糖尿病儿童膳食调查结果分析

目的 了解胰岛素依赖型糖尿病儿童的膳食情况。方法 采取称重法，对同期门诊患儿16例和住院患儿20例的饮食情况进行调查。结果 （1）住院组病儿膳食中三大营养素的比例符合要求，而门诊组病人蛋白质、脂肪的摄入量偏高；（2）膳食中矿物质的摄入量住院组高于门诊组；（3）膳食中维生素A、B、C的摄入量住院组高于门诊组，而维生素B2的摄入量两组病人均明显不足。（4）糖尿病控制指标住院组优于门诊组。结论 对糖尿病病人的膳食管理应采取以下干预措施：（1）加强营养知识的宣传教育，让病人学会合理安排自己的饮食，纠正不良的饮食习惯；（2）饮食中应相应增加奶制品及豆制品的摄入量，以补充Ca的不足；（3）常吃粗杂粮和蔬菜，以补充B族维生素及膳食纤维的不足；（4）如果在计划饮食的基础上某些营养素的摄入量仍不能得到满足，建议给病人合理补充维生素和矿物质制剂。     

A combination method of dietary survey: report of a field-trial

A comparative study of dietary survey methods led to the suggestion that the best estimate of subjects' usual dietary intakes would be obtained using a combination of different techniques. A survey tool was devised which comprised elements of weighed record, food frequency interviewing and 24-hour recall. The aim of this methodology was to provide data from large-scale studies performed by market-research personnel which included the assessment of intakes of non-nutrient elements of the diet, e.g. additives or contaminants. A field-trial was conducted with small groups of recruits and an experienced dietitian performed the fieldwork and was able to assess the methodology as a survey tool. Results from the study illustrated the differences in average daily nutrient intakes between disabled adults (energy 5.83 MJ, protein 66.7 g, fat 57 g, carbohydrate 162 g), elderly subjects (7.53 MJ, 71.9 g, 80 g and 206 g) and above-average earners (10.25 MJ, 93.2 g, 108 g and 262 9). The field-trial supported the combination method as a promising alternative to existing techniques and suggestions are made for its development and use.     

乌鲁木齐市学龄儿童饮食行为调查

目的:了解小学生饮食行为及影响因素,为学生健康教育提供参考依据。方法:用整群抽样的方法抽取4所小学,对其中的1572名2～5年级小学生进行问卷调查。结果:在1572名小学生中能按时吃三餐的人占73.9%,绝大多数学生用餐时间过短,每天都吃零食的小学生占83.9%,大多数人喜欢油炸食品,喜爱含糖饮料的学生占58%,每天参加体育锻炼的学生占27.9%,每天参加家务劳动的学生占1.5%,从不参与家务劳动的学生占69.5%。结论:不良饮食行为在小学生中普遍存在,在家长和学生中开展营养知识教育、矫正不良饮食行为和卫生习惯是必要的。     

世界健康调查-中国调查数据分析方法

目的 对世界健康调查中的调查数据进行分析，以获得卫生系统总体绩效的合理评估。方法 用抽样权重作为调整值，采用Taylor级数线性化技术估计总体参数及相应的方差。结果 对于健康状况指标和卫生系统反应性指标的排序，几个抽样点通过普通统计方法和调查数据分析方法所获得的结果间存在明显差异。采用来自于调查数据分析方法的结果去建立对抽样地区的综合绩效评估。结论 多阶段抽样设计使得抽样调查的分析变得复杂．调查数据分析方法可以计算总体参数的点估计和方差估计的近似值，这种方法减少了由于背离独立同分布(independent and identical distribution，IID)假设所产生的偏倚。     

Development of a new simple estimating method for protein, fat, and carbohydrate in cooked foods.

Evaluations of daily nutrient intakes with practical accuracy contribute not only to public but also to personal health. To obtain accurate estimations of nutrient intake, chemical analyses of a duplicate sample of all foods consumed are recommended. But these analytical methods are expensive, time consuming, and not practically applicable for field surveys dealing with numerous food samples. To solve this problem, a new rapid and simple method of estimating nutrients is developed here. Elemental compositions of cooked foods were examined using a high speed and high performance carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen autoanalyzer, and the results showed good reproducibility. A significant correlation between Kjeldahl’s and the autoanalyzer methods was observed in the nitrogen measurement (n=20; r =0.999; p< 0.001), and very good agreement was observed between the methods. Therefore, the nitrogen amount obtained by the autoanalyzer was used for the estimation of the protein proportion in the cooked foods. The fat and carbohydrate proportions estimated by the new method correlated with the values obtained by the chemical method (p< 0.001 each). There were also good agreements of fat and carbohydrate proportions between the chemical and the new estimation methods. According to these results, the new, rapid and simple estimation method established in this study should be applicable to nutritional research.     

不同膳食调查方法在托幼机构膳食管理中的应用

[目的 ]　了解集体托幼机构膳食监测开展的效果及存在问题。 [方法 ]　对近 2 0年来用称重和记帐方法获得的上海市区托幼机构儿童膳食营养资料加以分析、比较。 [结果 ]　称重和记帐调查结果高于儿童平日实际的营养素摄入水平 ,其差别大小与调查的方法、持续期限、时间以及被调查儿童的年龄有关。 [结论 ]　膳食调查已起到了良好的监测作用 ,但合理的评估尚需不断改进调查方法和管理水平。     

Nutritional covariates of dietary calcium in elderly Japanese women: results of a study using the duplicate portion sampling method

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to determine the intake of nutrients related to bone health, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), protein, and vitamin D, in elderly Japanese women and to examine possible intercorrelations between Ca intake and other nutrients. METHODS: Fifty-three elderly women in a rural community in Japan participated by supplying duplicate meal samples of everything they ate during a 24-h period. Dietary Ca, P, Na, K, protein, and vitamin D intakes were examined. The mean (standard deviation) age of the 53 women was 68.2 y (6.4 y). RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) intakes of dietary Ca, P, Na, K, protein, and vitamin D were 670 (219) mg/d, 1019 (267) mg/d, 4203 (1341) mg/d, 2752 (844) mg/d, 65.2 (18.3) g/d, and 9.90 (8,89) microg/d, respectively. Dietary Ca was significantly correlated with dietary P (r = 0.732, P < 0.0001), Na (r = 0.336, P = 0.0140), K (r = 0.571, P < 0.0001), and protein (r = 0.563, P < 0.0001), but not with vitamin D. After adjusting the data to reflect the total dry weight, dietary Ca was still correlated with P (r = 0.696, P < 0.0001), K (r = 0.423, P = 0.0018), and protein (r = 0.405, P = 0.0029). CONCLUSIONS: The intake of dietary nutrients relevant to bone health in ambulatory Japanese elderly women was examined and documented. The potential confounding effects of these nutrients, especially P, K, and protein, should be taken into account when evaluating the effects of dietary Ca on bone health in observational studies.     

即时性图像法膳食调查技术应用于学龄前儿童膳食调查的效果评价

目的对即时性图像法应用于学龄前儿童膳食调查进行效果评价。方法招募60位幼儿园儿童及其家长,为儿童提供食物原料经严格称重后烹制的午餐。进餐前家长从三个角度对食物进行拍摄,同样方法拍摄剩余食物,并将图像文件发送至固定邮箱,次日接受针对儿童的24h膳食回顾调查,膳食估量小组成员对图片中的食物进行估重。得到称量数据、图像法数据和24h回顾法数据,归类汇总三组数据并进行营养计算。结果与24h回顾法数据相比,除水果和带鱼外,图像法数据与称重数据的相关性更好。除畜禽肉类和带鱼外,图像法的数据与称重法更接近。基于图像法数据计算的能量与各营养素的摄入量数据,与称重数据的计算结果更接近。结论与24h回顾法相比,用即时性图像法膳食调查技术对学龄前儿童进行膳食调查,可获得与实际重量更接近的食物消费量数据。     

Total,insoluble and soluble dietary fiber contents of selected Kuwaiti composite dishes

Total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) contents of 37 composite dishes commonly consumed in the State of Kuwait were determined by the AOAC enzymatic–gravimetric method of Prosky et al. Levels (g/100 g) of SDF ranged over 0.3–0.5 in fish-based dishes, 0.3–2.6 in meat-based dishes, 0.1–1.4 in rice dishes, 3.2–4.6 in vegetable dishes, 0.3–0.7 in soup dishes, 0 in dairy dishes, 0.7–0.8 in sandwiches, and 0.1–5.0 in sweet dishes. IDF levels ranged over 1.1–1.8 in fish-based, 0.9–3.2 in meat-based, 0.6–2.7 in rice, 2.1–4.0 in vegetables, 0.6–3.4 in soup, 0 in dairy, 0.2–0.3 in sandwiches, and 0.2-11.6 in sweets. TDF values ranged over 1.4–2.3 in fish-based, 1.2–3.7 in meat-based, 0.3–4.1 in rice, 3.2-4.6 in vegetables, 0.9–3.8 in soup, 0 in dairy, 0.7–0.8 in sandwiches and 0.3–15.4 in sweets. This work attempts to provide new data on TDF, IDF and SDF of selected commonly consumed Kuwaiti composite dishes.     

辽宁省住院医师培训制度的调查与分析

目的评价住院医师培训制度,以发现问题,提高培训质量。方法选择辽宁省二级以上开展住院医师培训的医院进行调研,采用问卷调查法,调查培训相关制度情况。结果该省没有统一的住院医师培训基地评审制度,未建立统一的考核评价机制,住院医师准入制度有待考量。结论应建立住院医师培训的有效组织管理体系;确定培训细则及考核指标体系;完善住院医师培训制度。     

某高级中学住宿生膳食与营养状况调查

[目的 ]　为创建我区学生膳食示范点 ,为今后发展中学学生膳食探索经验。 [方法 ]　用记帐法和称量法调查2 71名住宿学生的膳食情况 ,并结合人体测量指标评估其营养状况。 [结果 ]　平均每日男女生能量和各种营养素摄入量分别为 :能量 (32 5 0± 16 4)kcal,(2 5 80± 172 )kcal;蛋白质 (112 .1± 10 .3) g ,(97.0± 9.7)g ;脂肪 (137.6± 11.5 ) g ,(136 .0± 10 .9) g ;碳水化物 (390 .6± 17.9)g ,(2 37.8± 18.0 ) g。蛋白质 /脂肪 /碳水化物供能比为 13 .8∶38.1∶48.1;15 .0∶47.4∶36 .9。脂肪供能占总热量比例超过 30 %。碳水化物供能比低于 5 0 %。来自动物及豆类的蛋白质占总蛋白质的 5 0 %以上。早中晚三餐热能分配为 2 1∶38∶41和 2 7∶35∶38。常量及微量元素中铁、钠、钾、磷、碘、铜、硒、锰均达中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)要求 ;钙、锌男女生摄入量分别为DRIs 的 5 8.90 %和 5 6 .6 0 %、79.47%和 78.71%。维生素E、C和尼克酸均达DRIs要求 ;VitA摄入量男女分别为DRIs 的 6 3 .9%和 73 .1%。VitB2 摄入量男女分别为DRIs 的 83 .33 %和 90 .83 %。 [结论 ]　膳食结构基本合理 ,但应减少脂肪摄入 ,增加主食和菜果的供给量。     

成人膳食中类胡萝卜素摄入量分析

目的了解成年人膳食类胡萝卜素的摄入状况。方法采用称重记录法,按季节调查城区、郊区、农村3类不同社区184名30-60岁居民连续3 d的膳食情况,参照1993年美国农业部-国家癌症研究院（USDA-NCI）食物类胡萝卜素数据库、1998年美国农业部-营养协调中心（USDA-NCC）食物类胡萝卜素成分数据库和最新版美国食物成分数据库（SR18）建立的α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素、β-隐黄质、番茄红素、叶黄素/玉米黄质5种类胡萝卜素的食物成分表,计算类胡萝卜素每日摄入量。结果α-胡萝卜素年平均摄入量为（274±539）μg,春、夏、秋、冬四季分别为（179±459）,（291±493）,（325±533）,（29l±650）μg。β-胡萝卜素的年平均摄入量为（3 207±3 921）μg,四季分别为（3 905±3 983）,（2 509±2 697）,（3 577±4 640）,（3 007±4 189）μg。β-隐黄质年平均摄入量为（140±582）μg,四季分别为（40±100）,（82±256）,（376±1 114）,（70±125）μg。番茄红素摄入量为（1 023±2 447）μg,四季分别为（971±1 539）,（2 184±3 565）,（324±1 543）,（390±1 622）μg。叶黄素/玉米黄质年平均摄入量为（2 937±4 512）μg,四季分别为（5 053±6 908）,（1 930±2 228）,（2 556±3 746）,（2 510±3 703）μg。α-胡萝卜素、β-隐黄质秋季摄入量最高,β-胡萝卜素、叶黄素/玉米黄质春季最高,番茄红素夏季最高。不同性别居民类胡萝卜素摄入量比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。城市居民的摄入量高于郊区和农村居民。结论利用美国类胡萝卜素成分数据,估计了成人膳食类胡萝卜素摄入量。     

陕西中医学院大学生日常膳食情况调查与分析

目的 了解陕西中医学院学生膳食营养素摄入状况,发现问题,提出建议,进一步指导大学生合理膳食.方法 本次调查采用在不同的年级依据班级进行整群抽样后,应用24 h膳食回顾调查法进行膳食调查.结果 大部分营养素摄入量不能达到推荐摄入量,男生总能量摄入量高于女生,膳食中维生素A、维生素C、钙、铁、锌的食物来源多为植物性食...     

安徽省17所医院出生缺陷监测资料分析

目的:探讨安徽省出生缺陷发生率、发生规律及相关因素的影响,为卫生行政部门决策提供依据.方法:对1997年1月-2000年12月,在安徽省参加全国出生缺陷监测的17所医院分娩的国产儿进行监测,填写围产儿季报表和出生缺陷登记卡.结果:共监测国产儿56737例,发现出生缺陷儿590例,出生缺陷发生率为103.99/万.出生缺陷各类型发生顺位前五位是:外耳畸形、总唇裂、多指(趾)、神经管畸形、脑积水.经统计学处理表明:农村比城市、男胎比女胎、孕妇年龄＞35岁比其他年龄组出生缺陷发生率均高,有显著统计学差异(P＜0.01或P＜0.05)结论必须做好围产保健,特别是农村的围产保健工作,加强产前诊断,提高出生缺陷的产前诊断率,进行选择性流产或引产,从而降低出生缺陷儿的出生,提高人口素质.     

Season‐related variation in dietary recalls used in a paediatric population

Background: The effect of seasonality in estimating population mean nutrient intake using a single dietary recall has not been fully explored. The present study aimed to evaluate variation in energy and nutrient intake using a single 24‐h recall between two seasons (spring/summer and autumn/winter) in a sample of children and adolescents. Methods: A randomly selected subgroup (n = 623) of a representative sample of 3–18‐year‐old Greek children and adolescents was used in the present analysis. Information on participants’ socio‐demographic characteristics, body weight/height and dietary intake were collected through telephone interviews. Dietary assessment was based on two 24‐h recalls (the first during the spring/summer season and the second 6 months later, during autumn/winter season). Results: Reported daily energy intake in spring/summer was 344 ± 130 kJ (82 ± 31 kcal) higher compared to the one in autumn/winter after adjusting for potential confounders (P = 0.008). However, the contribution of the macronutrients to the total energy intake was not statistically different between the two periods and the same was also true for vitamin C and calcium. The results remained unchanged after excluding low energy reporters. Conclusions: The use of a second 24‐h recall in a different season of the year does not confer additional information with regard to a population assessment of macronutrient contribution to the total energy intake in paediatric samples; its use appears to be justified in the light of a more accurate assessment of energy intake.     

Reliability of a long-term recall method of dietary survey]

A total of 493 male inpatients were subjects in a study of the dietary intake (food frequency) when they were elementary school age and at the time of marriage by a long-term recall method. In order to examine the reliability of the recalled dietary data, 21 food items were compared with results of the National Nutrition Survey for the same time period. Food intake by the long-term recall method, especially meats, egg, milk and rice correlated well with the results of the National Nutrition Survey. From these results it appears that long-term recall of dietary intake frequency data averages are similar to the results of the National Survey data. Therefore the long-term recall method reflects the dietary practices of that era, and keeping in mind its limitations, its use as a means of revealing the dietary practices of a population is suggested.     

长期血液透析病人的膳食调查和营养评价

对30例长期血液透析病人进行了膳食调查和营养评价，透析时间6～111个月，平均38±30个月。结果，平均每人每日摄入热量7．51MJ，蛋白质60．5g，分别达推荐供给量的89．8％和88．6％，其中高生物价蛋白质占46．3％。脂肪摄入以植物油为主，P／S＝1．35。铁、硫胺素、烟酸、抗坏血酸摄入量均达推荐供给量标准，钙、锌、视黄酸当量和核黄素摄入不足，钙、锌、铁的利用率较低。结果表明，血液透析病人普遍存在不同程度的营养不良，表现在所有病人的血红蛋白和淋巴细胞总数降低，83．3％的病人臂肌围低于正常，43．3％的病人肱三头肌皮褶厚度降低。而仅有26．7％的病人存在轻度低蛋白血症，并且由于水潴留，多数病人体重正常。     

不同膳食摄入量研究方法比较

膳食摄入量研究是一种评估有害和营养物质对人类健康造成潜在影响的方法,是各国确保本国居民膳食安全和营养质量的重要措施之一。本文将简要介绍不同的膳食摄入量研究方法,并就不同研究方法进行比较,最后总结出不同的研究方法的优缺点。     

临沂市中小学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解临沂市中小学生的膳食结构和营养状况，提出膳食营养建议。方法采用食物记录法和膳食史法进行膳食营养调查。依据《中国居民平衡膳食宝塔》《中国居民膳食营养参考摄入量（DRIs）》进行营养状况评价。结果临沂市中小学生的膳食结构以粮谷类为主，蔬菜、肉、禽、蛋类摄入比例适中，膳食纤维、豆类、乳类、鱼虾摄入量偏低，能量、蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足。中小学生膳食的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙摄入不足，动物性食物、摄入过多。结论临沂市中小学生膳食结构较合理，应加强中、小学生膳食营养教育，培养健康饮食行为．     

临沂市中小学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解临沂市中小学生的膳食结构和营养状况,提出膳食营养建议。方法采用食物记录法和膳食史法进行膳食营养调查。依据《中国居民平衡膳食宝塔》《中国居民膳食营养参考摄入量(DRIs)》进行营养状况评价。结果临沂市中小学生的膳食结构以粮谷类为主,蔬菜、肉、禽、蛋类摄入比例适中,膳食纤维、豆类、乳类、鱼虾摄入量偏低,能量、蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足。中小学生膳食的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙摄入不足,动物性食物、摄入过多。结论临沂市中小学生膳食结构较合理,应加强中、小学生膳食营养教育,培养健康饮食行为。