠镜,它既能直接明确出血部位,活检做病因学诊断,又能在结肠镜下采取安全、有效、及时的止血治疗。     

内镜止血联合不同剂量质子泵抑制剂治疗老年急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的比较

目的:比较研究内镜止血联合不同剂量质子泵抑制剂治疗老年急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床效果,为以后临床治疗提供参考依据.方法:选取2009-01/2014-12 206例内镜止血治疗的老年急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者为研究对象,治疗中依据不同剂量质子泵抑制剂含量分为观察组与对照组,均103例.对照组患者治疗中应用常规剂量质子泵抑制剂,观察组患者治疗中给予大剂量质子泵抑制剂.对比两组患者呕血、黑便持续时间、平均住院时间及输血量与再次出血的基本情况,观察其临床疗效.结果:(1)症状持续时间:观察组呕血、黑便持续时间、平均住院时间及输血量均少于对照组(1.12 d±0.38 d vs 3.47 d±0.53 d,3.22d±0.46 d vs 5.35 d±1.11 d,7.17 d±1.32 d vs 10.57 d±1.79 d,440.30 mL±86.65 mL vs764.50 mL±125.36 mL)(P0.05);(2)止血情况:观察组止血时间、止血后再次出血、转开腹手术率低于对照组(1.62 h±0.69 h vs3.49 h±1.03 h,3.88%vs 13.59%,0.97%vs5.83%)(P0.05).结论:临床中对于内镜治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者应用大剂量质子泵抑制剂可以更好的缩短患者的呕血、黑便持续时间,并且减少患者住院的时间.同时,对降低再出血也有明显的优势,值得临床中应用与推广.     

不同时机急诊胃镜对肝硬化出血治疗价值

目的观察不同时机急诊胃镜对肝硬化合并出血治疗价值。方法将118例患肝硬化出血患者随机为急诊胃镜组(A、B、C组)及非急诊胃镜组(D组),A组患者在入院后6 h和内行胃镜检查,B组患者在入院后6~12 h内行胃镜检查,C组患者入院后12~48 h内行胃镜检查,D组患者在入院后48 h后行胃镜检查,四组均酌情进行胃镜下治疗;评价四组患者的再出血率、病死率、并发症发生率、平均住院日、住院期间输血量及总住院费。结果急诊胃镜组与非急诊胃镜组在再出血率、病死率及并发症发生率方面相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);急诊胃镜组间A组与C组在再出血率、病死率及并发症发生率方面相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);4组在住院期间输血量、住院天数及花费等方面相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),A组在输血量、住院天数及总住院费用方面均明显低于C组和D组。结论肝硬化出血尽早给予急诊胃镜检查,胃镜检查时间是影响患者止血效果及预后的重要因素。     

Rockall评分高危患者行急诊内镜的诊疗价值

目的:探讨急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding,ANVUGIB)Rockall评分高危患者行急诊内镜的诊疗价值.方法:对2011-08/2013-12山西煤炭中心医院消化内科55例ANVUGIB Rockall评分高危患者的临床资料、治疗方法及治疗结果作回顾性分析研究,其中出血后24-48 h内行急诊内镜检查患者30例,出血后3-5 d行内镜检查患者25例,比较行急诊内镜组与非急诊内镜组的病因检出率、住院花费、住院时间、输血量、死亡率等指标.结果:急诊内镜组与非急诊内镜组的出血病因构成差异无统计学意义(P0.05);急诊内镜组病因确诊率高于非急诊内镜组(93.33%vs 56.00%)(P=0.0010.01);急诊内镜组住院时间和住院费用及输血量显著低于非急诊内镜组(10.0 d±6.7 d vs 16.4 d±7.3 d,13034.4元±9967.2元vs 14110.2元±9780.8元,1180.7 m L±634.7 m L vs 1420 m L±725.9 m L)(P0.05);急诊内镜组死亡率低于非急诊内镜组(6.67%vs 12.00%)(P0.05).结论:对于ANVUGIB Rockall评分高危患者,行急诊内镜检查虽不能明显降低其死亡率,但可以显著改善其医疗过程,有利于临床,其优势尚待大样本的临床研究.     

急诊绿色通道诊治上消化道出血275例临床及费用分析

目的 评估急诊绿色通道诊治上消化道出血的临床及经济效益。方法 选取我院2001年2月～2002年11月经急诊绿色通道诊治的上消化道出血患者275例，统计出血病因、病变检出率、各不同时间段病变检出率、治疗效果和患者平均留观住院天数及住院治疗费用，并将治疗效果、患者平均留观住院天数及住院治疗费用与2000年绿色通道未建立前作比较。结果及结论 急诊内镜检查时间越早，病变检出率越高，尤其是对急性胃粘膜病变等粘膜浅表病变的检出率。绿色通道可以保证急诊内镜安全、有效的进行，并可降低患者急诊留观及住院平均天数及治疗费用。     

肠镜下治疗急性阑尾炎的临床研究

目的 探讨结肠镜治疗急性阑尾炎(非穿孔性及坏疽性)的疗效.方法 将94例急性阑尾炎患者按随机自愿原则分为肠镜治疗组34例,手术治疗对照组45例,内科治疗对照组15例.手术治疗组予开腹阑尾切除术治疗,内科治疗组予甲硝唑及头孢西丁治疗,肠镜治疗组在内科治疗基础上加肠镜下治疗.对比分析3组患者的住院天数、平均费用、1年内复发例数、腹痛解除天数的差别.结果 肠镜组住院天数(2.77±0.27)d、平均费用(1011.35±22.12)元、1年内复发率2.9％(1/34)、腹痛解除天数1.2d,均明显优于内科治疗组的住院天数(7.64±1.52)d、平均费用(3978.63±33.02)元、1年内复发率33.3％ (5/15)、腹痛解除天数3.9d,亦优于手术组的住院天数(6.65±1.68)d、平均费用( 4023.37±32.02)元,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 结肠镜治疗急性阑尾炎安全有效,可作为首选治疗手段.     

胃肠镜前行CT检查在诊断急性下消化道出血中的价值探析

[目的]本研究旨在评估紧急CT在急性下消化道出血(LGIB)中的作用。[方法]选取112例LGIB急诊住院患者,在到达医院后24h内进行早期结肠镜检查,其中62例在到达医院后3h内进行CT检查。我们比较了紧急CT后早期结肠镜检查或单独早期结肠镜检查这2种方法的出血源判定。[结果]2种治疗策略在年龄、性别、合并症、生命体征或实验室数据方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。经MDCT后结肠镜检查的血管病变检出率显著高于未经CT的组(P=0.048)。MDCT组的结肠镜检查显示内镜治疗率显著提高(P=0.010)。2种策略在再出血和输血需求方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在62例患者中,MDCT显示有13例(20.97%)外渗,随后的结肠镜检查显示有23例(37.10%)血管病变。MDCT对结肠镜血管病变的敏感性和特异性分别为37.5%和87.9%。MDCT显示9例(14.52%)患者有非血管病变,随后的结肠镜检查显示8例(12.90%)患者有非血管病变(炎症或肿瘤)。MDCT对结肠镜检查炎症或肿瘤的敏感性和特异性分别为81.3%和80.7%。MDCT阳性渗出与憩室出血史(P=0.007)显著相关,术后1周无造影剂肾病病例发生。[结论]针对急性LGIB,行CT是安全的,能够正确识别活动性出血点的存在和位置,以及严重炎症或肿瘤,有助于出血点及出血类型的判定决策。     

急诊胃镜联合奥美拉唑治疗消化道出血临床疗效分析

目的探讨急诊胃镜联合奥美拉唑治疗消化道出血的临床疗效。方法选取120例经急诊内镜检查确诊为消化道出血的患者为研究对象,采取随机数字法随机分为常规组和观察组,每组60例。常规组患者给予常规止血治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上给予急诊胃镜联合奥美拉唑治疗,观察比较两组患者的临床治疗效果、住院期间再出血率、病死率、住院时间以及不良反应发生情况。结果观察组患者的治疗总有效率(96.7%)显著高于常规组(85.0%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者临床疗效显著优于常规组(P0.01)。观察组患者住院期间再出血率(10.0%)显著低于常规组(35.0%)、住院时间明显短于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。两组患者治疗期间均无明显的不良反应发生。结论急诊胃镜联合奥美拉唑治疗消化道出血安全有效,无明显的不良反应发生,值得推广应用。     

住院患者消化道出血的病因分布与临床分析

目的统计分析消化道出血的病因与相关因素,分析消化内镜在消化道出血患者中的应用,并比较上消化道出血患者和下消化道出血患者的临床差异。方法对宜昌市中心人民医院消化内科2012年1月-2012年12月所有434例消化道出血住院患者进行回顾性分析。结果消化道出血占消化科所有住院患者的17.5%,消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、急性胃黏膜病变和结肠癌为消化道出血的主要原因。上消化道出血以消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、急性胃黏膜病变、胃癌居多,下消化道出血主要为结肠癌、结肠息肉、炎症性肠病及慢性结肠炎。内镜对消化道出血患者的诊断阳性率高(83.4%),内镜下介入治疗患者较未接受内镜介入治疗患者有更高的治愈率(91.0%vs 65.5%,P0.05)和更少的住院时间[(8.2±4.3)d vs(12.8±6.1)d,P0.05]。结论消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张、急性胃黏膜病变、结肠癌为消化道出血最常见的病因,内镜检查可明显提高诊断率,内镜介入治疗可提高治疗成功率。     

Urgent colonoscopy for evaluation and management of acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that early intervention in patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) would improve outcomes and therefore conducted a prospective randomized study comparing urgent colonoscopy to standard care. METHODS: Consecutive patients presenting with LGIB without upper or anorectal bleeding sources were randomized to urgent purge preparation followed immediately by colonoscopy or a standard care algorithm based on angiographic intervention and expectant colonoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients were randomized to each group. A definite source of bleeding was found more often in urgent colonoscopy patients (diverticula, 13; angioectasia, 4; colitis, 4) than in the standard care group (diverticula, 8; colitis, 3) (the odds ratio for the difference among the groups was 2.6; 95% CI 1.1-6.2). In the urgent colonoscopy group, 17 patients received endoscopic therapy; in the standard care group, 10 patients had angiographic hemostasis. There was no difference in outcomes among the two groups-including: mortality 2%versus 4%, hospital stay 5.8 versus 6.6 days, ICU stay 1.8 versus 2.4 days, transfusion requirements 4.2 versus 5 units, early rebleeding 22%versus 30%, surgery 14%versus 12%, or late rebleeding 16%versus 14% (mean follow-up of 62 and 58 months). CONCLUSION: Although urgent colonoscopy identified a definite source of LGIB more often than a standard care algorithm based on angiography and expectant colonoscopy, the approaches are not significantly different with regard to important outcomes. Thus, decisions concerning care for patients with acute LGIB should be based on individual experience and local expertise.     

非静脉曲张性上消化道出血行急诊内镜止血患者病情严重且预后较差

目的：比较分析非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(NVUGIB)床边急诊内镜与择期内镜治疗的临床特点和疗效。方法：回顾性收集304例NVUGIB并接受内镜止血治疗患者的病例资料，其中接受床边急诊内镜的152例患者纳入急诊内镜组，接受择期内镜止血的152例患者纳入择期内镜组，比较分析2组患者的一般情况、病情严重程度、疗效等。结果：2组患者的一般情况、病因构成、止血方式无明显差异(P均>0.05)，与择期内镜组比较，急诊内镜组患者血红蛋白量和血小板计数低，凝血时间延长，AIMS65评分及内镜前Rockall(pRS)评分较高(P均<0.01)，输血率高(60.4% vs 47.4%，P<0.01)，输血量多(P<0.01)，再出血率高(12.2% vs 3.9%，P<0.01)，住院时间更长(P<0.01)。2组患者止血成功率都在80%以上，并发症发生率和死亡率无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论：对于NVUGIB患者，需行床边急诊内镜止血者失血情况严重，凝血功能差，其输血量、再出血率、住院时间均较高或较长，但死亡率与择期内镜止血治疗者相近。     

主动脉球囊反搏治疗急性心肌梗死合并泵衰竭的疗效

目的：探讨主动脉球囊反搏（IABP）治疗急性心肌梗死（AMI）合并泵衰竭的效果。方法：回顾性分析我院2010年1月至2013年10月急诊经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗的82例 AMI 合并泵衰竭患者的临床资料,根据是否使用 IABP 辅助治疗分为两组：IABP 组（42例,在 IABP 辅助下行 PCI 治疗）和常规 PCI 组（40例,仅采用常规 PCI 治疗）,比较两组患者治疗成功率,死亡率,血流动力学（收缩压、舒张压、心率）稳定至 PCI 时间,住院时间及并发症等情况。结果：与常规 PCI 组比较,IABP 组治疗后血压显著升高[收缩压：（80.3±16.2）mmHg比（88.4±12.5）mmHg,舒张压：（55.4±10.2）mmHg 比（60.0±10.5）mmHg],心率显著降低[（92.4±26.1）次/min 比（80.5±18.5）次/min],P 均＜0.05;尿量显著增多[（30.2±8.3）ml/h 比（40.3±9.4）ml/h]（P ＝0.001）;IABP 组治疗成功率显著升高（72.5％比83.3％）,死亡率显著降低（27.5％比16.7％）,血流动力学稳定至 PCI 时间[（10.1±8.1）h 比（5.0±2.5）h]及住院时间[（18.4±6.2）d 比（13.5±4.2）d]均显著缩短（P均＜0.05）;两组并发症差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。结论：主动脉内球囊反搏辅助治疗 AMI 合并泵衰竭有助于提高 PCI 治疗的成功率,改善血流动力学情况,增加尿量,缩短住院时间。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭小潮气量机械通气治疗

目的 研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者进行小潮气量机械通气的肺保护效果。方法 30例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者分为小潮气量组15例和常规潮气量通气组15例，观察两组思者机械通气期间发生气压伤的情况，机械通气时间，平均住院时间及最终预后情况。结果 两组患者在存活率方面无显著差异，小潮气量组气压伤发生率、机械通气时间、住院时间明显少于常规通气组。结论 对于COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者，选用小潮气量进行机械通气，可以减轻机械通气相关性肺损伤，缩短机械通气时间和住院时间。     

心脏瓣膜手术患者围手术期用血情况分析

目的:分析心脏瓣膜手术患者围手术期临床用血情况和影响因素,为心外科手术合理备血、用血提供参考依据。方法:回顾性调查2017年,在本院行心脏瓣膜手术患者的临床病历资料。分析成分血的使用情况以及对影响输血的相关因素,如:性别、年龄、血型、BMI、体外循环时间、手术方式、住院天数等进行统计分析。结果:通过对心脏瓣膜手术患者在围手术期的输血情况分析,结果显示:不同血型、BMI、体外循环时间与平均输血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);平均输血量与性别、年龄有显著相关性(P<0.05),女性患者输注量多于男性患者,60岁以上老人平均输血量大。结论:性别、年龄与平均输血量有显著相关性,我们应掌握心脏瓣膜病围手术期输血的特点和规律,为临床手术合理备血、围手术期合理用血提供理论依据,做到合理有效用血,在节约血液资源的同时,可以缩短住院周期,节省医疗费用。     

24例微创主动脉瓣置换术临床分析

目的:探讨采用PORT ACCESS技术,进行微创主动脉瓣置换手术的安全性。方法:回顾性分析我院2010年6月至2012年5月期间,24例微创主动脉瓣替换术患者的临床资料,并与48例传统正中开胸主动脉瓣置换患者资料作对比性研究。结果:微创组虽然在平均体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间[(124±39)vs.(102±34)min;(97±33)vs.(83±24)min]较传统正中开胸组长,两组患者在手术时间差异无统计学意义。微创组在减少手术输血量、平均住ICU时间、平均住院时间[(8 vs.38)mL;(1.2±0.6)vs.(2.5±1.7)d;(11.1±4.3)vs.(19.7±7.8)d]上优于传统正中开胸组。结论:微创主动脉瓣置术换创伤小、术中输血少、术后恢复快,是治疗主动脉瓣疾病安全选择。     

Effects of multimodal fast-track surgery on liver transplantation outcomes

BACKGROUND: Fast-track surgery and enhanced recovery after surgery have been applied to many surgical procedures;however, data on fast-track surgery and enhanced recovery after surgery following liver transplantation is limited. This study aimed to conduct a prospective study to determine the effects of fast-track surgery on prognosis after liver transplan-tation. METHODS: This was a prospective, single-blinded, random-ized study. One hundred twenty-eight patients undergoing liver transplantation were selected for the fast-track (FT group, n=54) or conventional process (NFT group, n=74). The prima-ry endpoints were intensive care unit (ICU) stay and hospital stay. The secondary endpoints were as follows: operative time, anhepatic phase time, intraoperative blood loss, intraopera-tive blood transfusion volume, postoperative complications, readmission rate, and postoperative mortality. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in preoperative demographics between the two groups. The median ICU stay was 2 days (range 1-7 days) in the FT group and 5 days (range 3-12 days) in the NFT group (P<0.01). Furthermore, the hospital stay was also significantly reduced in the FT group (P<0.01). The operative time, anhepatic phase time, intraop-erative blood loss, and intraoperative blood transfusion vol-ume were decreased in the FT group compared with the NFT group (P<0.05). Based on Spearman correlation analysis, the ICU stay and hospital stay may be positively correlated with operative time, anhepatic phase time and intraoperative blood loss. There were no differences in the incidence of postopera-tive complications, readmissions, and postoperative mortality between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Fast-track procedures effectively reduce the ICU stay and hospital stay without adversely affecting progno-sis. This study demonstrated that fast-track protocols are safe and feasible in liver transplantation.     

Low central venous pressure reduces blood loss in hepatectomy

AIM:To investigate the effect of low central venouspressure(LCVP)on blood loss during hepatectomy forhepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS:By the method of sealed envelope,50 HCC patients were randomized into LCVP group(n=25)and control group(n=25).In LCVP group,CVP was maintained at 2-4 mmHg and systolic bloodpressure(SBP)above 90 mmHg by manipulation of thepatient's posture and administration of drugs duringhepatectomy,while in control group hepatectomy wasperformed routinely without lowering CVP.The patients'preoperative conditions,volume of blood loss duringhepatectomy,volume of blood transfusion,length ofhospital stay,changes in hepatic and renal functionswere compared between the two groups.RESULTS:There were no significant differences inpatients' preoperative conditions,maximal tumordimension,pattern of hepatectomy,duration of vascularocclusion,operation time,weight of resected liver tissues,incidence of post-operative complications,hepatic andrenal functions between the two groups.LCVP group hada markedly lower volume of total intraoperative bloodloss and blood loss during hepatectomy than the controlgroup,being 903.9±180.8 mL vs 2 329.4±2 538.4(W=495.5,P<0.01)and 672.4±429.9 mL vs 1662.6±1932.1(W=543.5,P<0.01).There were no remarkabledifferences in the pre-resection and post-resection bloodlosses between the two groups.The length of hospitalstay was significantly shortened in LCVP group ascompared with the control group,being 16.3±6.8 d vs21.5±8.6 d(W=532.5,P<0.05). CONCLUSION:LCVP is easily achievable in technique.Maintenance of CVP≤4 mmHg can help reduce bloodloss during hepatectomy,shorten the length of hospitalstay,and has no detrimental effects on hepatic or renalfunction.     

Early colonoscopy for acute lower GI bleeding predicts shorter hospital stay: a retrospective study of experience in a single center

BACKGROUND: Appropriate management of lower-GI hemorrhage remains controversial largely because outcomes data are lacking. It is our hypothesis that clinical factors, such as comorbidity, hemodynamic instability, and timing of colonoscopy, are associated with hospital lengths of stay. METHODS: Medical records of patients hospitalized for lower-GI hemorrhage from 1993 to 2000 were reviewed and abstracted, and a Cox regression model was constructed to explore associations between time to discharge (i.e., length of stay) and clinical parameters. RESULTS: A total of 565 hospitalizations for acute lower-GI hemorrhage were examined in which mean length of stay was 6.7 days. Colonoscopy was performed during 415 hospitalizations. Approximately a third of patients were discharged within 48 hours after colonoscopy. In the regression model, hemodynamic instability, higher comorbidity, performance of a tagged red blood cell nuclear scan, and surgery for hemostasis were significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of discharge. Having a colonoscopy was associated with an increased likelihood of being discharged compared with not having a colonoscopy at any given time point during hospitalization (hazard ratio 1.5: 95% CI[1.2, 1.8]. The mean lengths of stay for patients having colonoscopy within 24 hours of hospitalization was shorter than those having colonoscopy after 24 hours of hospitalization (5.4 vs. 7.2 days; p<0.008). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with lower-GI hemorrhage, earlier colonoscopy predicted earlier hospital discharge. However, colonoscopy did not necessarily lead to expedited post-procedural discharge. Although early colonoscopy appears to shorten hospital length of stay, prospective studies of inpatient colonoscopy are needed to determine the impact of this approach on outcomes.     

Colonic exclusion and combined therapy for refractory constipation

INTRODUCTION Refractory constipation is a common clinical symptom. Because it is very obstinate and its etiological factors are unclear, it is difficult for medical workers to treat the patients. The problem of difficult defecation usually cannot be solve…