无创呼吸机治疗急性左心功能衰竭的临床疗效

目的研究无创呼吸机治疗急性左心功能衰竭的临床价值。方法对22例经药物治疗后30 min仍无效的急性左心功能衰竭患者采用无创呼吸机通气治疗,观察患者治疗前后临床症状、体征及呼吸频率、心率、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)等的变化。结果经无创呼吸机治疗后有18例症状缓解,有效率达81.8%,呼吸频率(RR)、心率(HR)较治疗前明显下降(P0.01),SpO2、PaO2较治疗前明显上升(P0.01),差异均有统计学意义。结论无创呼吸机通气可作为药物治疗效果不佳的重症急性左心功能衰竭的较好治疗方法。     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭25例

目的:探讨无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效.方法:对25例慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在常规治疗的同时,合用无创双水平正压通气(BiPAP)呼吸机行无创正压通气,观察患者通气治疗前、治疗后2 h、24 h及治疗结束后心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、血气分析指标(PH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2)的变化.结果:无创正压通气后24 h心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)和血气指标(PH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2)明显改善(P<0.05),治疗结束可获进一步改善(P<0.01).结论:无创正压通气治疗COPD急性加重并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭具有明显的疗效.     

双水平正压无创通气治疗急性心源性肺水肿的研究

目的 观察双水平正压（BiPAP）无创通气治疗急性心源性肺水肿的临床疗效。方法 对35例常规治疗不能改善症状的急性心源性肺水肿患者应用BiPAP无创通气，观察通气前后心率（HR）、呼吸（R），经皮测定动脉血氧饱和度（SaP2）和动脉血气分析等指标变化。结果 35例患者经BiPAP治疗2h后临床体征和动脉血气分析明显改善（P〈0．05），29例顺利停机，抢救成功率82．9％。结论 早期合理使用BiPAP无创通气，可较迅速改善急性心源性肺水肿患者临床症状和低氧血症，提高抢救成功率。     

面罩双向正压通气治疗急性肺水肿的疗效评价

目的　评价面罩双向正压机械通气治疗急性肺水肿的疗效及安全性。方法　对 6 0例各种病因所致的急性肺水肿患者随机分组 ,治疗组采用常规药物治疗加BiPAP面罩ST -D - 2 0呼吸机双向正压通气 ,对照组常规药物治疗加鼻导管吸氧。结果　治疗组无创面罩通气后 ,2 8例患者在 30min～ 2h症状好转 ,呼吸减慢 ,心率下降 ,肺部湿 口罗音减少 ,PaO2 上升 ,PCO2 下降 ,与治疗前相比有显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ,总有效率 93 3%。对照组在相应时间仅 19例好转 ,有效率 6 3 3%。两组相比差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　BiPAP面罩双向正压机械通气治疗急性肺水肿效果显著 ,安全可行。     

无创正压通气和简易呼吸气囊在急性左心衰院前急救中的对比应用分析

目的:探讨无创正压机械通气在院前急救急性左心衰中的治疗效果.方法:97例急性左心衰患者分为治疗组39例和对照组58例.治疗组在传统纠正心衰药物治疗的基础上加用呼吸机正压无创机械通气治疗,对照组则加用简易呼吸气囊进行通气治疗,记录两组患者治疗前后心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、呼吸频率(RR)、血氧饱和度(SaO2).结果:治疗组RR和SaO2 比对照组有显著改善(P ＜ 0.05).结论:无创机械正压通气对急性左心衰患者院前急救的抢救效果优于简易呼吸气囊.     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效观察

目的 探讨BiPAP(双水平正压通气)呼吸机在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并II型呼吸衰竭中的价值.方法 在给予吸氧、抗感染、呼吸兴奋剂等常规治疗的基础上,加用BiPAP呼吸机通气治疗,观察COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者治疗前后pH值、PO2、PCO2、呼吸频率、心率等指标的变化.结果 34例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者中29例加用BiPAP无创呼吸机通气,治疗后pH值、PO2、PCO2、呼吸频率、心率等指标变化有显著性改善(P<0 01).结论 应用BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD合并II型呼吸衰竭的疗效满意、并发症少,患者易于接受.     

无创双水平正压通气治疗急性左心衰竭的疗效评价

【目的】对无创双水平正压通气(BiPAP)治疗急性左心衰竭的临床疗效进行观察。【方法】对本院急诊救治的各种病因所致的急性左心衰竭患者随机分组,治疗组采用常规药物治疗加BiPAP面罩ST-D-20呼吸机双向正压通气,以流量触发,压力支持,所给吸气压8~15 cmH2O,呼气压2~5 cmH2O。对照组常规药物治疗加鼻导管吸氧。【结果】治疗组经无创面罩通气后,所有患者在10 min至2 h内呼吸频率减慢,心率下降,PaO2上升,PaCO2下降,治疗总有效率为100%,对血压无明显影响。对照组在相应时间内治疗总有效率为68.2%。【结论】无创双水平正压通气治疗急性左心衰竭效果显著,安全可行。     

BiPAP无创呼吸机在COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭患者中的应用

目的:探讨BiPAP无创呼吸机在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者中的应用效果。方法:采用无创呼吸机进行双水平正压通气(BiPAP)治疗37例COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭患者,比较治疗前、治疗12 h后的血气分析、呼吸频率、心率变化。结果:治疗12 h后的血气分析、呼吸频率、心率变化较治疗前显著改善(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:BiPAP无创呼吸机有助于呼吸肌功能的改善,增加潮气量,降低呼吸频率和耗氧量,从而改善呼吸衰竭患者的临床症状。     

无创呼吸机治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的护理观察

目的对50例患有慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的患者应用双水平无创正压辅助通气(BiPAP)无创呼吸机通气治疗的效果进行分析及不良反应的处理。方法将50例患者用BiPAP呼吸机治疗前后监测血气分析及心率、呼吸频率,不良反应的观察。结果应用BiPAP无创呼吸机后血气分析好转,心率、呼吸频率下降,不良反应少。结论 BiPAP呼吸机是治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼衰安全而有效的方法,可以改善肺通气,减少二氧化碳滁留,不良反应少,值得临床广泛应用。     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭48例疗效观察

目的探讨双水平气道正压通气（BIPAP）呼吸机无创通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法将COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者48例随机分成两组。对照组22例用鼻导管持续低流量吸氧,治疗组26例加用BiPAP呼吸机通气治疗,观察治疗前后临床症状、动脉血气等指标的变化。结果两组治疗前后心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）、pH值、动脉氧分压（PaO2）及动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）相比经统计学处理差异显著（P〈0.05）,且治疗后72 h治疗组PaCO2和RR改善程度更优于对照组,差异具有显著性（P〈0.05）;HR、pH和PaO2改善程度也优于对照组,但差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论 BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效显著。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.