Effects of age on plasma matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)

BackgroundThe mechanisms causing age-dependent changes in left ventricular (LV) structure and function are not completely understood. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) constitute one important proteolytic pathway affecting LV remodeling. However, whether these determinants of extracellular matrix (ECM) composition change as a function of age has not been examined in an aging population free of clinically significant cardiovascular disease.Methods and ResultsSubjects (n = 77, age 20–90 years) with no evidence of cardiovascular disease underwent echocardiography and measurement of plasma MMP-2, 7, 8, and 9 and TIMP-1, 2, and 4 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). As subject age increased, volume/mass ratio decreased and mitral E/A ratio decreased. As subject age increased, MMP-2 increased (from 1188 ± 99 ng/mL to 1507 ± 76 ng/mL), MMP-7 increased (from 1.2 ± 0.1 ng/mL to 3.1 ± 0.6 ng/mL), MMP-9 decreased (from 29 ± 7 ng/mL to 8 ± 2 ng/mL), and TIMP-1, 2, and 4 increased (from 728 ± 46 ng/mL to 1093 ± 73 ng/mL, from 34 ± 5 ng/mL to 53 ± 6 ng/mL, and from 1.26 ± 0.22 ng/mL to 2.34 ± 0.30 ng/mL, respectively) (all P < .05). There were significant correlations between decreased LV volume/mass and E/A ratio and increased MMP-7 and TIMP-1 and 4.ConclusionsMMPs and TIMPs changed as a function of age in the absence of clinically significant cardiovascular disease. These age-dependent alterations in MMP and TIMP profiles favor ECM accumulation and were associated with concentric remodeling and decreased LV diastolic function. Because of these age-dependent changes in this proteolytic system, the superimposition of disease processes such as myocardial infarction or hypertensive heart disease in the older subject may result in different myocardial ECM remodeling than that seen in a younger subject.     

基质金属蛋白酶及其组织抑制剂与肿瘤的侵袭和转移

基质金属蛋白酶类（matrix metalloproteinases，MMPs）是降解细胞外基质（extracelluler matrix，ECM）的重要的一组蛋白酶类，其降解ECM的功能在生理上的作用包括伤口愈合、骨吸收、乳腺退化等，在病理生理方面的作用涉及到类风湿性关节炎、冠状动脉疾病及肿瘤等。MMP被认为与肿瘤生长、侵袭、转移有关。许多研究显示肿瘤转移伴有MMPs的过度表达。     

Correlations between lymph node metastasis and depth of submucosal invasion in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma: a Japanese collaborative study

Background Depth of submucosal invasion (SM depth) in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma (SICC) is considered an important predictive factor for lymph node metastasis. However, no nationwide reports have clarified the relationship between SM depth and rate of lymph node metastasis. Our aim was to investigate the correlations between lymph node metastasis and SM depth in SICC.Methods SM depth was measured for 865 SICCs that were surgically resected at six institutions throughout Japan. For pedunculated SICC, the level 2 line according to Haggitts classification was used as baseline and the SM depth was measured from this baseline to the deepest portion in the submucosa. When the deepest portion of invasion was limited to above the baseline, the case was defined as a head invasion. For nonpedunculated SICC, when the muscularis mucosae could be identified, the muscularis mucosae was used as baseline and the vertical distance from this line to the deepest portion of invasion represented SM depth. When the muscularis mucosae could not be identified due to carcinomatous invasion, the superficial aspect of the SICC was used as baseline, and the vertical distance from this line to the deepest portion was determined.Results For pedunculated SICC, rate of lymph node metastasis was 0% in head invasion cases and stalk invasion cases with SM depth <3000µm if lymphatic invasion was negative. For nonpedunculated SICC, rate of lymph node metastasis was also 0% if SM depth was <1000µm.Conclusions These results clarified rates of lymph node metastasis in SICC according to SM depth, and may contribute to defining therapeutic strategies for SICC.     

结直肠癌淋巴管生成与淋巴结转移相关检测的临床研究进展

结直肠癌是人类常见的可经淋巴道转移的恶性肿瘤,其淋巴管生成与转移过程中牵涉了多种生物标志物表达水平的改变,检测这些相关生物标志物可为结直肠癌的诊断、治疗和预后情况提供重大参考价值．本文主要综述近年来与结直肠癌淋巴管生成与淋巴结转移相关检测的临床研究进展．     

Profile and localization of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in human heart valves

BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY: Tissue turnover is one of many factors involved in the operational longevity of heart valves. An understanding of how valves remodel their matrix in response to the hemodynamic environment in health and disease is crucial to the design and biological responsiveness of tissue-engineered valve substitutes. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes involved in matrix remodeling in several tissues, and include interstitial collagenase (MMP-1, MMP-13), the gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and stromelysin (MMP-3). METHODS: Expression of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in human aortic, mitral, tricuspid and pulmonary valves from unused donor or transplant recipient hearts was determined by immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against human MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9 and their inhibitors TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3. Cell identification was achieved using antibodies against CD31(endothelial cells), smooth muscle alpha-actin (microfilaments) and CD68 (macrophages). RESULTS: MMP-1 was expressed in all valves, whereas MMP-2 was only expressed in aortic and pulmonary leaflets. MMP-3 and MMP-9 were not expressed. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were expressed in all leaflets, whereas TIMP-3 was observed only in tricuspid leaflets. CONCLUSION: Valves have a specific pattern of expression of MMPs and TIMPs, which appears to vary in different heart valves. The functional implications and central mechanisms responsible require further study. These findings have important implications in understanding the dynamic nature of valve remodeling and in aiding the development of tissue-engineered valves.     

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metallo-proteinase-2 in colorectal carcinoma invasion and metastasis

AIM: To explore the relationship between matrix metallopr- oteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metallopr- oteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in the development of colorectal carcinoma and to provide a valuable marker for clinical diagnosis. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with colorectal carcinoma underwent surgical resection. Samples were taken from tumor sites and normal tissues. MMP-2 activity was determined by gelatin zymography. Western blot and ABC immunohist-ochemical staining were used to detect the expression levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in normal and colorectal carcinoma tissues. Statistical analyses were performed using the Student's t test and one-way ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered statistically .significant. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 10.0 software. RESULTS: MMP-2 activity could be detected in both normal and colorectal carcinoma tissues. MMP-2 activity in colorectal carcinoma tissues was much higher than that in normal tissues (P<0.05, t=3.916,4.227). MMP-2 activity was positively related to the colorectal carcinoma invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and Duke's stage. Western blot and ABC immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the expression level of MMP-2 in colorectal carcinoma tissues was much higher than that in normal tissues (P<0.05, t = 9.429), but the expression level of TIMP-2 in colorectal carcinoma tissues was much lower than that in normal tissues (P<0.05, t = 7.329). The MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio of colorectal carcinoma was much higher than that of normal tissues. With the progression of invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and tumor Duke's stage, the activity and expression level of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 gradually increased, but the MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio gradually decreased. CONCLUSION: The balance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 plays a crucial role in the process of colorectal carcinoma invasion and metastasis.     

基质金属蛋白酶-2及其抑制剂在肺癌侵袭转移中作用的研究

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrixmetalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)及金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-2(tissueinhibitorofmetalloproteinase-2,TIMP-2)与肺癌生物学行为的关系。方法对MMP-2、TIMP-2蛋白进行间接免疫荧光标记,采用流式细胞仪进行定量检测。结果MMP-2、TIMP-2蛋白及MMP-2/TIMP-2在肺癌组织中的表达量明显高于癌旁正常肺组织(P<0.01),在小细胞肺癌(SCLC)中的表达量显著高于非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)(P<0.01);MMP-2、TIMP-2蛋白在腺癌中的表达量高于鳞癌,但无显著差异(P>0.05);有淋巴结转移病例中明显高于无淋巴结转移者(P<0.01),MMP-2表达与术后生存期呈负相关(r=-0.68,P<0.01),TIMP-2与术后生存期呈正相关(r=0.55,P<0.01)。而MMP-2/TIMP-2比值与术后生存期呈负相关(r=-0.45,P<0.05)。三者均与临床分期及病理学分级无关。结论在肺癌的发生中,MMP-2/TIMP-2失衡,MMP-2表达的上调是一个关键事件;可作为肺癌恶性程度及预后判断的指标。     

The risk of lymph node metastasis in colorectal polyps with invasive adenocarcinoma

One hundred fifty-one patients with colorectal polyps containing invasive adenocarcinoma treated by resection were studied to determine the incidence of lymph node metastasis and whether lymph node metastasis was related to the depth of invasion. Other variables evaluated included size and configuration of the polyp, grade of adenocarcinoma, presence or absence of lymphovascular invasion, and degree of differentiation. In patients with sessile polyps, the incidence of lymph node metastasis was 10 percent. Eighty percent of these lesions had lymphovascular invasion. For pedunculated polyps, the overall incidence of lymph node metastasis was 6 percent. However, there was no incidence of lymph node metastasis when the depth of invasion was limited to the head, neck, and stalk of the polyp (Levels 1, 2, and 3). Only when the depth of invasion reached to the base of the stalk (Level 4) was the risk of lymph node metastasis high (27 percent). The other risk factors were not associated with lymph node metastasis. We concluded that the most significant risk factor for lymph node metastasis in patients with invasive carcinoma in a polyp was invasion into the submucosa of the bowel wall (Level 4).Presented in part at the Tripartite Meeting, Birmingham, United Kingdom, June 19–21, 1989.     

Changes in plasma profiles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs in stress-induced cardiomyopathy

BackgroundTransient changes in the composition of the myocardial extracellular matrix may contribute to the ventricular systolic dysfunction in stress-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC). We examined the changes in plasma matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) that occur early after the clinical presentation of SIC.Methods and ResultsTen patients with SIC were enrolled. Plasma concentrations of the 6 major MMPs (1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9) and all 4 TIMPs (1, 2, 3, and 4) were analyzed and compared with data from 15 control subjects. Within 24 hours of the clinical presentation, SIC patients had lower MMP-1 levels (0.41 ± 0.13 vs 0.70 ± 0.13 pg/mL; P = .048) and MMP-8 levels (1.61 ± 0.34 vs 4.84 ± 1.38 pg/mL; P = .001) and higher TIMP-4 levels (3.06 ± 0.40 vs 2.16 ± 0.18 pg/mL; P = .05) compared with control. Seven of 9 SIC patients had elevated LV end-diastolic pressures, and all had normal LV end-diastolic dimensions and volumes.ConclusionsPatients afflicted with SIC had MMP and TIMP profiles similar to those described in hypertensive heart disease and diastolic heart failure and different from the profiles following myocardial infarction. Our findings uncovered a unique biomolecular profile in SIC during the first 24 hours of presentation.     

T2大肠癌淋巴结转移的相关临床病理因素

目的:探讨与T2期大肠癌淋巴结转移密切相关的临床病理因素,为其合理高效的个体化治疗提供指标.方法:收集1991-01/2006-08中国医科大学附属第一医院肿瘤外科行根治性手术的T2期大肠癌患者324例,回顾性分析其各临床病理因素与淋巴结转移的关系.结果: 肿瘤浸润深度(OR =3.841,95% CI: 1.581-9.329,P = 0.003)与组织分型(OR = 1.451,95% CI: 1.059-1.989,P = 0.023)是影响T2大肠癌淋巴结转移的主要因素.尤其是肿瘤浸及固有肌层上1/2即浅肌层(mp1)和下1/2即深肌层(mp2),淋巴结转移率差异显著.而性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、生长方式和淋巴管及血管浸润等因素与淋巴结转移的相关性不显著.结论:肿瘤的浸润深度及组织学类型是影响T2大肠癌淋巴结转移的主要因素.其中浸润深度尤为重要,可将mp1视为一道阻止癌细胞转移播散的屏障,一旦超过mp1水平,淋巴结转移风险将显著增加.     

The risk of lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of lymph node metastasis in patients with T1 colorectal carcinoma based on a uniform histopathology system, and to accomplish guidelines for additional surgery for endoscopically or locally removed T1 colorectal carcinoma. METHODOLOGY: A review was performed of 301 patients who underwent curative resection for T1 colorectal carcinoma between January 1970 and March 2001. The following clinicopathologic variables were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis: sex, age, location, size of tumor, macroscopic appearance, depth of submucosal invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and histologic grade. Lesions were subdivided according to the depth of submucosal invasion: sm1, submucosal invasion up to 500 microm from the muscularis mucosa; sm2, submucosal invasion between 500 and 1000 microm; sm3, submucosal invasion beyond 1000 microm. RESULTS: The overall lymph node metastasis rate was 6.3 per cent (19 of 301). Depth of submucosal invasion (sm3) and presence of lymphovascular invasion were significant risk factors for lymph node metastasis both univariately and multivariately. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the current study demonstrated that significant risk factors for lymph node metastasis were level of submucosal invasion (sm3) and the presence of lymphovascular invasion. Surgery is indicated for patients with adverse factors.     

结直肠癌血管形成、侵袭和转移的研究进展

结直肠癌是一种常见恶性肿瘤, 在结直肠癌发生、发展过程中, 其机制在不断地改变. 肿瘤分子生物学的改变在许多临床肿瘤中已被证实是一个判断转移, 预测预后的新指标. 血管形成作为肿瘤生长中的一个重要因素, 参与并影响着肿瘤的特征性生物学行为, 即侵袭和转移. 而侵袭和转移的细胞又可诱发新一轮的血管形成, 如此反复, 形成一条递增链式反应. 本文主要描述与结肠癌的血管形成, 侵袭和转移相关的特征性分子, 并集中说明其与临床的相关性.     

Endoscopic treatment of submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma with special reference to risk factors for lymph node metastasis

A clinicopathological analysis of the risk factors for lymph node metastasis was performed in 177 patients with submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The submucosal deepest invasive portion was histologically subclassified as well (W), moderately (M), or poorly (Por) differentiated. M type was further subdivided into moderately-well (Mw) and moderatelypoorly (Mp) differentiated. The pattern of tumor growth was classified as polypoid growth (PG) and non-polypoid growth (NPG). Lymph node metastasis was detected in 21 (12%) of the 177 patients. Macroscopically, type IIc and IIa+IIc lesions showed a significantly higher incidence of lymph node metastasis (44% and 30%) than type IIa and I (4% and 8%). Regarding the histologic subclassification, Por and Mp lesions showed a significantly higher incidence of lymph node metastasis (67% and 37%) than W and Mw lesions (4% and 14%). NPG tumors showed a significantly higher incidence of lymph node metastasis (29%) than PG tumors (7%). The depth of submucosal invastion and lymphatic invasion (ly) were also significantly correlated with incidence of lymph node metastasis (submucosal scanty (sm-s) invasion 4%, massive invasion 20%; ly(+) 23%, ly(?) 5%). None of the lesions with both sm-s invasion and of W or Mw type showed lymph node metastasis. These results indicate that submucosal invasive CRC with both sm-s invasion and of W or Mw type, which shows no ly, is the appropriate indication for endoscopic curative treatment.     

MicroRNA-29b suppresses tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis by regulating matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly vascularized tumor with frequent intrahepatic metastasis. Active angiogenesis and metastasis are responsible for rapid recurrence and poor survival of HCC. We previously found that microRNA-29b (miR-29b) down-regulation was significantly associated with poor recurrence-free survival of HCC patients. Therefore, the role of miR-29b in tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis was further investigated in this study using in vitro capillary tube formation and transwell assays, in vivo subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft mouse models, and Matrigel plug assay, and human HCC samples. Both gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that miR-29b dramatically suppressed the ability of HCC cells to promote capillary tube formation of endothelial cells and to invade extracellular matrix gel in vitro. Using mouse models, we revealed that tumors derived from miR-29b-expressed HCC cells displayed significant reduction in microvessel density and in intrahepatic metastatic capacity compared with those from the control group. Subsequent investigations revealed that matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was a direct target of miR-29b. The blocking of MMP-2 by neutralizing antibody or RNA interference phenocopied the antiangiogenesis and antiinvasion effects of miR-29b, whereas introduction of MMP-2 antagonized the function of miR-29b. We further disclosed that miR-29b exerted its antiangiogenesis function, at least partly, by suppressing MMP-2 expression in tumor cells and, in turn, impairing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-signaling in endothelial cells. Consistently, in human HCC tissues and mouse xenograft tumors miR-29b level was inversely correlated with MMP-2 expression, as well as tumor angiogenesis, venous invasion, and metastasis. CONCLUSION: miR-29b deregulation contributes to angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of HCC. Restoration of miR-29b represents a promising new strategy in anti-HCC therapy.     

基质金属蛋白酶与p53及核因子κB在肿瘤侵袭转移中的研究进展

基质金属蛋白酶在肿瘤侵袭转移中起着非常重要的作用.而基质金属蛋白酶的分泌与p53突变及核因子κB信号传导通路激活相关.因此综述基质金属蛋白酶与p53及核因子κB之间的关系,有利于寻找更多的靶点,以控制肿瘤发生、浸润、转移.     

Correlation between mitochondrial TRAP-1 expression and lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer

AIM: To evaluate the effect of mitochondrial tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein-1 (TRAP-1) on the lymph node metastasis (LNM) in Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and develop potential LNM-associated biomarkers for CRC using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis.METHODS: Differences in mitochondrial TRAP-1 gene expression between primary CRC with LNM (LNM CRC) and without LNM (non-LNM CRC) were assessed in 96 Chinese colorectal carcinoma samples using quantitative RT-PCR analysis, Western blotting, and confirmed with immunohistochemical assay. The relationship between clinicopathological parameters and potential diagnostic biomarkers was also examined.RESULTS: TRAP-1 was significantly upregulated in LNM CRC compared with non-LNM CRC, which was confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical assay. The expression of TRAP-1 in two different metastatic potential human colorectal cancer cell lines, LoVo and HT29, was analyzed with Western blotting. The expression level of TRAP-1 was dramatically higher in LoVo than in HT29. Overexpression of TRAP-1 was significantly associated with LNM (90.2% in LNM group vs 22% in non-LNM group, P < 0.001), the advanced tumor node metastasis stage (89.1% in LNM group vs 26.9% in non-LNM group, P < 0.001), the increased 5-year recurrence rate (82.7% in LNM group vs 22.6% in non-LNM group, P < 0.001) and the decreased 5-year overall survival rate (48.4% in LNM vs 83.2% in non-LNM group, P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that TRAP-1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence and survival of CRC patients (Hazard ratio of 2.445 in recurrence, P = 0.017; 2.867 in survival, P = 0.028).CONCLUSION: Mitochondria TRAP-1 affects the lymph node metastasis in CRC, and may be a potential biomarker for LNM and a prognostic factor in CRC. Over-expression of TRAP-1 is a predictive factor for the poor outcome of colorectal cancer patients.     

Synovial membrane expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor 1 in juvenile idiopathic arthritides

OBJECTIVE: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a large family of proteolytic enzymes involved in the remodeling of extracellular matrix during tissue resorption. We investigated synovial tissue expression of the main proteolytic enzymes (MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13) and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 1 (TIMP-1) in juvenile idiopathic arthritides (JIA). METHODS: Expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and TIMP-1 was studied by immunohistochemical analysis of synovial tissues, obtained at synoviectomy or arthroplasty from 9 patients with JIA, and was correlated with mononuclear cell infiltration into the lining layer. RESULTS: MMP-1 and MMP-3 were abundantly expressed in the lining layer, showing a high degree of correlation with macrophage infiltration (CD68+ cells). MMP-13 showed a lower degree of expression, with tissue distribution almost restricted to the sublining regions. TIMP-1 tissue distribution was similar to that observed for MMP-1 and -3, although with a definitely lower number of positive cells. CONCLUSION: The expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in the synovium of patients with IA was clearly correlated with the degree of inflammation. This indicates the possible role of MMP in the pathogenesis of synovitis in this group of pediatric idiopathic arthritides. Inadequate expression of tissue inhibitors may represent a crucial event for the development and perpetuation of tissue damage.