吞咽造影在脑损伤患者吞咽障碍的临床价值

目的探讨吞咽造影(videofluoroscopic swallowing study, VFSS)对脑损伤患者吞咽障碍疗效评估。方法 40例脑卒中及脑外伤吞咽障碍患者,分别采用稀钡、浓稠钡和糊状钡三种不同性状、相同容量的钡剂,对吞咽障碍患者治疗前、后进行吞咽造影检查,根据吞咽造影对吞咽障碍患者治疗前、后进行吞咽功能评估比较分析。结果 40例患者均能清晰观察到整个吞咽过程,观察吞咽启动、喉上抬、会厌谷残留、梨状窝残留、渗透及误吸等情况,其中吞咽启动时间、喉上抬比治疗前明显改善(P0.05)。结论吞咽造影检查能有效评估脑损伤合并吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能,其有助于指导临床选择有效治疗措施及提供观察治疗效果的依据。     

喉咽、食管入口的解剖学观测对高位食管内支架置入的临床意义

目的对喉咽、食管入口进行解剖学观测,为介入放射学置入食管内支架治疗高位食管疾病提供解剖学依据。方法180名健康体检志愿者在胃肠造影机下口服钡剂进行直立仰头位、低头位咽腔和食管造影;将X线片上颈椎体平分三等份、椎间盘一份,记录梨状隐窝下极对应的颈椎椎体位置,使用两脚规和游标卡尺测量梨状隐窝下极与C5下缘基线的距离;测量61具尸体标本梨状隐窝下极与环状软骨板下缘之间的距离。结果①梨状隐窝下极在仰头位和低头位时活动度平均为2．0cm(相当于5个1／3颈椎高度);②梨状隐窝下极与环状软骨板下缘之问距离平均2．0cm。结论以梨状隐窝下极定位法放置高位食管内支架比颈椎定位法更加准确、合理。     

鼻咽部良性病变的CT诊断(附33例分析)

目的：探讨鼻咽部良性病变的CT表现和鉴别诊断。资料与方法：分析33例鼻咽部良性病变的CT资料，重点观察病变部位、咽旁软组织间隙、咽缝、副鼻窦及颈部淋巴结改变。结果：（1）单纯咽隐窝膨隆或突出5例；（2）后顶壁软组织增厚或“山丘”状突起或合并咽隐窝闭塞28例；（3）25例咽缝存在，14例合并副鼻窦炎症。结论：单纯后顶壁软组织增厚不累及咽缝，无咽旁间隙侵犯和颈部淋巴结恶性转移征象者可作出良性病变CT诊断：咽隐窝膨隆或肿块，确诊依靠病理活检。     

吞咽功能障碍并返流性食管炎的X线诊断（附6例X线分析）

目的：了解和认识吞咽功能障碍合并返流性食管炎的临床特征和X线表现。方法：6例患者均经X线、食道纤维镜及临床证实。其中女性4例、男性2例．平均年龄67．7岁。结果：吞咽功能障碍合并返流性食管炎的典型X线表现为吞钡后钡剂在口咽部及梨状窝处滞留，上下翻动，只见少量造影剂进入食管，多数可见钡剂呛入气管、支气管。经注射新斯的明0．5—1mg后，吞咽功能得到改善，钡剂充盈食管。6例患者均见食管下段粘膜粗大，管腔狭窄，上段食管轻度扩张。结论：吞咽功能障碍合并返流性食管炎系一少见病。食管钡餐检查不顺利时，可配合药物注射，待吞咽功能得到改善后检查仍可正常进行。因此，食管钡餐检查是诊断本病的有效方法之一。     

扁桃体巨大结石一例

病例资料患者,男,36岁。因咽部异物感10余天入院。查体无明显异常。专科检查：耳、鼻无明显异常,左侧软腭充血、隆起明显,悬雍垂右偏、无张口受限,肿块触之较硬。CT 平扫示左侧扁桃体区团块状钙化灶,大小约4．0 cm×2．7 cm,CT 值平均约560 HU（图1）,咽腔狭窄;咽隐窝通畅,咽旁肌群及咽旁间隙显示清晰;会厌及其皱襞、梨状窝、声带未见明显异常,喉部气管通畅。诊断：左侧腭扁桃体钙化。MRI 平扫示左侧扁桃体区有类圆形病灶,于 T1 WI 和 T2 WI上均呈低信号（图2,3）,边界清楚,直径约3．8 cm,邻近组织受压、推移。鼻咽部黏膜完整、未见增厚,咽隐窝及咽鼓管未见闭塞,咽旁组织及脂肪间隙显示清晰,未见异常信号。诊断：左侧扁桃体区结石。手术及病理检查：于左扁桃体周及腭舌弓、腭咽弓处以1％利多卡因浸润麻醉。用剥离子先切除钙化灶肿块,并切开腭舌弓及腭咽弓黏膜,用扁桃体钳住上极分离出包膜,并逐步分离切除左侧扁桃体。病理诊断：扁桃体结石（图4）。     

心包窦和心包隐窝的螺旋CT表现及其解剖学基础

目的 在横断面解剖学的基础上，评价心包窦、隐窝的横断面螺旋CT表现及其影像学意义。资料与方法 复习52例心包积液（按中－大量组和少量组）和146例无心包疾病（正常对照组）病例纵隔螺旋CT影像，并对照2例尸体横断面解剖，描述心包窦、隐窝在5个主要横断面的显示率，并进行统计学分析。结果 心包各窦、隐窝的显示率均大于40％。心包少量积液组与中－大量积液组心各包窦与隐窝的显示率，以及病例组与对照组间PCR、RPR、pSAR的显示率无显著性差异（P＞0．05）；而病例组与对照组间其余心包各窦与隐窝的显示率有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论 心包窦、隐窝在螺旋CT上易于显示。其定位诊断需依靠断层解剖学知识，并应与邻近正常结构及其病变相区别。     

探讨冲脉理论针刺治疗中风后吞咽障碍的临床效果

目的：探讨冲脉理论针刺治疗中风后吞咽障碍的临床效果。方法将收治的70例中风后吞咽障碍患者随机平均分为观察组与对照组。对照组35例行常规针刺治疗,观察组35例行冲脉针刺治疗,观察并分析两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果观察组临床治疗有效率为100％,显著高于对照组治疗有效率80．00％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;观察组治愈患者治疗时间为（28．38±10．33）天,明显短于对照组的（38．96±18．24）天,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论对中风后吞咽障碍患者行冲脉理论取穴针刺疗法进行治疗,具有良好的临床效果,能提高临床治愈率,缩短治疗时间。     

螺旋CT多平面重组技术在喉癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨螺旋CT多平面重组技术（MPR）在喉癌诊断中的意义。方法35例拟诊喉癌患者行术前CT检查并行MPR图像后处理，将横断面、MPR及横断面联合MPR图像诊断结果分别与术后病理切片的病变范围进行对照，应用卡方检验进行统计学处理。结果对前联合受侵的评价，横断面、MPR、横断面联合MPR3组图像准确性分别为82．9％、68．6％和91．4％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），其中，联合图像优于MPR图像（P〈0．05）。在评价喉旁间隙受侵方面，3组图像准确性分别为91．4％、68．6％和94．3％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），其中，横断面及联合图像准确性均高于MPR图像（P值均〈0．05）。3组图像对评价甲状软骨受侵准确性分别为94．3％、77．1％和97．1％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），其中，横断面与MPR之间，MPR与联合图像之间差异有统计学意义（P值均〈0．05）；对会厌、杓会厌皱襞、声带、室带、会厌前间隙、梨状窝、杓状软骨及喉外受侵的评价，3组图像差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但横断面联合MPR图像对判断各结构受侵具有较高的敏感性、特异性和准确性。结论螺旋CT横断面图像能够很好显示肿瘤的形态、大小、侵犯范围及颈部淋巴结转移，MPR较横断面图像更全面直观地显示肿瘤的形态及范围，是对常规轴面图像的有益补充。横断面联合MPR能提高喉癌诊断符合率。     

PET/CT显像中不同密度人体组织及残留钡剂对CT衰减校正的影响

目的探讨^18F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET／CT显像中不同密度人体组织及残留钡剂对CT衰减校正（CTAC）的影响。方法20例PET／CT显像患者，分别重建CTAC及^137Cs衰减校正（CsAC）图像。选择所有病例全身不同密度的正常组织及残留钡剂处勾画感兴趣区（ROI），分别测量CTAC及CsAC图像相同部位的标准摄取值（SUV）及相应部位的CT值。比较所测部位CTAC和CsAC的平均SUV差异及两者间图像差异。结果在所有非骨组织（脑组织除外）中，CTAC平均SUV较CsAC低17％（t=-5．328，P〈0．001）；在骨组织中，CTAC较CsAC高16％（t=7．960，P〈0．001）；在高密度钡剂中，CTAC较CsAC高98％（t=3．451，P=0．018）。在所有不同密度人体组织中，CTAC和CsAC图像间差异不影响诊断效果；在高密度钡剂中，于CTAC图像上见明显^18F—FDG异常高摄取伪影，而CsAC图像上为正常摄取影。结论不同密度人体组织及残留钡剂在CTAC和CsAC时SUV存在不同程度的差异；CTAC对骨组织及残留钡剂的SUV明显高估，并在残留钡剂区域造成图像伪影。     

严重急性呼吸综合征患者肺内残留病变CT表现的随访观察

目的 探讨严重急件呼吸综合征（SARS）患者临床治疗后，CT复查肺内残留病变的动态变化情况。方法 对124例治疗后的SARS患者进行CT复查随访，失访13例，资料完整111例，对平均病程第3、6、12及18个月行螺旋CT检杏的结果进行对比分析，总结其影像动态变化的特征。结果 病程18个月内，相继有70例（占63．1％）患者肺内CT表现恢复止常。6、12、18个月时CT主要征象：（1）磨玻璃样病变残留率分别为33．3％（37／111）、24．3％（27／111）、20．7％（23／111）。（2）小叶间隔或小叶内间质增厚残留率分别为37．8％（42／111）、28．8％（32／111）、25．2％（28／111）。以上2种主要病变在随访期内的总体变化经对比分析X^2检验，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（3）胸膜下弧线影15例，随访期内病变有不同程度的吸收，但无一例病变消失。（4）不规则纤维条索影18个月时残留率17．1％（19／111）。少见征象：（1）实变病灶1例，病程第12个月完全吸收。（2）空洞病灶2例，1例于病程第12个月基本吸收，1例随访期内末完全吸收。（3）牵拉性支气管扩张1例，随访期内无明显变化。（4）小结节灶3例，1例病程第12个月基本吸收，2例无明显变化。结论 病程第18个月SARS患者肺内磨玻璃样病变残留率为20．7％。17．1％的患者残留局限性肺间质纤维化改变。对肺内残留磨玻璃样病变的患者继续定期随访间隔6～12个月为宜，其他患者可以延长随访间隔时间至12个月以上。     

Pharyngeal Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with AIDS

The radiographic appearance of gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with AIDS has been described previously, but little attention has been paid to pharyngeal involvement. This study compared the radiographic findings of pharyngeal Kaposi's sarcoma in eight patients with AIDS and dysphagia to those of visual inspection by laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy. Barium pharyngography (six patients) demonstrated nodular lesions without ulceration, ranging in extent from a single nodule to extensive confluent disease. CT (two patients) showed nodular or polypoid intraluminal protrusions, distortion of valleculae and pyriform sinuses, infiltration of deep-tissue planes, and adenopathy. A 4-mm nodular lesion was not seen on pharyngography. Radiographic evaluation provided supplemental information in six patients, especially regarding inferior extent of disease in four whose bulky lesions precluded adequate visual assessment. CT aided in defining deep-tissue-plane involvement and extent of nodal disease. It is concluded that barium pharyngography and CT are useful in the diagnostic evaluation of possible Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with AIDS and dysphagia.     

Videofluorography swallow study of patients with systemic sclerosis

Purpose

This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of the videofluorographic (VFG) swallow study in patients with systemic sclerosis.

Materials and methods

Over a 23-month period, 45 women (mean age 58 years, range 27–76 years) with a known diagnosis of systemic sclerosis and a history of dysphagia underwent a dynamic and morphological study of the oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal phases of swallowing with videofluorography. All examinations were performed with a remote-controlled digital C-arm device with 16-in image intensifier, 0.6- to 1.2-mm focal spot range and maximum tube voltage of 150 kVp in fluorography and 120 kVp in fluoroscopy. Cineradiographic sequences were acquired for the swallow study with 12 images per second and matrix 512×512 after the ingestion of boluses of high-density (250% weight/volume) barium. The evaluation of oesophageal peristalsis was documented with digital cineradiographic sequences with six images per second in the upright and supine positions during the swallowing of barium (60% weight/volume), and the water siphon test was performed with the patient in the supine position to evaluate the presence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). All patients subsequently underwent laryngoscopy, endoscopy and pH monitoring, and the data thus obtained were processed and compared.

Results

The VFG swallow study identified alterations of epiglottal tilting associated with intraswallowing laryngeal penetration in 26 patients (57.8%), pooling of contrast agent in the valleculae and pyriform sinuses in 23 (51.1%) and radiographic signs of nonspecific hypertrophy of the lingual and/or palatine tonsils in 18 (40%). The study of the oesophageal phase revealed the presence of altered peristalsis in all patients, and in particular, 36 patients (80%) showed signs of atony. Altered oesophageal clearing mechanisms were evident in all 45 patients, sliding hiatus hernia in 43 (93%) and GORD in 44 (97%).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that in patients with systemic sclerosis, there is no primary alteration of the oral or pharyngeal phase of swallowing. In addition, alterations of epiglottal tilting associated with laryngeal penetration of contrast agent were found to be secondary to chronic GORD. Indeed, in 40% of patients, radiographic signs were found that indicated nonspecific hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil and/or palatine tonsils and nonspecific signs of chronic pharyngeal inflammation, and GORD was identified in 93% of patients, which in 40% of cases extended to the proximal third of the oesophagus. The data obtained were confirmed in 85% of cases with pH monitoring and in all cases with laryngoscopy.     

Epiglottic carcinoma as a cause of laryngeal penetration and aspiration

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our investigation was to review a series of patients with epiglottic carcinoma to elucidate the clinical and videofluoroscopic findings in these individuals. CONCLUSION. Patients with epiglottic carcinoma often present with symptoms of aspiration or pharyngeal dysphagia of relatively brief duration in the absence of a preexisting neurologic disease. In this clinical setting, barium studies are useful not only for detecting the epiglottic carcinoma but also for delineating the presence and mechanism of laryngeal penetration or tracheobronchial aspiration.     

脑卒中后吞咽困难的评定与康复治疗的研究

目的：通过对脑卒中后吞咽困难患者的评定和康复治疗,研究康复治疗对卒中后吞咽困难的意义。方法：选取60名脑卒中患者,经筛选实验：饮水实验;电视透视检查,分为对照组（30例）和实验组（30例）。对实验组患者进行康复治疗,对照组未给予康复治疗。观察并记录两组脑卒中患者的并发症（呛咳、吸入性肺炎、脱水、营养不良）、住院日、体重及营养状况等情况。结果：实验组脑卒中患者在并发生、住院天数、体重及营养状况方面均优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：卒中后吞咽困难的康复治疗对脑卒中患者有益。     

Globus sensation: findings on videofluoroscopic examinations.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the findings on videofluoroscopy of the pharynx and esophagus in patients with a globus sensation and compare them with a similar group of patients with dysphagia. METHODS: A computerized search of radiology files revealed 83 patients with a globus sensation who had videofluoroscopic examinations of the pharynx and esophagus during a 10-year period from 1989-1999. A computerized search was also performed to generate an age- and sex-matched group of 83 patients with dysphagia who also had videofluoroscopic examinations during this period. Original radiologic reports were reviewed to determine the frequency of morphologic and functional abnormalities of the pharynx and esophagus in these 2 groups. RESULTS: Early closure of the cricopharyngeus was found in 13 (16%) patients with globus versus 2 (2%) with dysphagia (p < 0.01). Enlarged pharyngeal tonsils were found in 31 (37%) patients with globus versus 17 (21%) with dysphagia (p < 0.05). Enlarged lingual tonsils were characterized on barium studies by nodularity or lobulation of the posterior-inferior base of the tongue and valleculae in all patients, and the palatine tonsils were symmetrically enlarged in all but 2 patients. No other radiographic findings were significantly associated with a globus sensation. CONCLUSION: Early closure of the cricopharyngeus and enlarged lingual or palatine tonsils may contribute to the development of a globus sensation, but the pathophysiologic basis for this association remains unclear.     

线粒体脑肌病的MRI诊断价值

目的 探讨线粒体脑肌病的脑部MRI表现及其诊断价值。资料与方法 对13例线粒体脑肌病患者的临床、实验室及MRI表现进行回顾性分析。结果 13例头部MRI检查均显示异常,对病变的检出率为100％,主要MRI表现为3类：（1）大脑半球多发单侧或双侧病变（7例）,4例呈对称性,病变呈片状等长T1、长T2信号,以一侧或两侧颞顶枕时皮层和皮层下白质最常受累。（2）大脑半球皮层和深部灰质核团同时出现片状等长T1、长T2信号2例。上述两类脑内病变有5例合并脑萎缩。（3）脑实质信号正常,但有脑萎缩4例,其中桥脑、延髓及小脑萎缩3例,大脑半球、脑干、小脑萎缩1例。结论 MRI对线粒体脑肌病的脑内病变显示敏感且准确,对其早期诊断、指导治疗、判断疗效和提示预后具有重要价值。     

Cervical osteophyte induced dysphagia

Although cervical spondylosis is a common disorder, dysphagia induced by osteophyte formation is uncommon. Fewer than one hundred cases of cervical osteophyte induced dysphagia have been reported, with little attention to the diagnosis by barium swallow. The radiological features of two cases treated surgically with good results are described. Both cases complained of dysphagia while one had associated respiratory obstruction on forward flexion of his neck. The features on barium study of cervical osteophytes causing dysphagia include deformity at the level of osteophyte formation, in both AP and lateral projections. Tracheal aspiration due to deformity at the laryngeal inlet and interference with epiglottic retroversion may be present.     

Barium examination of the pharynx after vertical hemilaryngectomy

Vertical hemilaryngectomy (VHL) is an effective treatment for localized true-vocal-cord carcinoma. Single- and double-contrast barium pharyngoesophagrams in 13 post-VHL patients (11 with dysphagia or suspected tumor recurrence, and two asymptomatic volunteers) were reviewed retrospectively. The two asymptomatic volunteers illustrated the normal postoperative appearance, demonstrating an unaltered pharynx, with no barium aspiration. Barium aspiration into the laryngeal vestibule or trachea was seen in 10 cases and was the only abnormal radiographic finding in four such patients. Three instances of tumor recurrence were identified. In two such cases, aspirated barium revealed a narrowed, irregular lumen of the residual laryngeal vestibule with a mass protruding into the subglottic part of the airway. The third example of recurrent malignancy was manifested by a tracheoesophageal fistula. Findings on the barium examination mimicked recurrent tumor in four cases. In one instance, a mound of granulation tissue protruding into the subglottic airway was confused with tumor recurrence. In three cases, the radiographs demonstrated apparent narrowing and mucosal irregularity of the residual laryngeal vestibule. This appearance was due to early postoperative edema or to transient deformity of the pliable residual hemilarynx during deglutition, as shown by videotaped fluoroscopy.     

Videofluoroscopic assessment of patients with dysphagia: pharyngeal retention is a predictive factor for aspiration.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the clinical significance of pharyngeal retention to predict aspiration in patients with dysphagia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At videofluoroscopy, pharyngeal retention was found in 108 (28%; 73 males, 35 females; mean age, 60 years) of 386 patients with a suspected deglutition disorder. Swallowing function was assessed videofluoroscopically. The amount of residual contrast material in the valleculae or piriform sinuses was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. The frequency, type, and grade of aspiration were assessed. RESULTS: Pharyngeal retention was caused by pharyngeal weakness or paresis in 103 (95%) of 108 patients. In 70 patients (65%) with pharyngeal retention, postdeglutitive overflow aspiration was found. Aspiration was more often found in patients who had additional functional abnormalities such as incomplete laryngeal closure or impaired epiglottic tilting (p < 0.05). Postdeglutitive aspiration was diagnosed in 25% patients with mild, in 29% with moderate, and in 89% with severe pharyngeal retention (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Postdeglutitive overflow aspiration is a frequent finding in patients with pharyngeal retention, and the risk of aspiration increases markedly with the amount of residue. Functional abnormalities other than pharyngeal weakness, such as impaired laryngeal closure, may contribute to aspiration.     

Digital cineradiographic swallow study: our experience

PURPOSE: Swallowing disorders can be secondary to different types of diseases in which, at least initially, patients succeed in establishing voluntary or involuntary compensatory mechanisms that enable them to maintain a sufficient nutritional state. When the compensatory mechanisms become insufficient massive food aspiration into the airways can occur and suffocation may prove to be the main pathology. It has been calculated that in the USA about 8,000-10,000 people die each year due to suffocation. The dynamic radiological examination of swallowing is considered important not only for diagnosis, but also for planning a rehabilitation therapy and type of nutrition for the patient and for verifying the results of the therapy. The aim of this study is to analyse the results of our experience in the use of the digital cineradiography system to evaluate patients with normal and pathological swallowing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the digital cineradiography of 220 patients that at no time had undergone surgery and presented no organic pharyngeal or oesophageal disease (excluding hiatus hernia). All the exams followed a standard protocol that included the dynamic evaluation of the larynx, soft palate, pharynx, and gastro-oesophageal junction with a cineradiographic sequence of 12 frames/second with a 512x1024 matrix. There was also an archive of the film in a post-processing console. The patients received single photograms (printed on laserfilm), videotape recordings or CD-ROM of the dynamic exam. RESULTS: 137 (62%) of the patients did not present swallowing alterations although only 7 patients had a negative examination. In 35 cases hiatus hernia was appreciable while in 69 cases the hernia was associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux. In 23 cases aspecific functional disorders of the oesophagus were demonstrated and in 3 cases achalasia. The remaining 83 patients (38%) (37 males and 46 females, average age 57.02 yrs) presented alterations of the oral and/or pharyngeal stages of swallowing: reduction in soft-palate motility (2 cases), unilateral paralysis of the vocal chords (1 case), incontinence of the bolus during the oral stage (8 cases), lingual movement anomalies (4 cases), subepiglottic penetration (62 cases), asymmetric epiglottic tilt, aspiration of the contrast medium in the airway (17 cases), reduction of laryngeal and hyoid bone movement (9 cases), bolus retained in the valleculae and pyriform sinus (13 cases), cricopharyngeal spasm (6 cases), pharyngeal paralysis (1 case); hiatus hernia was also evident in 20 cases and gastro-oesophageal reflux was associated in 13 of them. Overall, 36% of the cases presented an isolated form while 64% of the cases presented a complex dysfunction with several simultaneous alterations. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The videofluorographic swallow study is an important step in the diagnostic evaluation of a dysphagic patient not only as regards the analysis of the main alteration and its capacity to confirm the presence or absence of contrast medium aspiration in the airway, but also because it provides important information on rehabilitation and nutritional orientation (oral/no oral), as well as on the results of the therapy. The recent diffusion of the digital X-ray equipment has made possible its use for the study of the organic and functional diseases of the upper alimentary tract. Currently a standard protocol for the study of swallowing with digital fluorography is not available. The technique we applied, already verified in a significant number of dysphagic patients, has allowed us to distinguish patients with normal swallowing from those with disorders of the oral and pharyngeal stage, and thus to identify disturbance and establish an appropriate rehabilitation treatment.