Aneurysms of the portal vein and superior mesenteric vein

Only scattered reports of portal vein and superior mesenteric vein aneurysms appear in the literature. Case reports of three patients with portal vein and superior mesenteric vein aneurysms diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) and gray-scale, color Doppler, and duplex Doppler sonography are presented. In one case, an isolated portal vein aneurysm was demonstrated. In the second case, an aneurysm of the portal vein and superior mesenteric vein resulting in biliary ductal dilatation was observed. In the third case, an isolated superior mesenteric vein aneurysm was found. None of the patients had a history or clinical evidence of underlying liver disease, pancreatitis, or other disease states that would predispose them to the development of aneurysms. The clinical presentations, possible etiologies, and imaging features of portal vein and superior mesenteric vein aneurysms are reviewed. The value of CT and sonography in the detection and characterization of these rare aneurysms is discussed. Received: 29 February 1996/Accepted: 10 April 1996     

阻滞浅静脉溶栓治疗深静脉血栓形成的临床分析

目的 对52例深静脉血栓(DVT)形成患者进行阻滞浅静脉溶栓治疗,并探讨其疗效.方法 从DVT形成患者的患肢远端静脉滴入溶血栓药物,并在阻塞部位上方用皮条阻滞浅静脉,以减少静脉回流,治疗前后均作深静脉造影对照.结果 对52例DVT形成患者阻滞浅静脉造影有效率高达81%.结论 阻滞浅静脉溶栓治疗DVT效果良好、方法简单且安全有效,易于基层医院实施.     

经颈静脉途径介入治疗门静脉阻塞

目的 评价经颈静脉途径介入治疗门静脉阻塞的可行性和安全性.方法 16例门静脉阻塞患者,腹水合并上消化道出血12例,单纯腹水4例;透视引导下应用RUPS- 100肝穿装置经右颈内静脉入路穿刺门静脉,成功后引入导丝使其通过门静脉狭窄闭塞段,通过机械性抽吸、接触性药物溶栓、球囊扩张或支架植入等技术开通阻塞的门静脉,并用支架建立肝内门体分流通路.结果 11例(68.7％)患者门静脉被开通并建立了肝内门体分流通路,门静脉开通前后阻塞远端压力由(4.98±0.61) kPa降至(2.40±0.24) kPa,8例经治疗后呕血黑便消失,7例腹水明显吸收,1例术后5天出现肝性脑病,经治疗后缓解,2例在术后3个月、9个月出现分流道闭塞,经置管溶栓及球囊扩张后再通.结论 经颈静脉途径介入治疗门静脉阻塞技术可行,对于内科保守治疗无效又不适宜手术治疗的患者,应考虑选用本项技术.     

Deep vein thrombosis

This article reviews the incidence, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Various employees, including long-distance drivers or travelers, sedentary office workers, females taking estrogen, those who are obese, those who have cancer, and those who are hospitalized, may be at risk for developing this condition. Genetic testing can determine some inherited factors predisposing workers to clotting. Low-molecular weight heparins can be used to manage DVT on an outpatient basis.     

Splenic vein thrombosis

A retrospective review of all admissions to the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1977 to 1987 revealed six persons in whom splenic vein thrombosis could be documented. The patients had either upper gastrointestinal bleeding from gastroesophageal varices or abdominal pain. Pancreatic disease was present in five patients (83%), three (50%) had splenic enlargement, and five (83%) had normal results of liver function tests. Angiography showed an occluded splenic vein with collateral flow and a patent portal vein in each of the four patients studied. All patients had splenectomy, with or without additional procedures. After a mean follow-up period of 9 1/2 months, five patients (83%) were alive, and none has had further gastrointestinal bleeding. One patient had died of recurrent pancreatic carcinoma at nine months. Our data suggest that localized portal hypertension induced by splenic vein thrombosis is appropriately treated by splenectomy.     

1例外周中心静脉置管并发上肢静脉血栓病人的护理

静脉血栓形成是静脉的一种急性非化脓性炎症 ,并伴有继发性血管腔内血栓形成的疾病。静脉血栓的病因主要是静脉壁损伤、静脉血流缓慢、异常的血流高凝状态以及其他创伤、烧伤、分娩或严重脱水所致的血液浓缩、血液内成分及数量的改变等。而外周中心静脉置管 (PICC)后静脉血栓形成发生率极低 ,目前国内尚无相关报道。但静脉血栓形成 ,将因静脉回流障碍而导致患肢肿胀增加病人痛苦 ,严重者可因栓子脱落并发肺栓塞而危及生命。因此 ,早期发现及时对症治疗及护理是至关重要的。现将我科 2 0 0 4年 3月 1例右下肺癌病人行PTCC置管化疗后并发…     

小儿PICC从头静脉异位至腋静脉成功复位的护理

PICC在临床上越来越受患者的欢迎而被大量使用,但不可避免在送管中出现异位,根据导管到达部位不同也可引起相应的并发症,如不及时处理常导致留置失败,既增加了患者的痛苦,又加重了患者的经济负担~([1]).本文总结了2例小儿PICC从头静脉异位至腋静脉成功复位的护理,现报道如下.     

Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis after central venous catheterization via the axillary vein

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of central venous catheter-induced thrombosis of the axillary vein. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study. SETTING: Tertiary care university center. PATIENTS: Sixty patients in a medical-surgical intensive care unit who required central venous catheterization via the axillary vein. INTERVENTIONS: Single-lumen, silicone elastomer or polyurethane catheters were inserted for a mean duration of 14.7+/-7.4 days (range, 4-33 days). On catheter removal, bilateral upper-extremity phlebographic examination was performed in each patient. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in catheterized arms was compared with that in uncatheterized arms. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 60 patients who underwent axillary vein cannulation, one patient had clinical signs of arm vein thrombosis, but no patient had clinical sign of pulmonary embolism. There were 35 patients (58.3%) who developed positive phlebographic examinations homolateral to the catheter. Fibrin sleeves that developed around the catheters were observed in 28 patients (47%). Five patients (8.3%) had phlebographic signs of partial axillary vein thrombosis: nonobstructive clots adherent to the vessel wall and/or the catheter. Two patients (3.3%) had phlebographic signs of complete axillary vein thrombosis. No thrombosis was observed in patients with catheterizations lasting < or =6 days, two cases were observed for duration of 7-14 days, and five cases were observed for duration of > or =15 days (p < .01). In the seven patients with axillary vein thrombosis, the vessel was cannulated with fewer than three puncture attempts, and the mean duration for catheter insertion (10+/-2.5 min) was not different from that of patients with no axillary vein thrombosis (14+/-9 min). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data from the present study, we conclude that axillary vein catheterization is associated with a 11.6% frequency of upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis. This rate of vein thrombosis is similar to that observed after internal jugular or subclavian vein cannulation. Given the acceptable rate of this clinically important complication, axillary vein cannulation offers an attractive alternative site for catheter insertion to the internal jugular or subclavian vein in the critically ill. Because thrombosis is rare or absent in catheterizations lasting <15 days, it seems wise to withdraw axillary catheters after a maximum of 2 wks.     

Retinal vein occlusion.

Retinal vein occlusion is a common form of retinal vascular disease, especially in middle-aged and older individuals. The diagnosis is based on the funduscopic finding of retinal vein dilatation in association with retinal hemorrhages and cotton-wool spots. The pathology can involve the entire venous system or can be limited to a branch of the central retinal vein. Retinal vein occlusion can be distinguished clinically from diabetic retinopathy and other retinal diseases. Treatment for the acute phase of retinal vein occlusion has been disappointing. However, some late complications, such as persistent macular edema and neovascularization of the iris and retina, respond well to retinal photocoagulation. The family physician has an important role in detecting and controlling risk factors for retinal vein occlusion, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperviscosity syndromes.