腹腔镜超声技术在胆囊切除胆道探查术中的应用

本文旨在探讨腹腔镜超声技术在LC中的临床应用价值和开创腔镜诊治胆石症的新途径。320例LC病有常规行腹腔镜超声检查(LUS);50例行腹腔镜超声和术中胆管造影(LOC)对比研究。胆管结石采用ERCP/EST和腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管切开探查取石T管引流或一期缝合术治疗。结果显示LUS平均检查时间15min,对胆道系统和血管系统扫描结果显示:胆囊和门静脉100％显像,肝胆管胆总管98％显像,胆总管未端86％显像,3％发现未预期胆管结石,发现10％胆囊管解剖变异;LUS和IOC对比结果显示LUS胆总管结石敏感性、特异性和总诊断正确率均优于IOC(分别为83％、98％、98％和76％、95％、95％),两者结合则高达100％。ERCP/EST成功率达90％,30例腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术平均手术时间3.5小时,25例置T管引流、5例一期胆管缝合,均获成功,未发生胆漏胆管损伤等并发症,术后残石者经T管胆道镜取石治愈。因此,LC中常规使用腹腔镜超声技术有助于判断胆道生理和病理解剖结构、防止发生胆管损伤;有助于发现或排除肝内外胆管结石、为胆管造影和胆道探查术提供重要指征,降低胆道残石和阴性胆道探查术。腹腔镜超声指导下的腹腔镜胆囊切除胆道探查取石T管引流或一期胆管缝合术安全可靠、为胆石症微创外科诊断和治疗开辟了一条新途径。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影的临床意义

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中行经胆囊管胆道造影对隐匿性胆总管结石及医源性胆管损伤诊断的临床意义.方法 回顾性分析341例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的临床资料,其中137例术中行经胆囊管胆道造影,207例未行造影.结果 137例行术中胆道造影者,术中发现胆总管结石11例（8.03％）,胆管损伤1例（0.72％）;术后随访3～6个月发现胆总管残余结石4例（2.92％）,未发现胆管损伤.204例未行术中胆道造影者,术中发现胆总管结石5例（2.45％）,术中未发现胆管损伤;术后随访3～6个月发现胆总管残余结石18例（8.82％）,胆管损伤2例（0.98％）.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影操作安全、快速、无创,可提高胆总管结石诊断的敏感度,及时发现胆管损伤,降低胆总管残余结石发生率,避免不必要的胆道探查.     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用价值

目的探讨术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法腹腔镜胆囊切除术中在切除胆囊前,常规在C型臂X线下行胆道造影,并及时采集、保存图像,以了解肝外胆管内有无结石存在。若发现结石,继而行中转开腹胆总管探查取石术。结果施行的76例术中胆道造影中,发现胆总管结石5例,其中胆总管下段多发结石2例,胆总管内单发结石2例,胆总管内一长柱状结石1例。5例胆总管结石取出术后均放置T型管,随访T管造影复查,未见结石残留。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术常规行术中胆道造影可有效地防止胆道结石残留,避免了不必要的胆管探查,减少了胆管损伤和术后并发症的发生,减少了患者的住院费用和住院时间,且术中胆道造影操作简单、迅速、安全,除有禁忌证外,应常规应用术中胆道造影。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影的应用价值

目的 评价术中胆道造影技术在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管插管行胆道造影共1226例,其中1180例造影成功,成功率为95．5％。结果 术中造影共发现胆总管结石78例,胆管损伤7例,副肝管2例。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影简单易行,显影清楚,能提高手术质量,降低胆管损伤发生率。     

LC中选择性行经胆囊管造影的临床应用

目的评价选择性行经胆囊管胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析113例在LC术中选择性行经胆囊管造影的患者的临床资料。结果术中造影成功108例,成功率为95．6％,术中发现胆总管结石16例,胆管变异3例,胆管损伤1例。结论在LC术中行选择性经胆囊管造影,可协助确诊胆道结石残留,避免不必要的胆道阴性探查,并可避免和发现胆管损伤,对于提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术的质量和安全性具有重要临床价值。     

经胆囊管术中胆道造影的评价

探讨经胆囊管胆道造影在胆囊切除手术中的作用。方法：在５０例胆囊切除手术中有选择性地行经胆囊管胆道造影，并同胆囊切除胆总管探查组和单纯胆囊切除组比较。结果：造影后发现结石者６例，其中胆总管结石４例，胆总管结石合并右肺管结石２例。提示有右肝管损伤者２例。全组造影阴性率为８４％，结论：经胆囊管术中胆道造影中可作为胆囊切除术的重要辅助手段，可以检出胆管结石或异常，避免不必要的胆道探查，并为减少胆道损伤提供     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影的临床应用

目的 探讨选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析125例经腹腔镜胆囊切除术中选择性经胆囊管插管行胆道造影的临床资料。结果 术中造影发现胆总管结石22例,胆总管下端狭窄4例,胆管损伤1例,副肝管2例。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中选择性经胆囊管行胆道造影对降低胆管结石的残留,减少不必要的胆管阴性探查,辨明胆道解剖,避免及发现胆管损伤,提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术的质量和安全性有重要价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影的临床应用

回顾性分析436例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的临床资料,其中114例术中经胆囊管胆道造影,322例未行造影。114例行术中胆道造影者,术中发现胆总管结石9例(7.89%),胆管损伤1例(0.88%);术后随访3~6个月发现胆总管残余结石2例(1.75%)。322例未行术中胆道造影者,术中发现胆管损伤1例(0.31%);术后随访3~6个月发现胆总管残余结石19例(5.90%)。腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊胆道造影操作安全、无创,可提高胆总管结石诊断率,及时发现胆管损伤,降低胆总管残余结石发生率,避免不必要的胆道探查。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查体会

目的总结经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道取石临床经验。方法80例胆囊结石可疑胆总管结石采用经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术。腹腔镜下分离胆囊管至胆总管汇合处,剪开胆囊管前壁,扩张器适当扩张胆囊管,行胆道造影明确胆道结石分布,胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石后再造影确认结石取净,夹闭胆囊管并切除胆囊。术后不常规放T管。结果6例胆道探查阴性。术中证实74例胆道有结石,0.6~1.0cm18例,<0.5cm56例。31例胆道内1枚结石,43例有2枚以上。18例需用等离子碎石器碎石。67例行胆囊管扩张。胆囊管开口变异6例。胆囊管损伤2例,处理后无术后胆漏。5例可疑肝内胆道结石行胆总管切开T管引流,术后行T管造影和胆道镜检查证实2例左肝管结石行胆道镜取石治愈,3例未发现结石。本组手术时间(168±34)min,出血量(50±8)ml,术后腹腔引流量(30±17)ml。62例术后3个月B超检查,未发现胆管残余结石。结论经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜取石是治疗继发性胆道结石的一种有效微创方法。     

术中胆道造影在急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的 探讨经胆囊管术中胆道造影在急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的价值.方法 对95例急性胆囊炎胆囊结石患者行急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术中行经胆囊管胆道造影,对胆总管结石、胆囊管结石的发生率及发现胆管误伤和解剖变异情况进行回顾性分析.结果 经术中胆道造影发现胆总管结石11例、胆囊管结石6例、迷走胆管1例、肝总管损伤1例、Mirizzi综合征2例、胆道变异2例.结论 经胆囊管术中胆道造影在急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术中可发现术前未发现的胆总管、胆囊管结石,指导治疗,减少术中胆管损伤,及时发现胆管损伤并正确处理,减轻急性炎症带来的手术困难.     

Routine laparoscopic ultrasound can significantly reduce the need for selective intraoperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy

Background The use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC), routinely rather than selectively, during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is controversial. Recent findings have shown laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) to be safe, quick, and effective not only for screening of the bile duct for stones, but also for evaluating the biliary anatomy. This study aimed to evaluate, on the basis of the LC outcome and the cost of LUS and IOC, whether and how much the routine use of LUS would be able to reduce the need for IOC. Methods During LC, LUS was used routinely to screen the bile duct for stones and to evaluate the biliary anatomy, whereas IOC was used selectively only when LUS was unsatisfactory or unsuccessful. Results For 193 (96.5%) of 200 patients, LUS was completed successfully, whereas IOC was needed for 7 patients (3.5%). Bile duct stones were identified in 20 patients (10%). For the detection of bile duct stones, LUS yielded 19 true-positive, 175 true-negative, 0 false-positive, and 1 false-negative results. It had a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 99.4%. The postoperative complications included bile leaks from the liver bed in two patients and a retained bile duct stone in one patient. If IOC had been used selectively in a traditional manner on the basis of preoperative risk factors, IOC would have been needed for 77 patients (38.5%). The total cost of LUS plus IOC for the current 200 patients was $26,256. The total estimated cost of selective IOC, if it had been performed for the 77 patients, would have been $31,416. Conclusions Routine LUS accurately diagnosed bile duct stones and significantly reduced the need for selective IOC from a potential 38.5% to an actual 3.5% without adversely affecting the outcome of the LC or increasing the overall cost. The routine use of LUS during LC is accurate and cost effective.     

Potential of laparoscopic ultrasonography as an alternative to operative cholangiography in the detection of bile duct stones

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is time consuming, requires radiation and sometimes fails. In contrast, laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) is a comparatively quick, safe and non-invasive technique. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of LUS as an alternative to IOC. METHODS: LUS was performed on 367 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic duct exploration was performed in the presence of duct stones. Data were collected prospectively. The presence or absence and number of duct stones detected by LUS were recorded. The maximum bile duct diameter determined by LUS was compared with a preoperative ultrasonographic measurement according to age and the presence of duct stones. The final arbiter was the demonstration of stones removed at laparoscopic duct exploration (59 patients) or subsequently by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (two patients). RESULTS: LUS visualized the CBD in 99 per cent of patients and the common hepatic duct in 92 per cent. It identified stones in 56 of the 61 patients with duct stones. No stones were demonstrated in the remaining 306 patients (sensitivity 92 per cent, specificity 100 per cent, positive predictive value 100 per cent, negative predictive value 98 per cent). LUS underestimated the total number of stones in 18 per cent of patients with common duct stones. The mean common bile duct diameter was 5.0 mm before operation and 5. 9 mm during the procedure in patients without duct stones, rising significantly to a mean of 9.2 mm before operation and 11.2 mm at LUS in those with duct stones (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The combination of the demonstration of duct stones and bile duct diameter measurement makes LUS a potential replacement for IOC. Improved demonstration of the common hepatic duct would be advantageous.     

Laparoscopic ultrasound as the primary method for bile duct imaging during cholecystectomy

Background Intraoperative fluorocholangiography (IOC) has been the standard method for bile duct imaging during cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) has been evaluated as a possible alternative, but has been used less frequently. The authors examined the evolving use of these two methods to assess the relative utility of LUS as the primary method for routine bile duct imaging during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods This study analyzed a prospective database containing 423 consecutive cholecystectomies performed by one attending surgeon in an academic medical center between 1995 and 2005. Results Intraoperative bile duct imaging was performed in 371 (94%) of 396 LCs performed for cholelithiasis. As recorded, IOC was performed in 239 cases, LUS in 236 cases, and both in 104 cases. Choledocholithiasis was present in 50 patients (13%). Common bile duct stones (CBDS) were identified by LUS in 3% of the patients without preoperative indicators of CBDS, and in 10% of the patients with one or more indicators. As shown by the findings, LUS had a positive predictive value of 100%, a negative predictive value of 99.6%, a sensitivity of 92.3%, and a specificity of 100% for detecting CBDS. Also, LUS identified clinically significant bile duct anatomy in 6% of the patients. In 1995, LUS was used for 20% of cases, whereas by 2005, it was used for 97% of cases. Conversely, the use of IOC decreased from 93% to 23%. Conclusions With moderate experience, LUS can become the primary routine imaging method for evaluating the bile duct during LC. It is as reliable as IOC for detecting choledocholithiasis. In addition, LUS can locate the common bile duct during difficult dissections. On the basis of this experience, LUS is used currently in nearly all LCs and is the sole method for bile duct imaging in 75% of these cases. IOC is used as an adjunct to LUS when LUS imaging is inadequate, when stronger clinical indicators of choledocholithiasis are present, or when biliary anatomy remains uncertain.     

选择性胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopy cholecystectomy,LC）中开展选择性的胆道造影技术及其临床应用价值。方法对98例术中胆道造影患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果同期LC 862例,术中胆道造影98例,造影成功90例,成功率为91.8%。术中发现胆管结石7例,胆管损伤1例,胆道解剖异常2例。结论选择性术中胆道造影操作简便安全,成功率高,显影清晰,可有效降低胆管结石的残余率和胆管损伤的发生率,避免不必要的胆道探查,提高LC手术的安全性。     

腹腔镜超声检查在胆囊切除术中的临床应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜超声检查(LUS)在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中的临床应用价值。方法:对168例LC患者同时行LUS。结果:LUS与术前B超和CT比较,其胆囊、胆管疾病阳性检出率分别为100%(168/168)、92%(155/168)、90%(151/168)。结论:LUS在胆系占位病变的阳性检出率高于B超和CT(P<0.05)。在判断胆道系统的解剖结构和胆总管残石方面可与术中胆管造影术(IOC)相比美,但更简单、安全、省时、并可减少胆道损伤,为胆道探查术提供重要指征,降低了胆道残石和阴性胆道探查术的发生率。     

常规/选择性胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中常规应用和选择性应用胆道造影的效果.方法 常规术中胆道造影组1 520例,选择性术中胆道造影组457例.采用自制造影器或输液针头完成术中造影,比较2组的造影时间、造影成功率、胆总管结石发现率、胆管解剖变异发现率、医源性胆管损伤发生率、中转开腹率以及术后住院时间.结果 2组病例在造影时间、造影成功率、中转开腹率以及术后住院时间方面的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);选择性造影组的胆总管结石发现率、胆管解剖变异发现率以及医源性胆管损伤发生率均高于常规造影组(28.25％比13.43％,10.71％比7.43％,2.05％比1.02％,P＜0.05).结论 在开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术的早期,应采用常规术中胆道造影,以避免医源性胆管损伤的发生和胆总管结石残留.待技术纯熟以后,可以选择性地进行术中胆道造影.     

The routine use of laparoscopic ultrasound decreases bile duct injury: a multicenter study

Objective  Laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) has been used for over 15 years to screen the bile duct (BD) for stones and to delineate anatomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). LUS as a modality to prevent BD injury has not been investigated in a large series. This study evaluated the routine use of LUS to determine its effect on preventing BD injury. Methods  A multicenter retrospective study was performed by reviewing clinical outcome of LC in which LUS was used routinely. Results  In five centers, 1,381 patients underwent LC with LUS. LUS was successful to delineate and evaluate the BD in 1,352 patients (98.0%), although it was unsuccessful or incomplete in 29 patients (2.0%). LUS was considered remarkably valuable to safely complete LC, avoiding conversion to open, in 81 patients (5.9%). The use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) varied depending on centers; IOC was performed in 504 patients (36.5%). For screening of BD stones (which was positive in 151 patients, 10.9%), LUS had a false-positive result in two patients (0.1%) and a false-negative result in five patients (0.4%). There were retained BD stones in three patients (0.2%). There were minor bile leaks from the liver bed in three patients (0.2%). However, there were no other BD injuries including BD transection (0%). Retrospectively, IOC was deemed necessary in 25 patients (1.8%) to complete LC in spite of routine LUS. Conclusion  LUS can be performed successfully to delineate BD anatomy in the majority of patients. The routine use of LUS during LC has obviated major BD injury, compared to the reported rate (1 out of 200–400 LCs). LUS improves the safety of LC by clarifying anatomy and decreasing BD injury.     

腹腔镜超声对于胆囊切除术中同期治疗胆道结石决策的价值

目的 观察腹腔镜超声(LUS)用于制定胆囊切除术中同期治疗肝内胆管结石及胆总管结石(CBDS)决策的价值。方法 回顾性分析53例明确诊断胆囊结石(GS)并接受择期腹腔镜下胆囊切除术患者,术中根据LUS所见判断有无肝内胆管结石及CBDS,进而决定是否同期行病变部分肝脏切除术和(或)腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)。结果 53例均成功切除胆囊,术中LUS检查胆囊结果与术中及术后所见相同,LUS诊断准确率100%(53/53)。24例术前诊断为单纯GS,其中19例术中LUS诊断与术前相符、5例术中LUS诊断为GS合并CBDS而同期行LCBDE;25例术前诊断为GS合并CBDS,其中23例术中LUS诊断与术前相符而同期行LCBDE,2例术中LUS未发现CBDS、术后影像学复查亦未见CBDS;4例术前诊断GS合并肝内胆管结石,其中3例术中LUS所见与术前相符而行部分肝脏切除,1例术中LUS发现CBDS而行部分肝脏切除术+LCBDE。结论 LUS有助于胆囊切除术中同期治疗肝内胆管结石及CBDS制定决策,可及时完善诊断、调整术式并辅助实施手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影的临床意义

目的:探讨术中胆道造影对行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)患者的临床意义。方法:回顾性分析113例因胆囊结石行LC加术中胆道造影患者的情况。结果:113例患者中造影成功110例(成功率97%),发现胆总管结石5例,占4.5%(5/110)。结论:LC加术中胆道造影有利于防止胆道残余结石,对正确判断胆道解剖关系,减少胆道损伤有重要的临床意义。LC加术中胆道造影可常规使用。