尿毒症患者血液透析前后血清CRP、IL-6和MDA水平变化及意义

目的 观察血液透析对尿毒症患者体内炎症及氧化应激水平的影响.方法 选择30例在本院接受3个月以上血液透析治疗的尿毒症患者（观察组）及30例一般资料匹配的健康人（对照组）,分别采用免疫比浊法、ELISA法和硫代巴比妥酸比色法检测两组血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）、IL-6和丙二醛（MDA）水平,其中观察组分别于透析前及透析后1、2和3个月各检测1次.结果 观察组透析前血清CRP 、IL-6和MDA水平均明显高于对照组（P均＜0.05）;血液透析治疗后,观察组不同时间点CRP水平均明显高于透析前和对照组,而MDA和IL-6水平在透析后1个月时较透析前明显升高、2个月和3个月时与透析前比较则明显降低,但各时间点均明显高于对照组（P均＜0.05）.结论 尿毒症患者体内炎症及氧化应激水平均较高,血液透析可明显加重其炎症反应、而减轻氧化应激水平.     

超纯透析对维持性血液透析患者炎症状态及营养状况的影响

目的 探讨超纯透析对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者血BUN、Scr、UA、Alb、Hb、Hct、CRP、β2-MG、Ca、P、iPTH水平的影响.方法 选择本院52例血液透析(HD)患者,改造前使用一级反渗透及自配透析液,透析时间＞1年,检测其上述观察指标.随机分为两组,每组26例,纯水组:改造后使用二级反渗透系统,并使用厂家专供A、B透析浓缩液;超纯组:纯水透析的基础上,透析机后安置EF-020微粒子过滤器获取超纯透析液.跟踪观察纯水组及超纯组治疗3、6个月后各观察指标的变化.结果 专供透析液及超纯透析液细菌菌落数少于自配透析液(P＜0.01).纯水组及超纯组分别治疗3个月后,血Alb、Hb、Hct水平提高(P＜0.01),3、6个月治疗组间比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05);血BUN、Scr、UA、Ca、P、iPTH及β2-MG水平无统计学差异(P＞0.05).提高反渗水及透析液纯度后,CRP水平降低明显(P＜0.01);3、6个月组间比较均有统计学差异(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).纯水组及超纯组治疗6个月后,上述观察指标水平比较均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 提高透析用水和透析液纯度可减少透析过程中的单核细胞的活化,降低促炎症介质的释放,并能持续降低炎症状态,低蛋白血症及贫血状况均有明显改善,有效提高透析质量.     

髓过氧化物酶在血液透析相关心血管疾病评价中的临床意义

目的 探索髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)在血液透析相关心血管疾病评价中的临床意义.方法 检测65例规律血液透析24个月以上,血液透析前无心血管疾病的非糖尿病患者的血清C-反应蛋白浓度和MPO活性,横断面研究MPO活性与血液透析后合并心血管疾病之间的相关性.结果 24例在血液透析后发生心血管疾病,与无心血管疾病的患者比较,合并心血管疾病患者的MPO活性和血清C-反应蛋白浓度更高,但年龄、性别和血压情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).高MPO者透析时间更长.血清C-反应蛋白浓度更高.MPO活性和C-反应蛋白(r=0.306,P=0.013)及透析时间(r=0.392,P=0.001)相关.在单变量Logistic回归模型中,MPO活性和C-反应蛋白水平是合并心血管疾病的危险因素.MPO活性每增加10单位,合并心血管疾病的危险性增加23.5%.在多变量模型中,经C-反应蛋白水平校正后,MPO活性每增加10单位,合并心血管疾病的危险增加20.4%.结论 MPO活性反映了血液透析相关的炎症-氧化应激水平,和心血管疾病发生相关.     

The effects of different hemodialysis membrane on the levels of serum CRP, IL-6, IL-8 and albumin in hemodialysis patients

目的 探讨不同透析膜对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素( IL)-6、白细胞介素-8和白蛋白(ALB)水平的影响.方法 选取维持性血液透析患者54例,随机分为纤维素膜组、聚砜膜F6组和聚砜膜F60组3组,每组18例.监测3组患者治疗前后C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8和白蛋白水平的变化,30例健康体检者作为对照组.结果 维持性血液透析患者透析前C-反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6及白细胞介素-8水平均高于对照组(P＜0.01),白蛋白水平低于对照组(P＜0.01).纤维素膜组单次透析后C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6及白细胞介素-8水平上升(P＜0.01),聚砜膜F6组及聚砜膜F60组单次透析后C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6及白细胞介素-8水平无明显变化(P＞0.05);聚砜膜F60组治疗8个月后C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6及白细胞介素-8水平下降(P＜0.01),白蛋白水平上升(P＜0.05),纤维素膜组及聚砜膜F6组治疗8个月后C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8及白蛋白水平无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 维持性血液透析患者存在微炎症状态,这种炎症状态与透析膜的生物相容性有关,高通量合成膜能改善维持性血液透析患者的微炎症状态.     

不同血液净化方式对维持性血液透析患者同型半胱氨酸及炎症因子的影响

目的观察低通量血液透析（LFHD）、高通量血液透析（HFHD）和血液透析滤过（HDF）对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者同型半胱氨酸（Hey）及炎症因子的影响。方法选取维持性血液透析患者36例,随机分为LFHD组12例、HFHD组12例和HDF组12例,观察治疗前后Hcy、C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α及白蛋白（ALB）的变化,20例健康体检者作为对照组。结果维持性血液透析患者透析前Hcy、CRP、IL-6及TNF一仪均高于对照组（P〈0．01）,ALB低于对照组（P〈0．01）。LFHD组单次和透析6个月后均不能降低Hcy、CRP、IL-6、TN-α（P〉0．05）;HFHD组单次透析后Hcy下降（P〈0．05）,CRP、IL-6及TNF-α下降不明显（P〉0．05）,透析6个月后,Hcy、CRP、IL-6及TNF-α下降（P〈0．05）,ALB上升（P〈0．05）;HDF组单次和透析6个月后Hcy、CRP、IL-6、TN-α下降（P〈0．05）,透析6个月后ALB上升（P〈0．05）;透析6个月后,HDF组Hcy、CRP、IL-6、TNF-α均低于HFHD组同期水平（P〈0．05）。结论维持性血液透析患者存在高Hcy血症和微炎症状态。HDF和HFHD可以降低维持性血液透析患者Hcy水平和改善微炎症状态。     

黄芪注射液对维持性血液透析老年患者氧化应激和微炎症状态的影响

目的 探讨黄芪注射液对维持性血液透析(MHD)老年患者氧化应激和微炎症状态的影响.方法 MHD老年患者49例随机分成2组,黄芪组25例,给予3次/w静脉注射黄芪注射液10 ml(相当于黄芪20 g),常规组24例,未予黄芪治疗,观察时间为12 w,另设年龄、性别匹配的健康对照组18例.检测氧化应激指标丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和微炎症指标C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)水平并比较分析.结果 老年透析患者血浆的MDA、CRP、IL-6水平明显高于健康对照组(P＜0.01),SOD显著低于健康对照组(P＜0.01);黄芪组治疗前后MDA、CRP、IL-6、SOD水平比较,差异具有显著性(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 黄芪注射液能改善MHD老年患者的氧化应激和微炎症状态.     

老年维持性血液透析患者透析充分性与炎症反应、残余肾功能及营养的关系

目的分析老年维持性血液透析患者透析充分性与系统性炎症反应、残余肾功能及营养的关系。方法接受维持性血液透析患者的临床资料依据透析充分性分为透析充分组(Kt/V≥1.2)71例及透析不充分组(Kt/V1.2)33例。比较两组外周血炎症/应激指标水平,包括:C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素(IL)-6及IL-10。比较两组残存肾功能(RRF)、血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)及透析频率(近6个月平均透析频率);分析Kt/V与其他指标间的相关性。结果透析充分组外周血CRP、IL-6水平显著低于透析不充分组(P0.01);两组外周血IL-10水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。透析充分组RRF水平、Hb水平近6个月平均透析频率、外周血ALB水平、平均Kt/V值显著高于透析不充分组(P0.05)。患者Kt/V值与RRF(r=0.449,P0.01)、透析频次(r=0.683,P0.01)、Hb水平(r=0.399,P0.01)及ALB水平(r=0.664,P0.01)均呈正相关;与CRP(r=-0.694,P0.01)及IL-6水平(r=-0.681,P0.01)均呈负相关。结论透析不充分可导致接受维持性透析的老年终末期肾病患者系统性炎症/应激水平升高,且与患者透析频次、残存肾功能及营养状态相关。     

糖尿病肾病患者微炎症状态与营养不良的相关性研究

目的:分析糖尿病肾病患者微炎症状态与营养不良的相关性。方法:选取接受血液透析治疗的糖尿病肾病患者106例,随机分成常规血液透析组和联合血液透析组(常规血液透析+血液灌流),另选取不需接受血液透析治疗的糖尿病肾病患者53例为对照组,分析3组患者治疗前及治疗后3、6、9、12个月血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6),血清白蛋白(Alb)、血红蛋白(Hb)、胆固醇(Ch)、血肌酐(SCr)及尿素氮(BUN)水平。结果:(1)常规透析组中的CRP和IL-6水平低于对照组(均P0.05);而联合透析组中的CRP和IL-6水平低于对照组和常规透析组(均P0.05)。(2)常规透析组中的Hb、Ch和Alb水平高于对照组(均P0.05);联合透析组中的Hb、Ch和Alb水平高于对照组和常规透析组(均P0.05)。(3)CRP与IL-6、Hb、Ch和Alb之间有相关性。结论:联合血液透析能改善糖尿病肾病患者微炎症状态与营养不良状况,微炎症指标与营养指标在糖尿病肾病发生过程中有相关性。     

不同类型透析器对维持性血液透析患者营养状态及微炎症状态的影响

目的探讨不同类型血液透析器对维持性血液透析患者营养状态及微炎症状态的影响。方法将100例规律血液透析患者随机分成4组,低通量醋酸纤维素膜组(CA-LF),高通量醋酸纤维素膜组(CA-HF),低通量聚砜膜组(PS-LF),高通量聚砜膜组(PS-HF),分别测定各组治疗前和维持性血液透析治疗12个月后的血清白蛋白(Alb)、肌酐(Scr)及肱三头肌皮褶(TSF)、上臂中部肌肉周径(MAMC)、体质量指数(BMI)、血浆细胞因子〔白介素(IL)-6、IL-10、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)〕变化。结果治疗开始前,各组患者年龄及性别比例、血清白蛋白、血肌酐、IL-6、hsCRP及IL-10水平均无统计学差异。IL-10在PS-HF组及PS-LF组透析后与透析前比较上升,尤以PS-HF组上升明显,但各组透析后比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),ALB水平均上升,在CA-HF组和PS-HF组上升明显(P<0.05),尤以PS-HF组最为明显(P<0.01);血肌酐水平均明显下降,尤以PS-HF组最为明显(P<0.01);各组TSF、MAMC、BMI均较治疗前增加,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论维持性血液透析患者普遍存在微炎症状态,透析器的生物相容性与微炎症状态密切相关;与低通量透析相比,高通量透析能有效清除微炎症细胞因子,改善患者营养状况。     

甘露醇对维持性血液透析高血压患者血压的影响及机制探讨

目的研究甘露醇对维持性血液透析(MHD)高血压患者血压的影响,并探讨其机制。方法 40例MHD高血压患者随机分为两组:常规透析组和透析加甘露醇组。透析加甘露醇组在透析中加用20%甘露醇注射液静滴。在治疗前后测定两组平均动脉压(MAP)及检测丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)和晚期氧化蛋白质终末产物(AOPP)。结果透析加甘露醇组治疗后MAP、MDA及AOPP水平均较治疗前下降(P均<0.05),NO水平较治疗前上升(P<0.05);常规透析组各指标治疗前后差异无统计学意义。透析加甘露醇组治疗后MDA、MAP较常规透析组降低(P均<0.05)。结论甘露醇可能具有降低MHD高血压患者的血压及氧化应激水平的作用。甘露醇降低MHD高血压患者血压的作用可能与其具有的抗氧自由基作用,干预了患者体内氧化应激水平有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.