松龄血脉康对糖尿病虱血浆一氧化氮、前列环素和内皮素—1水平的影响

目的：研究松龄血脉康对糖尿病（ＤＭ）患者血浆一氧化氮（ＮＯ）、前列环素（ＰＧＩ２）和内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）水平的影响。方法：６０例２型ＤＭ患者随机分为实验组和对照组,２组一般治疗基本相同。实验组加用松龄血脉康,１．５ｇ,ｔｉｄ。连用１２ｗｋ。测定治疗前后空腹血糖（ＦＢＧ）、糖化血红蛋白Ａ１ｃ（ＧＨｂＡ１ｃ）及血浆ＮＯ、ＰＧＩ２、ＥＴ－１水平。结果：治疗前２组各项指标比较差异无显著性（Ｐ〉０．０５）。治疗后实验组血浆ＮＯ、ＰＧＩ２水平较治疗前显著上升（Ｐ〈０．０１）。ＥＴ－１显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）;ＦＢＧ、ＧＨｂＡ１ｃ无明显变化（Ｐ〉０．０５）。对照组治疗前后所有指标均无明显变化（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：松龄血脉康可改善ＤＭ虱血管内皮细胞功能,能有效调节ＤＭ患者血浆ＮＯ、ＰＧＩ２、ＥＴ－１水平,对ＤＭ具有一定的辅     

大剂量胸腺肽治疗恶性淋巴瘤对免疫指标的影响

将４０例不断发展恶性淋巴患者随机机分为治疗组，用胸腺肽１００ｍｇ／ｄ静滴，合并使用常规化疗方案（包括ＣＨＯＰ ＥＡＣＯＰ方案），对照组仅使用常规化疗方案。结果：治疗组有效率７０％，对照组有效率６０％（Ｐ〉０．０５）。治疗组治疗组后ＩｇＧ、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８，ＮＫ细胞活性均明显高于治疗前（Ｐ〈０．０５）。说明：胸腺肽可调节Ｔ淋巴细胞功能，提高ＩｇＧ水平、ＣＤ３＋、ＣＤ４＋细胞数及ＮＫ细胞     

拉西地平对肺心病并肺动脉高压患者的疗效

目的：评价拉西地平对慢性肺心病（ＣＯＰＤ）并肺动脉高压（ＰＡＨ）的近期疗效。方法：５０例患者随机分为常规组和拉西地平组,对治疗前后患者心率（ＨＲ）,平均肺动脉压（ＭＰＡＰ）,心搏量（ＳＶ）,心排出量（ＣＯ）,射血分数（ＥＦ）,动脉二氧化碳分压（ＰａＣＯ３２）及氧分压（ＰａＯ２）进行分析。结果：治疗１周后拉西地平组ＭＰＡＰ明显下降,ＳＶ,ＣＯ,ＥＦ明显上升,组较常规组差异有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〉     

复方丹参注射液对慢性肾炎患者内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽的影响

目的：研究复方丹参注射液在治疗慢性原发性肾小球肾炎中的作用。方法：４５例患者分为２组,常规治疗组１９例（用雷公藤多苷片、潘生丁片、保肾康片治疗）;常规＋丹参组２６例（在常规治疗组用药基础上加复方丹参注射液静脉点滴）。观察治疗前后血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）水平。结果：慢性肾炎患者血浆ＥＴ水平高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而ＣＧＲＰ水平低于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）,治疗后均显著改善（Ｐ＜０．０１）,且以常规治疗＋丹参组改善更为显著,与常规治疗组治疗后比,Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：复方丹参注射液能改善慢性肾炎患者ＥＴ、ＣＧＲＰ的代谢失衡状态。     

果糖二磷酸钠辅助治疗冠心病

目的：观察果糖二磷酸钠（ＦＤＰ，１，６－二磷酸果糖）治疗冠心病的疗效。方法：５４例住院确诊冠心病病人（男性３９例，女性１５例；年龄６６±ｓ１０ａ）在常规药物治疗的同时每日加用ＦＤＰ５～１０ｇ，连续用药４ｗｋ，为ＦＤＰ组。另有相似６６例（男性４４例，女性２２例；年龄６７±１１ａ）在常规药物治疗同时加用葡萄糖－胰岛素－氯化钾（ＧＩＫ）注射液５００ｍＬ，静脉滴注，ｑｄ，连续用药４ｗｋ，为ＧＩＫ组，进行比较。结果：ＦＤＰ组临床总有效率８５％优于ＧＩＫ组５９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＦＤＰ组治疗后ＳＶ，ＣＯ，ＬＶＥＦ，ＦＳ有明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＧＩＫ组无此效应；ＦＤＰ组无毒副作用。结论：ＦＤＰ为治疗冠心病的安全、有效的辅助药物。     

三七总皂苷对冠心病患者过氧化脂质及纤维蛋白溶酶原激活物的影响

目的：观察三七总皂苷对冠心病患者血清超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）、组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活物（ｔＰＡ）及组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活物抑制剂（ＰＡＩ－１）的影响。方法：将４５例患者分成２组,三七总皂苷治疗组用三七总皂苷注射液５００ｍｇ加入２５０ｍｌ液体中静滴,ｑｄ,共１周,余治疗同对照组。结果：治疗组血清ＳＯＤ活力明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＬＰＯ含量降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）。对照组ＳＯＤ活力及ＬＰＯ含量用药前后无明显改变（Ｐ均〉０．０５）,血清ＳＯＤ的含量在治疗组用药前后和对照组皆无明显差别（Ｐ均〉０．０５）。三七总皂苷治疗后ｔＰＡ明显高于治疗组,ＰＡＩ－１明显低于治疗前（Ｐ均〈０．０１）。而对照组治疗前后无明显变化（Ｐ均〉０．０５）。结论：三七总皂苷能升高冠心病患者ＳＯＤ活力,降低ＬＰＯ含量,提高纤     

VE,VC联合佐治新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病及其对脂质过氧化物和超氧化？…

应用自由基清除剂维生素Ｅ（ＶＥ）、维生素Ｃ（ＶＣ）联合佐治新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ），观察其疗效和治疗前后患儿血清中脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）含量的变化，并同时与对照组比较。其结果显示：治疗组的显效率高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）；在治前，两组血清ＳＯＤ与ＬＰＯ含量比较均无差异（Ｐ〈０．０５），在治后，治疗组ＳＯＤ明显增加，ＬＰＯ明显降低，与对照组比较均有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．     

基因重组促红细胞生成素导致高血压的机制研究

目的：探讨基因重组促红细胞生成素（ｒ－ＨｕＥＰＯ）在治疗慢性肾衰（ＣＲＦ）贫血中导致高血压的机制及防治对策。方法：对ｒ－ＨｕＥＰＯ治疗中出现高血压的ＣＲＦ血液透析贫血患者１５例及对照组１５例，应用分光光度法及放免法观察治疗前后血浆一氧化氮代谢产物（ＮＯ２－／ＮＯ３－）及内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）的变化。同时用大鼠进行对照试验。结果：１．ＣＲＦ贫血患者及贫血鼠用ｒ－ＨｕＥＰＯ１６周后，红细胞压积（Ｈｃｔ）升高、血压升高，ＥＴ－１增加（Ｐ＜０．０１），血浆ＮＯ２－／ＮＯ３－下降（Ｐ＜０．０５），而对照组用药前后无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。２．在用药１６周后，ＲＴＰＣＲ测得实验组大鼠肾皮质及髓质ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ比对照组明显减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：研究表明ｒ－ＨｕＥＰＯ导致高血压与ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ减少，合成的ＮＯ减少及ＥＴ－１增加有着重要的关系     

依那普利辅助治疗慢性肺心病

目的：探讨依那普利辅助治疗慢性肺心病的疗效。方法：慢性肺心病９８例，分为２组，依那普利组５８例，给依那普利２．５ｍｇ，ｐｏ，ｔｉｄ，加常规疗法。对照组４０例仅给常规疗法。２组疗程均２ｗｋ。结果：依那普利组治疗后ＣＩ、ＥＦ、ＣＯ、ＳＶ、ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１，ＭＭＦ，ＰＥＦ，Ｐａｏ２，Ｐａｃｏ２，ＲＶＤ，ＲＶＯＴ改善较治疗前及对照组有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５或〈０．０１）。依那普利组临床总有效率９７％，显著     

依那普利辅助治疗慢性肺心病

目的：探讨依那普利辅助治疗慢性肺心病的疗效。方法：慢性肺心病９８例，分为２组，依那普利组５８例（男性３１例，女性２７例；年龄６２±ｓ８ａ），给依那普利２．５ｍｇ，ｐｏ，ｔｉｄ，加常规疗法（头孢唑林３ｇ，ｉｖ，ｇｔ，ｂｉｄ；阿米卡星０．４ｇ，ｉｖ，ｇｔ，ｑｄ；氨茶碱０．１ｇ，ｐｏ，ｔｉｄ）。对照组４０例（男性２１例，女性１９例；年龄６３±７ａ）仅给常规疗法（用法同上）。２组疗程均２ｗｋ。结果：依那普利组治疗后ＣＩ，ＥＦ，ＣＯ，ＳＶ，ＦＶＣ，ＦＥＶ１，ＭＭＦ，ＰＥＦ，Ｐａｏ２，Ｐａｃｏ２，ＲＶＤ，ＲＶＯＴ改善较治疗前及对照组有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或＜０．０１）。依那普利组临床总有效率９７％，显著高于对照组（８０％）（Ｐ＜０．０１），且不良反应少。结论：依那普利辅助治疗慢性肺心病疗效佳。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.