血液透析患者冠状动脉电子束CT扫描钙化积分及其相关因素

目的探讨血液透析患者冠状动脉钙化的相关因素。方法以冠状动脉电子束CT(EBCT)扫描钙化积分确定冠状动脉钙化的程度,回顾性分析心血管疾病的危险因素及钙磷代谢异常等因素对冠状动脉钙化的影响。结果22例维持性血液透析患者进行了EBCT检查,有21例患者(95郾4%)存在不同程度的冠状动脉钙化(EBCT钙化积分>0分),EBCT钙化积分平均1935郾54分(0分～9833分)。EBCT钙化积分≥100分的患者心血管疾病的发病率、血清磷、钙磷乘积和C鄄反应蛋白显著增高而血清白蛋白显著降低(P<0.05)。多元逐步回归分析的结果显示,冠状动脉钙化的影响因素有透析龄和低密度脂蛋白(HDL鄄C)(P<0.05)。结论尿毒症血液透析患者普遍存在冠状动脉钙化,但确切的机制不清楚。冠状动脉钙化(EBCT钙化积分)与高血磷、高钙磷乘积等有关,透析龄、HDL鄄C是冠状动脉钙化的独立影响因素。     

血液透析者冠状动脉钙化的相关因素分析

目的：分析维持性血液透析患者冠状动脉钙化的相关因素。方法：采用菲利浦螺旋CT扫描以钙化积分确定冠状动脉钙化的程度,根据冠状动脉钙化程度对透析患者进行分组,回顾性分析比较各组临床资料,并进行生存率分析。结果：透析患者冠状动脉轻、中、重度钙化组与非钙化组存在年龄、透析龄、血胆固醇、血三酰甘油、血尿素氮、血肌酐、C反应蛋白的差异,钙化积分与年龄相关,与骨质疏松无关。冠脉钙化组患者3年的生存率低于无冠脉钙化组患者。结论：维持性血液透析患者冠状动脉钙化与年龄、透析龄、血脂代谢紊乱、微炎症、尿毒症毒素水平有关,与骨质疏松无关。冠脉钙化降低了患者的3年生存率。     

冠状动脉钙化对维持性血液透析患者心脏结构和功能的影响及其相关因素评估

目的 观察冠状动脉钙化（CAC）对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者心脏结构和功能的影响，探讨引起CAC的相关危险因素。 方法 40例MHD患者经螺旋CT扫描，了解合并CAC的患者比例，并计算其钙化积分以评估CAC程度。应用心脏彩超和颈动脉超声检查心脏形态、功能及颈动脉斑块，进一步分析MHD患者各项临床指标与CAC的关系。 结果 25例MHD患者（62.5%）合并不同程度的CAC，平均钙化积分为672.3。钙化组（CAC组）与无钙化组（NCAC组）心脏形态及左室顺应性、颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）、斑块发生率、斑块积分差异均有统计学意义。缺血性心脏病和心衰竭发生率均以CAC组为高。4例死于心脏疾病患者均存在CAC。颈动脉斑块阳性组IMT平均为（0.86±0.15） mm，钙化发生率为81%，冠状动脉钙化积分为867±198，均明显高于斑块阴性组[分别为（0.73±0.14） mm,42%,437±176,P < 0.05]。CAC组年龄、糖尿病或肥胖患者比例、透析时间、血磷、C反应蛋白（CRP）、胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平、钙磷乘积、颈动脉IMT、斑块积分均高于NCAC组。多元逐步回归分析显示，年龄、透析时间与CAC密切相关。 结论 MHD患者普遍存在CAC。CAC与心脏结构、功能的变化及颈动脉粥样硬化相关。糖尿病及肥胖患者比例、钙磷代谢及脂代谢异常、透析时间、CRP、动脉粥样硬化是CAC的相关因素。年龄和透析时间是CAC的独立危险因素。     

维持性血液透析患者血管钙化的发生情况及相关危险因素分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者的血管钙化发生情况及相关危险因素分析。方法选择血液透析患者91例,记录相关人口学资料及临床资料,完善实验室检查。分别以X光片（腰椎侧位、双手、骨盆）评价血管钙化情况。结果91例患者中无血管钙化者22例,有不同程度血管钙化者69例;轻度钙化38例（占41．76％）,中度钙化14例（占19．72％）,重度钙化17例（占23．94％）;统计学分析显示2组间年龄、血磷和钙磷乘积有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;单因素分析显示年龄、血磷、钙磷乘积和未服用活性维生素D是血管钙化的危险因素,多因素分析显示年龄、血磷、未服用活性维生素D为血管钙化独立影响因素。结论血管钙化是维持性血液透析患者常见并发症,且发病率较高,高龄、高磷血症、高钙磷乘积及合理使用活性维生素D在钙化发生、发展中有重要作用。     

糖尿病肾脏病维持性血液透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化易发因素分析

目的通过检测糖尿病肾脏病(diabetic kidney disease,DKD)患者心脏瓣膜钙化(cardiac valve calcifieation,CVC)情况,对其相关因素进行分析,探讨DKD的易发因素。方法选择2013年1月至2015年12月在我院血液净化中心行维持性血液透析的患者118例,其中DKD患者57例(DKD组),非DKD患者61例(非DKD组),观察2组吸烟比率及年龄有无统计学差异,完善超声心动图、血压、血三酰甘油、血钙、血磷、C反应蛋白、血白蛋白的检测,比较2组之间有无差异,并对DKD组透析时间、血磷、C反应蛋白进行单因素分析。结果 DKD组发生瓣膜钙化44例(占77.2%),非DKD组发生瓣膜钙化24例(占39.3%),2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。2组患者中单纯主动脉瓣钙化共24例(占20.3%),DKD组17例(占29.8%),非DKD组7例(占11.4%);单纯二尖瓣膜钙化17例(占14.4%),DKD组10例(占17.5%),非DKD组7例(占11.4%);主动脉瓣加二尖瓣同时钙化27例(占22.9%),DKD组17例(占29.8%),非DKD组10例(占16.4%)。2组患者吸烟比率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.89),2组年龄比较无统计学差异。2组收缩压、舒张压、透析时间、血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、血三酰甘油比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);DKD组收缩压高于非DKD组,舒张压低于非DKD组,透析时间明显短于非DKD组;DKD组血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积明显低于非DKD组,血三酰甘油、C反应蛋白均高于非DKD组,体质量指数、血白蛋白无统计学差异。DKD组CVC的危险因素结果提示透析时间、血磷升高是发生CVC的主要危险因素。结论血钙、钙磷乘积不是DKD瓣膜钙化的预测因子,血磷、血脂、透析时间等是影响瓣膜钙化的独立危险因素。     

维持性血液透析患者颈动脉钙化相关因素分析

目的：探讨慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析（MHD）患者颈动脉钙化情况并分析相关因素。方法：对35例MHD患者应用彩色B型超声仪观测双侧颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度（IMT）及钙化情况,同时记录透析龄、收缩压、脉压差,抽血检测血钙、磷、血胆固醇、三酰甘油、白蛋白、C反应蛋白（CRP）、甲状旁腺素,并计算钙磷乘积。结果：35例终末期肾病（ESRD）患者18例（51.4%）存在颈动脉钙化。钙化组IMT值较无钙化组显著增高（P〈0.01）,透析龄、收缩压、脉压差、血磷、钙磷乘积、CRP较无钙化组明显增高（P〈0.05）,而钙化组血浆白蛋白较无钙化组显著降低（P〈0.05）。结论：IMT值、透析龄、血磷、钙磷乘积增高是颈动脉钙化的主要影响因素,收缩压、脉压差、CRP升高和低血浆白蛋白与颈动脉钙化密切相关。MHD患者存在较高的颈动脉钙化率。     

CKD患者冠状动脉钙化的危险因素分析

目的:分析CKD患者冠状动脉钙化与临床指标的相关性,探讨其发生的危险因素。方法:选取473例曾在我院行冠脉CT检查的CKD及非CKD患者,通过收集其生化指标及冠脉CT检查结果,分析CKD患者冠状动脉钙化与临床检查指标的关系。结果:患者冠状动脉钙化积分(CACs)与年龄、尿素氮、肌酐水平、血磷水平和钙磷乘积呈正相关(P<0.05),与肾小球滤过率和血红蛋白呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:年龄、尿素氮和血磷是患者冠脉发生钙化的独立危险因素,年龄、肌酐水平、肾小球滤过率和血磷水平与冠状动脉钙化严重程度有线性关系。     

血液透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化及其危险因素

目的观察尿毒症血液透析患者心脏瓣膜钙化(VC)情况并分析其危险因素。方法使用HDI-5000彩色超声诊断仪检测222例尿毒症维持性血液透析(HD)患者心脏VC情况,将患者分为VC组与无VC组,比较两组患者SGA评分、血压、透析前血红蛋白(Hb)、血清白蛋白(Alb)、前白蛋白(pAlb)、血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血脂及C反应蛋白(CRP)等指标。结果VC组76例(34.2%),无VC组146例(65.8%)例。VC组年龄显著大于无VC组,肾衰竭病程显著长于无VC组,高血压持续时间、吸烟年支数、中～重度营养不良者比例、CRP、血钙、血磷及iPTH等都显著高于无VC组,Alb及pAlb显著低于无VC组。多因素分析显示Alb<30g/L、pAlb<200mg/L、SGA评分中～重度及CRP>5mg/L均与VC显著相关。结论VC发生不仅与年龄、肾衰竭病程、高血压持续时间、吸烟年支数、钙磷代谢紊乱及继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进有密切联系,而且与炎症和营养不良显著相关,患者心脏的发生是多种因素综合作用的结果。     

肾移植患者冠状动脉钙化相关因素的探讨

肾移植患者普遍存在冠状动脉钙化。即使是成功的肾移植术后，心血管疾病仍是肾移植患者死亡的主要原因。血管钙化是心血管事件发病和死亡的独立危险因素。冠状动脉钙化积分可作为患者冠心病的监测指标，能预测心血管事件的发生率。     

尿毒症患者冠状动脉钙化研究进展

心血管疾病是尿毒症患者最主要且最严重的并发症,50％以上的维持性血液透析患者死于心血管疾病。冠状动脉钙化是尿毒症患者发生心血管疾病的重要危险因素,使其发病率升高,产生严重的临床并发症,包括心肌缺血、心绞痛、心肌梗死、心脏瓣膜功能不全、心律失常、血管壁弹性下降等。肾功能不全导致和促进冠状动脉钙化,长久以来,这个问题一直没有得到足够的重视,     

Impact of high coronary artery calcification score (CACS) on survival in patients on chronic hemodialysis

Background Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) is a noninvasive measure of coronary artery calcification and, therefore, could be a marker of developing cardiovascular disease. Whether the coronary artery calcification score (CACS) is a prognostic marker in chronic dialysis patients is not known.Methods In the present study, the mortality rate was observed in relation to the baseline CACS. EBCT was performed in 104 chronic hemodialysis patients (62 men and 42 women) in one dialysis unit. The mean (SD) duration of hemodialysis was 48.7 (62.6) months at the time of EBCT. The mean (SD) age at EBCT was 55.9 (13.6) years, ranging from 23 to 88 years. The duration of follow-up was 43.8 (19.3) months after the EBCT. Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed to examine the impact of CACS on survival after adjusting for age, sex, duration of dialysis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, serum albumin, and dyslipidemia.Results The CACS was distributed from zero to 5896, with a median of 200. During the study period, 24 patients (15 men and 9 women) died, 7 in the low CACS group (200) and 17 in the high CACS group (200). The 5-year cumulative survival rate was 84.2% in the low CACS group and 67.9% in the high CACS group. The adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) of death was 1.001 (1.000–1.002); P = 0.0003, for the absolute value of CACS.Conclusions The present study suggested that CACS was an independent predictor of death in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Patients with a high CACS should be carefully monitored and evaluated for reversible prognostic factors such as dyslipidemia and, probably, hyperphosphatemia and a high value for the calcium × phosphate product.     

Iron,coronary artery calcification,and mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis

ObjectiveA high coronary artery calcification score (CACS) may be associated with high mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Recently, effects of iron on vascular smooth muscle cell calcification have been described. We aimed to investigate the relationships between iron, CACS, and mortality in HD patients.MethodsWe studied 173 consecutive patients who were undergoing maintenance HD. Laboratory data and Agatston’s CACS were obtained at baseline for two groups of patients: those with CACS ≥400 (n = 109) and those with CACS <400 (n = 64). Logistic regression analyses for CACS ≥400 and Cox proportional hazard analyses for mortality were conducted.ResultsThe median (interquartile range) age and duration of dialysis of the participants were 67 (60–75) years and 73 (37–138) months, respectively. Serum iron (Fe) and transferrin saturation (TSAT) levels were significantly lower in participants with CACS ≥400 than in those with CACS <400, although the serum ferritin concentration did not differ between the groups. TSAT ≥21% was significantly associated with CACS ≥400 (odds ratio 0.46, p<0.05). TSAT ≥17%, Fe ≥63 µg/dL, and ferritin ≥200 ng/mL appear to protect against 5-year all-cause mortality in HD patients, independent of conventional risk factors of all-cause mortality (p < 0.05).ConclusionWe have identified associations between iron, CACS, and mortality in HD patients. Lower TSAT was found to be an independent predictor of CACS ≥400, and iron deficiency (low TSAT, iron, or ferritin) was a significant predictor of 5-year all-cause mortality in HD patients.     

Relationship between coronary artery calcification and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To evaluate the relationship between coronary artery calcification (CAC) and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods Eighty-six patients who were on MHD between October 2014 and May 2015 in the blood purification center of our hospital were enrolled prospectively. CAC was measured and scored by multiple slice computed tomography (MSCT). According to the CAC score (CACs), the patients were divided into mild CAC (CACs＜100) group and severe CAC (CACs≥100) group. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to analyze the survival rates of the two groups, and a COX proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the risk factors of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in MHD patients. Results Severe CAC (CACs≥100) was present in 62.8% (54/86) patients. The median of follow-up duration was 28.9(23.8, 29.4) months. During the follow up, 2(6.3%) patients in CACs＜100 group and 18 (33.3%) patients in CACs≥100 group died. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients in CACs≥100 group had higher all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality as compared with patients in CACs＜100 group (P=0.007, P=0.030). Multivariate COX regression analysis demonstrated that CACs≥100 (HR=7.687, 95%CI 1.697-34.819, P=0.008) and low single-pool Kt/V (HR=0.092, 95%CI 0.020-0.421, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality. Old age (HR=1.192, 95%CI 1.100-1.291, P＜0.001), short duration of dialysis (HR=0.598, 95%CI 0.445-0.804, P=0.001), low 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (HR=0.461, 95%CI 0.326-0.630, P＜0.001), and low total cholesterol (HR=0.405, 95%CI 0.213-0.772, P=0.006) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality. Conclusions The CACs is significantly related with overall survival in MHD patients. Large multicenter prospective studies are to be evaluated the association between CACs and long-term survival in MHD patients.     

Measurement of coronary artery calcification with multi-slice spiral computed tomography and the associated factors in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the factors correlated to coronary artery calcification (CAC) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods This study included 132 patients(54 females, 78 males), aged 26-94 years, who were on hemodialysis for 10-204 months(median dialysis duration 51.00 months). The parameters including calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, C - reactive protein (CRP), klotho, and so on were assessed. Quantification of CAC was determined by multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT), known as the coronary artery calcification score (CACs). Results Ninety-two patients (69.70%) had CAC, with CACs ranging from 0 to 13 450.20. More than 30% patients experienced one even a variety of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. A positive correlation was observed between the degree of CAC and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Whereas a positive correlation existed between CACs and age (r=0.347, P=0.000), duration of hemodialysis (r=0.245, P= 0.005), systolic blood pressure (r=0.184, P=0.034), diabetes history (r=0.211, P=0.015), phosphorus (r= 0.262, P=0.002), calcium-phosphorus product (r=0.247, P=0.004); and a negative correlation between CACs and klotho level (r=-0.294, P=0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the main factor influencing the degree of CAC in MHD patients was age. Conclusions CAC is common and widespread in hemodialysis patients, who are often accompanied by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The prevalence rate of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases increases with the aggravation of CAC degree. Age, duration of hemodialysis, systolic blood pressure, diabetes history, disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and klotho are correlated with the severity of CAC. Age is an independent risk factor of CAC degree.