某化工厂过氯酸铵粉尘作业工人健康状况调查

目的 了解过氯酸铵(AP)粉尘对作业工人健康的影响,为其预防措施提供依据.方法 选择该厂接触AP粉尘的36名作业工人为接触组,不接触AP粉尘的48名该厂工人为对照组.调查工厂的一般情况,监测作业场所的AP粉尘浓度,对两组人群进行职业健康体检,检测血常规、肝肾功能、甲状腺激素指标,进行肺通气功能和X线胸片检查.结果 AP总粉尘浓度以组批车间最高,为(51.63±43.27) mg/m3.接触组收缩压[(146.14±21.03)mmHg]明显高于对照组[(134.67±18.58)mmHg],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).接触组全身各系统症状(皮粗、皮痒、气短、咳嗽、咳痰、咽干、疲乏无力等)累计检出率、气短及皮痒的检出率分别为86.11％、30.56％、36.11％,均明显高于对照组(66.67％、12.50％、10.42％),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).接触组的游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平[(1.29±0.20) ng/ml]明显低于对照组[(1.41±0.23) ng/ml],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).接触组工人的1秒用力肺活量与用力肺活量百分比值(FEV1.0/FVC)低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).接触组检出1例肺部X线影像异常者,并诊断为尘肺,对照组检出1例左肺门区有1约1.0x1.0小结节影.结论 接触组工人的收缩压明显高于对照组,不排除与接触AP粉尘有关;接触组工人的FT3低于对照组,提示长期接触AP粉尘可能会对作业工人甲状腺功能造成影响.     

广州市接触生产性粉尘职工肺通气功能及胸片表现分析

目的 研究广州市接触粉尘作业对劳动者肺通气功能的影响,并探讨肺通气功能与胸片在评估生产性粉尘对接触工人健康监护中的作用。 方法 随机抽取广州市700名接触粉尘工龄4年或以上工人进行肺通气功能测定及胸片检查,同时抽取年龄、性别均与接触组匹配的不接尘工人700名作为对照组。对两组人群作肺通气功能比较,并对接触组的肺通气功能及胸片结果进行比较分析。 结果 接触组FEV₁占预计值百分比、FEV₁/FVC两项指标均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经Kappa检验,接触组FVC、FEV₁两项肺通气功能检测结果和胸片检查结果的吻合系数分别为0.036、-0.042(P均>0.05),经McNemar检验,两种诊断方法吻合度弱,肺通气功能检测阳性率高于胸片;FVC与FEV₁异常率具有一致性,吻合系数为0.623(P<0.01)。 结论 接触粉尘者肺通气功能损伤的发生概率比未接触粉尘者大;肺通气功能检查更能在疾病早期发现异常,而胸片可对肺部实质性损害提供证据,两者可综合应用于粉尘作业的健康监护评价中。     

金属粉尘对男性作业工人呼吸系统影响的调查

为了探讨金属粉尘作业工人的呼吸系统症状阳性率和肺通气功能状况,我们选择129名接触金属粉尘的作业工人作为接触组,126名非接触粉尘的作业工人作为对照组,采用美国胸科协会制订的标准化呼吸系统症状询问表和用力肺活量测试方法进行了调查。结果显示,咳嗽、咯痰、气短、喘息等呼吸系统症状阳性率和慢性支气管炎患病率,接触组中吸烟者(27.13%,20.15%,17.83%,19.38%,16.93%)和非吸烟者(14.73%,10.85%,15.50,10.85%,8.13%)高于对照组中吸烟者(13.49%,9.52%,8.73%,11.11%,8.97%)和非吸烟者(7.93%,7.14%,8.73%,4.76%,4.05%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且以接触组中吸烟者发生率最高。肺通气功能指标FVC,FEV1.0,FEV1.0%的实测值占预计值百分比,接触组中吸烟者(83.23±18.03,84.42±21.36,89.50±13.31)和非吸烟者(86.83±15.61,85.59±17.16,90.67±18.13)低于对照组中吸烟者(93.44±12.49,88.75±12.56,93.97±17.13)和非吸烟者(94.86±11.19,90.63±12.27,94.73±16.02),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。接触组中吸烟者和非吸烟者FVC,FEV1.0,FEV1.0%的实测值占预计值百分比随着接尘工龄的延长而呈递减趋势,尤其吸烟者和非吸烟者接尘工龄≤5 a组分别与接尘工龄≥11 a组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。说明金属粉尘与作业工人呼吸系统功能的变化有直接关系;吸烟是金属粉尘作业工人发生呼吸系统功能损伤的危险因素;且随着接尘工龄的延长有加重的趋势。     

棉尘对女工呼吸系统的影响

选择117名接触棉尘的作业人员作为接触组,113名非接触粉尘的作业人员作为对照组,采用GBZ56—2002制订的接触棉尘工人呼吸系统症状询问表和肺功能测定方法对女性作业人员的呼吸系统症状和肺通气功能进行调查。结果显示,胸部紧束感、胸闷、气短症状,接触组均高于对照组;急性肺功能改变(APFC)和慢性肺功能改变(CPFC)检出率,接触组较对照组增高,接尘工龄>10年的差异有统计学意义(P<0·05)。两组胸片异常指标肺纹理增粗、肺纹理紊乱和胸膜增厚,本次分析结果差异无统计学意义(P>0·05)。提示棉尘对呼吸系统功能的损害随着工龄的增长、接触空气棉尘浓度的增高、接触空气棉尘分散度愈高有加重的趋势,且以急性肺功能改变更为明显。     

烟草尘对作业工人呼吸系统损害的调查研究

目的探讨烟草作业环境中烟草尘对作业工人呼吸系统的损害。方法对烟草作业环境进行职业卫生现场调查、采样检测及分析,并对作业工人进行肺通气功能测定、胸部X线检查和呼吸系统症状的调查等职业健康体检。结果作业环境中烟草尘浓度在0.2～28.8mg/m3,生产性粉尘作业监测点超标率为29.12%,烟草尘作业危害岗位占32.02%;1322名接触烟草尘工人肺功能通气损害的为73人,肺功能异常率为5.52%;X胸片检查肺纹理增粗、紊乱改变121例,占9.15%;24.28%的工人出现咳嗽,21.56%的工人出现咳痰;调查显示接触烟草尘浓度高、时间长的作业工人肺部病变增加。结论烟草作业现场中存在的烟草尘与接尘工人呼吸系统损害有关,是导致接尘工人呼吸系统损害的原因。     

江苏省某刀具厂硬质合金粉尘对作业工人健康影响的调查

目的调查硬质合金粉尘对作业工人健康的影响,为人体钨钴的生物接触限值、硬金属肺病诊断标准的制定及早期防治提供依据。方法选取江苏省某硬金属加工厂165名硬质合金粉尘作业工人作为调查组,132名无硬质合金粉尘接触的作业工人作为对照组。收集问卷调查、职业健康检查、工人班后尿钴含量以及现场作业环境检测等相关资料。结果该厂硬质合金生产环境中的粉尘浓度,其几何均值均未超过国家标准。作业环境中空降尘游离二氧化硅含量均小于1.0%。调查组呼吸系统异常及黏膜刺激症状检出率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组比较,调查组胸片X线结果阳性检出率明显增高。在调查组中肺功能指标用力肺活量(FVC)、尿钴检测值超标率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论硬质合金粉尘中含有一定量的钴;工人接触硬质合金粉尘早期可导致呼吸系统异常及黏膜刺激症状、胸部肺纹理增加;可致肺功能轻度限制性通气功能障碍改变,肺部损伤部位主要在小气道。因此,应加强对硬质合金粉尘接尘工人的劳动防护,做好防尘工作,定期做职业健康检查,及时采取有效防治措施,确保接尘工人的身体健康。     

汽车制造业铸造作业工人职业健康状况分析

目的了解汽车制造业铸造粉尘对作业工人健康的影响。方法选择汽车制造业230名铸造工人为接尘组和200名非接触尘毒职工为对照组,通过职业健康体检,比较两组的健康状况。同时测定生产环境中粉尘浓度及二氧化硅含量。结果生产环境粉尘中游离SiO2含量为12.2%￣85.3%,粉尘浓度0.5￣1.75mg/m3,合格率为80%;接尘组工人自觉症状中咳嗽、咯痰、气短阳性率及体检项目中慢性咽炎、慢性鼻炎检出率均明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);接尘组肺功能指标(FEF25%￣75%、FEF75%)均低于对照组(P<0.05);小气道功能异常率接尘组为8.3%,对照组为2.5%,两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论汽车制造业铸造粉尘可影响作业工人的健康,尤其对呼吸系统损害更明显,应加强防护措施。     

水泥粉尘对作业工人鼻腔的损伤作用

目的: 探讨水泥粉尘对作业工人鼻腔的损伤作用。方法: 检查609例水泥粉尘作业工人、416 例矽尘作业工人、及287 例非接尘工人鼻腔疾病患病率及鼻腔粘膜的病理改变。结果: 水泥粉尘接触工人鼻腔疾病患病率明显高于矽尘作业工人及非接尘工人 (P< 0.05)。而且与接触粉尘的浓度、接尘工龄存在接触水平-反应关系。水泥粉尘所致鼻腔疾病主要表现为干燥性鼻炎, 鼻前庭炎, 鼻窦炎, 鼻中隔糜烂、溃疡与矽尘组比较有显著性差异(P< 0.05)。鼻粘膜细胞涂片检查, 水泥尘组鼻粘膜细胞损害较矽尘组、非接尘组严重。结论: 水泥粉尘对作业工人鼻腔有较强的损伤作用     

铁矿烧结粉尘对作业工人呼吸系统危害的调查

本文对接触铁矿烧结粉尘的212名工人(接尘组)和102名机械加工工人(对照组)进行了胸部X线检查及临床症状和体征调查,同时对作业环境空气中粉尘浓度、粉尘分散度及游离SiO_2含量作了测定。结果显示,接尘组工人的呼吸系统症状出现率明显高于对照组,尘肺检出率为1.89％。     

开平市陶瓷粉尘接触工人高仟伏胸片结果分析

目的了解开平市陶瓷卫浴洁具生产工人罹患呼吸系统疾病情况,为预防和控制尘肺病的发生提供科学依据。方法对该市某卫浴洁具生产厂接尘组和对照组分别进行职业病危害因素环境监测和对工人进行预防性职业健康高仟伏胸片检查。结果接尘组车间空气总尘与呼尘均超过国家标准接触限值,在此环境中工作,工人呼吸系统疾病现患率明显高于对照组(χ2=24.31,P<0.01),差异有统计学意义;胸片异常结果中,常见疾病比较主要为双肺纹理增粗(χ2=25.50,P<0.01)和疑似尘肺病(χ2=4.37,P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。按接尘工龄分段胸片异常结果阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=17.54,P<0.01)。结论陶瓷粉尘接触工人罹患呼吸系统疾病明显。企业和监管部门应认真贯彻执行国家《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》,严格控制工作环境中粉尘浓度,定期进行预防性职业健康监护检查,才能有效控制尘肺病的发生。     

过氯酸铵对甲状腺摄碘与抗氧化能力的影响

[目的]探讨过氯酸铵（AP）对大鼠甲状腺摄碘和抗氧化能力的影响。阐述AP对甲状腺的毒作用机理,为预防和控制其职业危害提供科学依据。[方法]将20只SD雄性大鼠随机分为AP低（130mg／kg）、中（260mg／kg）、高（520mg／kg）剂量组以及对照组（0mg／kg）,每组5只,染毒13周后,检测血清中甲状腺激素、甲状腺摄碘（131I）率、钠碘转运体（NIS）mRNA表达、甲状腺组织丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）等指标,并观察甲状腺超微结构。[结果]与对照组相比,AP各剂量组血清中游离甲状腺素（FT4）均明显降低（P〈0．01）;高剂量促甲状腺激素（TSH）明显性高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;各剂量组甲状腺摄131I率均明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）;高剂量NISmRNA表达高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;AP中、高剂量组MDA含量明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;各剂量组SOD活力也均比对照组明显升高（P〈0．05）。电镜观察显示,各剂量组甲状腺滤泡腔变小,基底膜增厚,滤泡上皮细胞中的线粒体和内质网严重肿胀或扩张。[结论]AP可抑制甲状腺摄碘,以致甲状腺激素水平改变,并使NISmRNA表达代偿性增高。AP可对甲状腺产生氧化损伤,超微病理表现为上皮细胞中的线粒体和内质网明显变化。     

Effects of ammonium perchlorate on thyroid function in developing fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas

Perchlorate is a known environmental contaminant, largely due to widespread military use as a propellant. Perchlorate acts pharmacologically as a competitive inhibitor of thyroidal iodide uptake in mammals, but the impacts of perchlorate contamination in aquatic ecosystems and, in particular, the effects on fish are unclear. Our studies aimed to investigate the effects of concentrations of ammonium perchlorate that can occur in the environment (1, 10, and 100 mg/L) on the development of fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas. For these studies, exposures started with embryos of < 24-hr postfertilization and were terminated after 28 days. Serial sectioning of thyroid follicles showed thyroid hyperplasia with increased follicular epithelial cell height and reduced colloid in all groups of fish that had been exposed to perchlorate for 28 days, compared with control fish. Whole-body thyroxine (T4) content (a measure of total circulating T4 in fish exposed to 100 mg/L perchlorate was elevated compared with the T4 content of control fish, but 3,5,3-triiodothyronine (T3) content was not significantly affected in any exposure group. Despite the apparent regulation of T3, after 28 days of exposure to ammonium perchlorate, fish exposed to the two higher levels (10 and 100 mg/L) were developmentally retarded, with a lack of scales and poor pigmentation, and significantly lower wet weight and standard length than were control fish. Our study indicates that environmental levels of ammonium perchlorate affect thyroid function in fish and that in the early life stages these effects may be associated with developmental retardation.     

Byssinosis: a follow-up study of cotton ginnery workers in the Sudan.

A follow-up study of lung function tests and dust measurements was undertaken in ginnery workers employed in five ginning factories. Respiratory symptoms and respiratory function tests (FEV1 and FVC) were first recorded in 1967 on a total of 382 workers (323 permanently employed ginnery workers, 35 seasonal farfara workers, and 24 fire brigade men as controls). In 1969 after a six-month break from ginning before the start of the season, a follow-up study of lung function tests was undertaken on 96% of the same workers (306 ginnery workers, 35 farfara, and 24 fire brigade men). Because of the lapse of two years a new adjustment for age and height was made so as to compare the FEV1 measured in the follow-up study. The fire brigade men showed an expected fall in FEV1 during the two-year period, whereas the ginnery workers showed a rise presumably because they had had no dust exposure during the previous six months. The differences between the degree of change in these groups were statistically significant. In 1967 only the fine dust (less than 7 mum) was measured, while in 1969 the concentration of fine and medium dust, that is, less fly was measured. The factories were divided into three groups according to dust concentration. Comparison between the three factory groups and farfara shows a positive association between the level of dust concentration less fly and the prevalence of cough and phlegm. Since age did not appear to be a significant factor in the prevalence of byssinosis, comparisons between permanent workers in these three groups of factories and farfara workers taken separately were made without age standardization. The overall differences were statistically significant. There was a marked trend showing a positive association between prevalence of byssinosis and level of cotton dust concentration in the factories. The correlation between dust levels and the prevalence of byssinosis was nearly perfect when the time factor was included.     

Symptoms, ventilatory function, and environmental exposures in Portland cement workers.

Data on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function were obtained for 2736 Portland cement plant workers and 755 controls. Personal dust samples contained a geometric mean concentration of 0.57 mg/m3 for respirable dust and 2.90 mg/m3 for total dust. Cement workers and controls had similar prevalences of symptoms, except that 5.4% of the cement workers had dyspnoea compared with 2.7% of the controls. The mean pulmonary function indices were similar for the two groups. Among cement plant workers, the prevalence of chronic phlegm increased with tenure whereas the prevalence of wheezing increased with both tenure and current dust level. Other symptoms and pulmonary function indices were not significantly related to exposure.     

水泥粉尘作业职业危害早期检测指标初探

目的　探讨水泥粉尘职业危害的早期检测指标。　方法　运用职业流行病学调查方法 ,调查和分析了 85名水泥粉尘作业工人和 80名对照组的自觉症状、肺通气功能和尿羟脯氨酸 (HYP)。　结果　接尘工人的上呼吸道及眼部刺激症状显著增多 ,与对照组比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;肺通气功能各项指标均明显低于对照组 ,差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;两组尿羟脯氨酸 (HYP)含量差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .1)。　结论　长期接触水泥粉尘可引起以阻塞性肺通气功能障碍为主的肺功能损害 ,肺通气功能可作为水泥粉尘职业危害的早期检测指标 ;尿羟脯氨酸 (HYP)作为水泥粉尘职业危害的早期检测指标并不满意。     

Symptoms, ventilatory function, and environmental exposures in Portland cement workers

Data on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function were obtained for 2736 Portland cement plant workers and 755 controls. Personal dust samples contained a geometric mean concentration of 0.57 mg/m3 for respirable dust and 2.90 mg/m3 for total dust. Cement workers and controls had similar prevalences of symptoms, except that 5.4% of the cement workers had dyspnoea compared with 2.7% of the controls. The mean pulmonary function indices were similar for the two groups. Among cement plant workers, the prevalence of chronic phlegm increased with tenure whereas the prevalence of wheezing increased with both tenure and current dust level. Other symptoms and pulmonary function indices were not significantly related to exposure.     

Environmentally relevant concentrations of ammonium perchlorate inhibit development and metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis

We determined whether environmentally relevant concentrations of ammonium perchlorate alter development and metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis. Eggs and larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of ammonium perchlorate or control medium for 70 d. Most treatment-related mortality was observed within 5 d after exposure and was due in large part to reduced hatching success. The 5- and 70-d median lethal concentrations (LC50s) were 510 +/- 36 mg ammonium perchlorate/L and 223 +/- 13 mg ammonium perchlorate/L, respectively. Ammonium perchlorate did not cause any concentration-related developmental abnormalities at concentrations below the 70-d LC50. Ammonium perchlorate inhibited metamorphosis in a concentration-dependent manner as evident from effects on forelimb emergence, tail resorption, and hindlimb growth. These effects were observed after exposure to ammonium perchlorate concentrations in the parts-per-billion range, at or below concentrations reported in surface waters contaminated with ammonium perchlorate. Ammonium perchlorate significantly inhibited tail resorption after a 14-d exposure in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Committee (EDSTAC) Tier I frog metamorphosis assay for thyroid disruption in amphibians. We believe that ammonium perchlorate may pose a threat to normal development and growth in natural amphibian populations.     

Effects of blasting fumes on exposure and short-term lung function changes in tunnel construction workers

OBJECTIVES: This study attempts to determine the effects of exposure to blasting fumes and its influence on the lung function of tunnel workers. METHODS: Two groups of tunnel workers, one using ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) as the explosive and the other using size-sensitized emulsion (SSE), with 24 workers per group, were compared with a reference group (N=34) with low exposure. Spirometry was used to determine lung function. Personal exposure to total and respirable dust, alpha-quartz, volatile organic compounds, oil mist and vapors, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide was measured. RESULTS: The ANFO workers were more exposed to all the agents than the reference group and more exposed than the SSE workers to all the agents except total dust and carbon monoxide. The SSE workers were significantly more exposed to total dust and alpha-quartz than the reference group. High peak exposures to nitrogen dioxide (up to 20 ppm) occurred for the ANFO workers in contrast to the SSE workers, whose exposure did not exceed 2 ppm. The lung function of the ANFO workers significantly decreased by 3% for forced vital capacity, 7% for forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and 8% for forced expiratory flow rate from 25% to 75% of the forced vital capacity over the 11-day period. The changes were reversible. There were no significant changes among the SSE workers and the outdoor workers. The ANFO workers had a significant decrease in FEV1.0 when compared with both the SSE and outdoor workers. CONCLUSIONS: Tunnel workers using ANFO explosive show a temporary reduction in lung function, whereas those using SSE do not. The most likely explanation for the observed changes is peak exposures to nitrogen dioxide.     

Evaluation and comparison of respiratory symptoms and lung capacities in tile and ceramic factory workers of Yazd

Tile workers are exposed to dust particles and are susceptible to multiple pulmonary complications. Problems like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary symptoms, and silicosis are more common among them. As there are many tile factories in Yazd, we decided to evaluate the respiratory symptoms and lung capacities in these workers and compare them with controls. This study included 176 tile and ceramic factory workers occupationally exposed to dust and 115 unexposed workers as controls. We recorded the respiratory symptoms using the British Medical Research Council questionnaire and measured lung capacities of the two groups.All study subjects were male, and the two groups were comparable in age and smoking. The exposed group had frequent respiratory symptoms and a significant relationship between them and duration of employment. In addition, lung capacities in ceramic workers with symptoms were lower than in workers without the symptoms. Even though the respiratory symptoms were more frequent in the exposed group than in controls, lung capacities of the two groups were similar.     

高氯酸铵暴露对职业女工性激素的影响

目的探讨高氯酸铵对职业女工性激素水平的影响。方法采用病例-对照研究方法,对高氯酸铵暴露组及对照组进行血清性激素水平测定。结果不同周期两组间性激素水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但从均数看,滤泡期暴露组FSH、LH及E2均高于对照组。采用非条件Logistic回归分析发现高氯酸铵暴露是影响职业女工FSH、LH及E2的危险因素。结论高氯酸铵暴露对职业女工血清FSH、LH及E2水平有一定的影响,但其影响的程度有待进一步跟踪监测。