应用DNA链断裂等指标评价短波辐射对男性生殖功能的影响

目的：探讨短波辐射对精液质量产生的影响，提出加强男性生殖保健的预防措施。方法：采用单细胞凝胶电泳和精子全自动分析相结合的方法对两组不同职业男性的精液标本进行检测。结果：接触短波辐射暴露和未接触短波暴露的正常对照组精液全自动分析各项指标均无异常，但单细胞凝胶电泳中I级彗星率即DNA链断裂数量暴露组明显高于对照组，结论：单细胞凝胶电泳可用于评价职业和环境对男性精液质量的影响，为临床和卫生防护部门能够早期发现精子亚临床损伤提出科学依据。     

单细胞凝胶电泳对男性精液质量的评价

目的：采用单细胞凝胶电泳的方法评价短波辐射对男性精液质量的影响，早期发现精子的亚临床损伤，及时提出干预措施，保证人口素质真正意义上的提高。方法：采用常规精液分析和单细胞凝胶电泳相结合的方法分别检测短波接触者的精液质量，以判断短波辐射对男性生殖功能的影响，结果：短波辐射暴露组精液分析无变化，但单细胞凝胶电泳－DNA链断裂分析显示I组彗星率明显高于对照组。结论：提示长期接受短波辐射人员的精液分析包括精子数量，精子活力和精子活率等影响不大，但可见精子DNA链断裂增多，这种微结构改变即亚临床损伤可通过单细胞凝胶电泳检测出来。     

某部装甲兵的精液质量分析

目的 :探讨装甲兵训练噪声振动等物理因素是否对男性精液质量产生影响 ,为制定干预措施 ,降低和预防男性不育的发生提供依据。方法 :通过填写问卷调查表、体检及采用全自动精液分析系统分析精液质量、单细胞凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪检测DNA单双链损伤以及分析染色质结构等先进实验检测方法对某部装甲兵进行分子流行病学调查。结果 :暴露组精液中精子存活率 (6 2 .30± 2 5 .2 4 ) %和正常精子比率 (81.2 8± 11.18) %较对照组 (6 8.0 2± 2 5 .72 ) %和 (93.5 6± 5 .0 3) %下降 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ,精子畸形率则明显地增高〔(9.0 6± 11.15 ) %vs (7.37±10 .6 1) % ,P <0 .0 1〕 ,但均在正常值范围内 ,仅精子活力 (36 .4 % )明显低于正常值 (>5 0 % )和对照组 (43.5 % ,P <0 .0 1)。彗星实验和染色质结构分析则无明显变化。结论 :长期受到噪声振动的影响 ,可能发生精液质量下降 ,但未发现精子DNA损伤增多。提示 ,加强装甲兵的个人防护 ,制定预防保健措施对提高男性生殖健康保健十分必要。     

甲萘威农药生产职业暴露对男工精子和精液质量的影响

目的　了解甲萘威的男性生殖毒性。方法　选择某农药厂接触甲萘威生产的男工31名为暴露组;该厂行政区男性员工4 6名为内对照组;某疾病预防控制中心男性员工2 2名为外对照组。对各组环境空气中甲萘威及其相关气体异氰酸甲酯(MIC)、氨气及总酚进行连续3d的监测;选暴露组及外对照组各3人进行个体采样并测定其皮肤污染量;收集各组人群的精液,进行精液质量、精子的形态学评价,用计算机辅助精子分析(CASA)系统分析精子的运动能力。结果　暴露组作业环境空气中甲萘威的几何平均浓度(G)为5 2 .4 1mg/m3 、总酚为0 .0 8mg/m3 ,均高于内、外对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。暴露组男工个体采样甲萘威浓度(G)为7.38mg/m3 ,皮肤的污染量(G)为86 2 .4 7mg/m2 ;外对照组均未检出。暴露组男工精子直线运动速度[VSL ,(2 6 .2 9±7.84 )μm/s]、鞭打频率[BCF ,(3.99±1.5 5 )Hz]、直线性(LIN ,39.89%±6 .0 0 % )、前向性(STR ,71.5 1%±11.2 2 % )均低于内、外对照组,精液黏稠度、精子活动度异常率及精子总畸形发生率均高于外对照组,精液量[(2 .39±1.4 4 )ml]、精子活动度[(1.77±0 .6 1)级]低于外对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0 .0 5 )。结论　甲萘威职业暴露对男工精子和精液质量有一定影响     

我国工业铅中毒研究48年（下）

6铅对男性生殖功能的影响近年来,我们分析了精液质量及其某些生化改变,以评定铅对男性生殖功能的危害,见表12,结果显示接触组精液液化时间明显长于对照组（P＜0．05）。接触组的精子活力明显受到影响,精子活力百分率和计数特别是直线向前运动的精子活力明显下降,不运动的精子百分率增多。两组间的精子密度、精液果糖和柠檬酸未见差别[13]。为了评定铅经血液-睾丸屏障及其对血液和精液中的其它微量元素代谢的影响,用放射免疫法测定上述铅接触组和对照组的血清FSH（促卵泡成熟激素）和LH（促间质细胞激素）的效应。分析血液和精液中…     

寒冷地区部队指战员精液质量的调查

目的：探讨在寒冷地区作业是否对精液质量产生影响。方法：通过现况调查，采用分子水平实验技术即单细胞凝胶电泳和染色质结构分析与精液常规检查相结合的方法，评估寒冷地区部队指战员精液质量和精子亚临床损伤。结果：寒冷地区作业人员精液常规化验均在正常范围，但单细胞凝胶电泳I级彗星率高达4．4％，与对照组（1．9％）比较差异有显著性；精子染色质结构分析中compat增高，平均值为22．26％，两种实验结果均反映了精子DNA单双链不同程度的损伤。结论：长期工作在寒冷地区的人员可见精子DNA单双链损伤增加，但不足以影响精液质量。提示加强寒冷地区男性作业人员的生殖健康保健十分必要。     

彗星实验在不明原因复发性流产中对精子DNA完整性的研究

目的:采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(又称彗星实验)对精子DNA完整性与不明原因复发性流产的相关性进行探讨,进一步明确精子DNA损伤的类型与不明原因复发性流产的关系。方法:收集2014年6月—12月在四川大学华西第二医院妇产科就诊的不明原因复发性流产女性的配偶作为流产组;同时收集有正常生育史的男性作为生育组。采用精液常规分析、中性彗星实验、碱性彗星实验等技术,检测精液常规参数和精子DNA完整性。同时分别人为诱导精子DNA单、双链损伤作为对照。结果:流产组和生育组各纳入50例男性,年龄差异无统计学意义,精液常规参数对比,流产组的精子浓度低于生育组[(91.0±56.8)×10~6/ml,(121.0±50.4)×10~6/ml](P0.05),前向运动[(52.5±13.5)%,(54.3±10.8)%]、总活力[(58.9±12.7)%,(61.3±10.5)%]、正常形态精子百分率[(3.4±2.6)%,(3.3±2.2)%]两组差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组的精子DNA完整性对比,流产组比生育组拥有更高的精子DNA碎片指数[(29.5±4.3)%,(18.2±3.5)%]和精子单链DNA损伤率[(19.0±3.8)%,(8.9±3.0)%](P0.05)。两组的精子双链DNA损伤率[(10.5±3.4)%,(9.2±2.4)%]未见差异(P0.05)。结论:精子DNA损伤率过高,特别是DNA单链损伤过多可能是导致不明原因复发性流产的相关原因之一。精子常规参数可能对提示不明原因复发性流产的病因价值较小。     

氯乙酸甲酯染毒对大鼠精子DNA损伤的研究

目的 应用精子单细胞凝胶电泳方法探讨氯乙酸甲酯对雄性大鼠精子DNA的损伤.方法 将55只雄性大鼠按体重随机分成5组,4个剂量组分别给予4.3、8.6、17.2和34.4 mg/kg的氯乙酸甲酯,对照组给予生理氯化钠连续经口灌胃13周处死,取附睾精子进行单细胞凝胶电泳试验.结果 高剂量染毒组精子细胞拖尾率和尾长[17.4%,(5.80±6.56)μm]与对照组[5.5%,(2.70±1.76)μm]之间差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 高剂量氯乙酸甲酯对雄性大鼠精子DNA有损伤作用.     

香烟烟气溶液和砷致淋巴细胞DNA损伤的协同作用

目的研究香烟烟气溶液和亚砷酸钠联合作用对大鼠淋巴细胞DNA的损伤,并探讨两者对DNA的损伤是否存在交互作用。方法大鼠淋巴细胞分为4组:亚砷酸钠单独作用组、香烟烟气溶液单独作用组、两者联合作用组和对照组,染毒后用单细胞凝胶电泳试验(彗星试验)检测淋巴细胞DNA的损伤,并检测细胞内丙二醛含量,同时采用2×2析因设计研究两者的交互作用。结果亚砷酸钠单独作用组、香烟烟气溶液单独作用组和两者联合作用组的彗星尾长和细胞拖尾率分别为[(11.68±3.79)μm,36%;(17.26±5.57)μm,75%;(32.10±6.18)μm,96%]均大于对照组[(6.74±1.09)μm,10%],差异均有统计学意义性(P<0.01)。而各染毒组细胞内丙二醛含量也高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。析因设计分析结果表明,香烟烟气溶液和亚砷酸钠对彗星尾长的影响存在交互作用(P<0.01),对细胞内丙二醛含量的影响也存在交互作用(P<0.01),交互作用方式均为协同作用。结论香烟烟气溶液和亚砷酸钠对大鼠淋巴细胞DNA损伤存在交互作用,交互作用方式为协同作用。     

饮水中无机砷对男性精液质量的影响

[目的]研究无机砷对男性的生殖毒性。[方法]随机选取山西省朔州市朔城区砷中毒病区男性居民16人为接触组(饮水砷含量0.05~0.20mg/L),以水砷含量<0.05mg/L的同地区正常男性11人为对照组,对其精液质量进行分析研究。[结果]砷接触男性居民精子活率、A级精子百分率及顶体完整率显著低于对照组,精子畸形率高于对照组,而且精液砷含量与精子活率、A级精子百分率及顶体完整率呈负相关,与精子畸形率呈正相关。[结论]无机砷对男性具有生殖毒性。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.