肠易激综合征患者肠黏膜肥大细胞与神经纤维的关联

目的　探讨肠黏膜肥大细胞与神经纤维之间的关联及其与肠易激综合征 (IBS)发病的关系。方法　应用电镜和免疫组化双重染色技术 ,对 5 6例符合罗马Ⅱ标准的腹泻型IBS患者和 12例非IBS对照组患者末端回肠和直肠 乙状结肠交界部位肠黏膜内的肥大细胞与神经纤维的关联进行了检测。结果　IBS患者和对照组肠黏膜内多数肥大细胞与神经纤维紧邻。患者末端回肠、直肠 乙状结肠交界处黏膜内神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE)、P物质、5 羟色胺 (5 HT)的表达明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,肥大细胞周围NSE、P物质、降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)、5 HT的表达也明显增强。IBS患者末端回肠黏膜内肥大细胞的数目 (10 .98± 2 .96 )与对照组 (6 .0 5± 0 .5 1)相比明显增多 (P <0 .0 1)。IBS患者与对照组相比 ,末端回肠内NSE(6 .73± 1.0 2比 4 .2 5± 0 .5 0 )、P物质 (6 .84± 0 .85比 4 .2 8± 0 .4 0 )、CGRP(6 .73± 0 .82比 4 .33± 0 .5 4 )、5 HT(6 .72± 0 .81比 4 .0 0± 0 .6 3)阳性神经纤维紧邻的肥大细胞数目亦明显增多 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　IBS患者肠黏膜内肥大细胞数量的增多及其周围神经肽表达的增强表明 :免疫系统与肠神经丛之间通路的活化可能与IBS的发病有关。     

肠易激综合征患者小肠黏膜5-HT信号系统的研究

目的探讨肠易激综合征（IBS）患者不同部位小肠黏膜5-羟色胺（5-HT）水平及肠嗜铬细胞（EC细胞）数量是否改变。方法选取24例便秘型IBS（IBS-C）、26例腹泻型IBS（IBS-D）患者和26名健康人,行小肠镜及结肠镜检查并取十二指肠降段、近端空肠和回肠末段黏膜,用高压液相色谱-电化学法和免疫组织化学检测5-HT含量和EC细胞。结果IBSC患者近端空肠黏膜的5-HT含量与健康人相比有统计学意义（122±54ng／mg蛋白比188±91ng／mg蛋白,P〈0．05）,而十二指肠降段和回肠末段黏膜5-HT含量（182±90ng／mg蛋白、61±35ng／mg蛋白）与健康人相比（256±84ng／mg蛋白、93±45ng／mg蛋白）无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。IBS-D患者不同部位小肠黏膜5-HT含量与健康人相比均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。IBS-C和IBSD患者不同部位小肠黏膜EC细胞数量与健康人相比均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论上述结果提示1BS患者小肠黏膜5HT信号系统异常是其发病机制之-,但是在IBS-C和IBS-D之间有差异。     

肠易激综合征患者肠黏膜Th1/Th2漂移的研究

目的探讨肠易激综合征(IBS)患者肠黏膜是否存在Th1／Th2免疫调节功能紊乱。方法经结肠镜钳取58例IBS患者及20例对照者的升结肠、降结肠和直肠黏膜标本，采用免疫组化染色检测其肠黏膜主要Th1和Th2细胞因子的表达情况。结果IBS患者肠黏膜大体及组织学表现与对照相比无明显改变；腹泻型IBS患者升结肠、降结肠、直肠黏膜Th1细胞因子干扰素(IFN)-γ的阳性表达率显著高于对照组，白细胞介素(IL)-12的表达率在直肠较对照组显著增高，升结肠、降结肠有升高趋势，但差异无显著性；Th2细胞因子IL-10的表达率与对照组比较呈降低趋势，但差异无显著性。进一步比较腹泻型患者中感染后IBS(pIBS)和非感染后IBS Th1和Th2细胞因子的表达，pIBS中Th1细胞因子IFN-7的表达在升结肠、降结肠和直肠均显著高于对照组，升结肠、直肠IL-12的表达亦显著增高，降结肠的表达有增高趋势：Th2细胞因子IL-4、IL-10较对照组有下降趋势。非感染后IBS患者Th1和Th2细胞因子的表达较对照组差异无显著性。便秘型IBS患者Th1和Th2细胞因子的表达与对照绢比较差异均无显著性。结论腹泻型IBS患者肠黏膜内存在Th1／Th2漂移，Th1反应增强，感染因素影响了腹泻型Th1／Th2漂移，便秘型患者Th1／Th2仍趋于平衡状态。     

肠易激综合征精神心理因素、肠黏膜肥大细胞及5-羟色胺的变化

目的:探讨精神心理因素、肠黏膜肥大细胞(MC)及5-羟色胺(5-HT)变化在肠易激综合征(IBS)发病机制中的作用.方法:应用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)分别对27例IBS患者和27例对照者进行精神心理因素评分.应用免疫组化法检测回盲部肠黏膜MC含量.应用高效液相电化学检测法测定回盲部肠黏膜5-HT含量.应用直线相关分析焦虑抑郁评分、回盲部肠黏膜MC数目和脱颗粒比率、5-HT浓度之间的关系.结果:IBS组焦虑抑郁评分HAMA(18.26±6.23)和HAMD(20.93±6.96)总分均明显高于对照组(9.15±4.91,9.89±5.31),差异有显著性(P＜0.05).IBS组回盲部肠黏膜MC数目、MC脱颗粒比率便秘型(22.1±6.5/HP,35.4%±7.1%)和腹泻型(28.4±7.3/HP和42.3%±10.1%)明显高于对照组(15.6±6.9/HP和24.8%±7.2%),差异有显著性(P＜0.05),其中腹泻型较便秘型明显升高(P＜0.05).IBS组回盲部肠黏膜5-HT浓度便秘型和腹泻型明显高于对照组(2669±920,2628±906 ng/g vs 1893±984 ng/g,P＜0.05),其中便秘型和腹泻型相比无显著性差异(P＞0.05).IBS患者焦虑抑郁评分与回盲部肠黏膜MC数目、MC脱颗粒比率呈正相关性(rHAMA=0.784,0.842,rHAMD=0.711,0.860,P＜0.01),与回盲部肠黏膜5-HT浓度无明显相关性(P＞0.05).IBS患者回盲部肠黏膜5-HT浓度与MC数目、MC脱颗粒比率之间无明显相关性(P＞0.05).结论:IBS精神心理因素异常,回盲部肠黏膜MC含量及活化比例增高,5-HT浓度增高.精神心理因素异常与肠黏膜MC含量增加及肠黏膜MC的脱颗粒有关.     

腹泻型肠易激综合征患者肠黏膜肥大细胞的变化

目的探讨腹泻型肠易激综合征(IBS)与肠黏膜肥大细胞(MC)及脱颗粒之间的关系。方法正常人10例和腹泻型IBS患者11例。每例于结肠镜下取盲肠、横结肠和直肠黏膜组织各2块,用免疫组化方法行MC染色,计算每高倍视野下MC的数量及脱颗粒MC所占MC总数的比例。结果腹泻组IBS患者盲肠、横结肠黏膜MC数量显著高于正常对照组(P<0·01及P<0·05);直肠黏膜MC数量与正常对照组无显著差异(P>0·05)。腹泻型IBS患者盲肠、横结肠、直肠黏膜脱颗粒MC比率显著高于正常对照组(P<0·05或P<0·01)。结论肠黏膜肥大细胞在腹泻型IBS的发病过程中起着重要作用。     

肠易激综合征血浆及乙状结肠粘膜中VIP及SS的含量

目的 :探讨肠易激综合征 (IBS)患者血浆及乙状结肠粘膜中血管活性肠肽 (VIP)、生长抑素 (SS)有无变化 ,以及它们在IBS发病过程中的可能作用和临床意义。方法 :应用放射免疫分析法 (RIA)测定IBS患者血浆及乙状结肠粘膜内VIP、SS的含量 ,并与正常组比较。结果 :便秘型IBS血浆及乙状结肠粘膜中VIP含量显著高于正常组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,腹泻型显著低于正常组 (P <0 .0 5) ;SS在IBS各组均显著高于正常组 (P <0 .0 5) ,而便秘型又显著高于腹泻型 (P <0 .0 5)。结论 :IBS患者存在VIP、SS含量异常 ,且这些异常可能在IBS发病中起一定的作用 ;不同类型IBS患者VIP及SS含量有显著差异 ,说明不同类型IBS在发病机制上有其不同的病理生理学基础     

便秘型肠易激综合征与5-HT的相关性研究

目的探讨便秘型肠易激综合征（IBS—C）与5-羟色胺（5-HT）的相关性。方法IBS—C患者30例和对照组30例,均行电子结肠镜检查,在直肠和乙状结肠交界处活检,组织切片行免疫组化5-HT抗体染色。结果IBS—C结肠黏膜中5-HT阳性表达率为23．3％,免疫组化5-HT染色强度与对照组比较明显增强（P〈0．05）。结论IBS—C的发病与5-HT有一定的相关性。     

肠易激综合征患者脑部痛觉功能区域的变化

目的应用血氧水平依赖性功能性磁共振(BOLD fMRI)技术研究肠易激综合征(irritablebowelsyndrome ,IBS)患者颅内痛觉功能区的变化及临床意义并比较与正常人的差异。方法2 0 0 2年1月～2 0 0 4年2月期间,参照罗马II诊断标准纳入67例肠易激综合征患者和10例正常志愿者,其中腹泻型肠易激综合征44例,男19例,女2 5例。年龄3 4～73岁,平均年龄5 3 0 7±8 44岁。便秘型肠易激综合征2 3例,其中男12例,女11例,年龄2 1～74岁,平均年龄46 2 2±14 64岁。直肠注气试验记录感觉阈值和感觉评分;功能性磁共振(fMRI)分析直肠扩张3 0ml、60ml、90ml和12 0ml时颅内痛觉功能区扣带前皮质(ACC)、脑岛皮质(IC)、额前皮质(PFC)及丘脑(THAL)的激活面积和强度。结果腹泻型IBS患者排便急迫和疼痛阈值显著低于便秘型患者和正常志愿者(P <0 0 5 ) ;腹泻型IBS患者在直肠注气90ml和12 0ml时视觉模拟评分(VAS)显著高于正常志愿者(P <0 0 5 ) ;便秘型IBS患者直肠扩张12 0ml时额前皮质、右侧丘脑兴奋面积较正常对照组显著增高(P <0 0 5 ) ,腹泻型IBS患者直肠扩张12 0ml时右侧脑岛皮质、额前皮质和右侧丘脑的兴奋面积较正常对照组显著增高(P <0 0 5 ) ;所有IBS患者直肠扩张90ml时脑岛皮质、直肠扩张12 0ml时脑岛皮质、额前皮质和丘脑     

紧密连接蛋白claudin-1在肠易激综合征患者肠黏膜中的表达及意义

目的 探讨肠易激综合征(IBS)患者肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白claudln-1表达在排便性状和习惯改变中的意义.方法 用免疫组化方法检测对照组(痔疮10例、结肠息肉10例)和观察组(43例IBS患者,腹泻型23例、便秘型20例)小肠和结肠黏膜claudin.1表达.结果 免疫组化定位显示两组肠黏膜claudin.1均分布于肠上皮紧密连接的细胞膜,胞核及核膜无表达;与对照组比较,观察组腹泻型患者小肠和结肠黏膜clandin-1表达明显下降(P＜0.05),便秘型患者clandin-1表达明显上升高(P＜0.05),腹泻型与便秘型比较有显著差异(P＜0.05).结论 claudin-1表达异常在IBS患者排便性状和习惯改变形成中可能有重要作用.     

功能性消化不良患者肠嗜铬细胞数量及功能改变

目的探讨作为5-羟色胺(5-HT)重要来源的肠嗜铬细胞(EC细胞)在功能性消化不良(FD)患者胃黏膜中的改变。方法对15例健康志愿者和33例FD患者进行研究,免疫组化法染色并计数EC细胞。电镜观察EC细胞超微结构。结果FD患者近端胃黏膜EC细胞数显著高于对照组(12．5±2．1比8．3±1．4,t=2．353,P＜0．05)。FD患者EC细胞染色强度较对照组明显增强(3．72±0．42比2．61±0．57,t=2．078,P＜0．05)。随胃黏膜炎症程度的加重,EC细胞数量增加,染色强度增强。电子显微镜下EC细胞内高尔基体、线粒体及内质网较多,胞质内有特异性分泌颗粒。结论EC细胞可能参与FD发病,EC细胞数量与胃黏膜炎症程度有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.