前列腺癌骨转移研究进展

骨骼是最常见的前列腺癌转移靶器官,前列腺癌骨转移是一系列复杂而有序的过程,其发生机制可能涉及多个方面。现就从解剖学、病理学、分子生物学等方面对前列腺癌骨转移机制的研究现状作一综述。     

Bone metastasis associated with shunt-related peritoneal deposits from a pineal germinoma

Summary The case of a 15-year-old boy with a pineal germinoma is reported. The patient first underwent a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt followed by a stereotactic biopsy, then, because of the rapidly deteriorating neurological status, an emergency craniotomy with subtotal removal of the tumour was performed. Two months after surgery, a left femoral metastasis and extensive peritoneal lesions became evident; they were regarded as due to haematogenous and VP shunt spread of the germinoma. At that time, extremely high serum levels of placental alkaline phosphatase were detected. The patient died 6 months after the inital diagnosis. The occurrence of extraneural metastases as well as of shunt related peritoneal deposits from primary intracranial germinoma is discussed. As far as we know this is the first reported case of a combination of haematogenous as well as VP shunt spread of a pineal germinoma.     

Extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma with sarcomatous component

A case of glioblastoma with sarcomatous component is presented. Craniotomy was performed with total resection of the left occipital tumor. The patient received radiotherapy postoperatively but developed extracranial metastases only two months after the first surgical procedure.     

Bone metastasis of gastric cancer

Twenty-three patients with bone metastasis from gastric cancer which was resected during the ten years from 1970 through 1979 were investigated. The incidence was 1.2 per cent (23/1,945), and was higher in the younger patients. The main symptom was local bone pain. Change on the X-ray appeared a few months after complaints of pain. Consequently, the confirmation was delayed in most cases. All of the laboratory findings were not specific to bone metastasis. Referring to findings at the primary surgery for gastric cancer, this form of metastasis occurred in cases of a high involvement of regional lymph nodes and of a scirrhous type. The results of histological examination showed a high degree of lymphatic permeation in the submucosal layer. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma was readily identified. The lumbar and thoracic vertebra were the areas of frequent metastases. The metastasis occurred within two years after the gastric surgery, in most cases. Chemotherapy was ineffective and radiotherapy was effective for palliation of the bone pain. Prognosis was very poor and all but one patient died within a few months after confirmation of the metastasis. This work was presented at the 20th Congress of the Japan Society for Cancer Therapy, Tokyo, September, 1982.     

Concomitant bone marrow metastasis of a glioblastoma multiforme revealed at the diagnosis

Summary The rare occurrence of extra-neural metastases in patients having a tumour of the central nervous system (CNS) could mean that the symptoms of a metastatic lesion are confused with a second pathology. We recently treated a patient with a glioblastoma multiforme who was developing a pancytopaenia at the initial diagnosis. The frequent red cell and platelet transfusions were transitorily active. An extensive radiological investigation and a unilateral iliac bone marrow aspirate and biopsy were performed. Cells immunoreactive to glial fibrillary acidic protein were detected in a specimen obtained from the iliac bone. Post-mortem examination confirmed metastasis to extra-cranial bone and revealed other metastases in lung, mediastinal lymph node and spleen. Therefore, in patients with malignant glioma tumours, bone marrow metastasis, though not common, should be investigated when bone pain or cytopaenia occur.     

A giant tumor of the mesocolon found to be metastasis from an alpha-fetoprotein-producing gastric carcinoma: Report of a case

We present herein an extremely rare case of metastasis from a gastric carcinoma to the mesocolon. A 71-year-old woman underwent a laparotomy for gastric cancer with an intra-abdominal mass. Her serum alpha-fetoprotein level was very high at 3,560 ng/ml. The abdominal mass was subsequently revealed to be a metastatic tumor of the transverse mesocolon derived from an alpha-fetoprotein-producing gastric carcinoma, but no other metastatic focus was found. An immunohistochemical study revealed alpha-fetoprotein-positive cells in both lesions. The serum alpha-fetoprotein level became normal after the operation which was followed by a course of chemotherapy, and no recurrence has been observed thus far in 6 months of follow up.     

Brachialis muscle metastasis: An unusual,presenting site of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon

Skeletal muscle metastasis from gastrointestinal system tumours is extremely rare. We report an unusual presentation of skeletal muscle metastasis in the brachialis muscle as a presenting feature of a previously undiagnosed colonic adenocarcinoma in a 66-year-old male. He presented to us with a painful, flexion deformity of his elbow and suspected to have a biceps brachii rupture. We review the clinico-radiological findings and the relevant literature. This case-report highlights the importance of a thorough clinical evaluation especially in presence of red flag signs, early multi-disciplinary team (MDT) discussion and biopsy to formulate a plan of management.     

An early orbital metastasis from breast cancer: A case report

IntroductionOrbital metastases from solid cancers are infrequent or underestimated, since they represent only 1–13% of tumors of the orbit. They are even less frequent in breast cancer and are rarely diagnosed. We report a case of an early diagnosed orbital metastasis from breast cancer to an extra ocular muscle.Case reportWe report the case of a 33-year-old female patient who presented, following the diagnosis of her breast cancer, headache, a progressive decrease in visual acuity of the right eye and diplopia. Brain imaging revealed a tissue process at the expense of the internal rectus muscle, which biopsy pointed to a secondary lesion of breast cancer.DiscussionExtraocular muscles are rarely infiltrated by metastasis from distant sites. They are mostly asymptomatic and suggest a systematic spread of the disease. The treatment is generally palliative and the prognosis is generally poor.ConclusionOrbital metastases from breast cancer are certainly rare but are associated with significant morbidity. In order to make a precise diagnosis and offer an appropriate treatment, healthcare professionals must remain vigilant in the face of any ophthalmological symptoms.     

An effective chemotherapy regimen for liver metastasis from retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma: Report of a case

Retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma is a rare disease that has proven difficult to treat due to its high incidence of postoperative local recurrence. We recently experienced a patient in whom retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma was followed by liver metastasis without local recurrence. A 34-year-old woman who initially presented with right upper quadrant pain was found to have a retroperitoneal tumor by diagnostic imaging techniques. Extirpation of the tumor was performed and the histopathological diagnosis was fibrosarcoma. A solitary metastasis was detected in the lateral segment 1 year after this operation and a lateral segmentectomy was carried out; however, a short time later, multiple liver metastases were found. Initially, ethanol injections were given with little effect, following which CYVADIC chemotherapy, consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, farmorubicin, and dacarbazine was administered. An excellent responsiveness without severe toxicity was achieved after five cycles, with a significant reduction in tumor size, being estimated as a complete response. Thus, we consider that this chemotherapy regimen could be a promising mode of treatment for liver metastasis from retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma without local recurrence.     

骨水泥椎体成形在治疗脊柱转移瘤中的临床应用

目的:探讨骨水泥椎体成形在脊柱转移瘤治疗中的应用价值。方法:2000年11月～2011年6月我院应用骨水泥椎体成形治疗脊柱转移瘤患者155例,共251个椎体。颈椎1个,胸椎149个,腰椎101个。男性88例,女性67例,平均年龄63.5岁(36~87岁)。采用两种手术方式:应用经皮穿刺椎体成形术或经皮椎体后凸成形术110例,181个椎体;开放性手术椎管减压脊柱内固定,结合术中骨水泥椎体成形或联合其他部位椎体成形45例70个椎体。所有患者术前有严重的腰背痛或合并不同程度的下肢神经功能损害症状。平均VAS评分7.6分(5～10分),术后第3d根据VAS评分评估患者的疼痛缓解情况,术后2周时根据Frankel分级评估神经损害和ECOG评估活动能力的改善。出院后每3个月门诊随访一次,行X线片、CT或MRI检查,每次随访均进行疼痛、神经功能和活动能力的评估。结果:术中无1例出现肺栓塞、截瘫或围手术期死亡,所有患者术后3d内疼痛缓解,平均VAS评分降至2.6分(1～4分),术后2周评估,有神经功能损害者39例,Frankel分级除2例外均有1级及以上的恢复。ECOG分级4级者18例,其中15例改善为3级;3级者92例,其中63例改善为2级;2级45例中13例改善为1级。椎体成形术中骨水泥的平均注入量为4ml(3~7ml)。108(43%,108/251)个椎体术中出现骨水泥渗漏,19个在椎间隙,86个在椎旁或椎旁静脉,3个椎管内渗漏,但均无临床症状。术后患者均接受化疗和(或)放疗,平均随访20个月(3～36个月),122例死于原发病,33例带瘤存活。结论:对脊柱转移瘤患者选择合适方式的骨水泥椎体成形安全、简单,效果显著,减少了椎体置换或前路开放手术的创伤。     

Parapharyngeal lymph node metastasis: an unusual presentation of papillary thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Parapharyngeal space nodal metastases are usually secondary to malignancies of the pharynx and sinonasal tract, although localization of lymphomas is also possible. Parapharyngeal metastases arising from thyroid papillary carcinoma are instead an exceedingly rare event, with only 10 cases reported up to now in the literature. METHODS: We describe two cases of parapharyngeal metastasis from thyroid papillary carcinoma in a man and a woman, aged 40 and 52 years, respectively. RESULTS: Both patients had a lesion that clinically appeared to be located in the parapharyngeal space; they underwent CT and MRI, which detected a cystic mass in the poststyloid compartment. In the first patient, fine-needle aspiration cytology failed in identifying the histologic nature of the lesion, which was excised through a transcervical approach. A diagnosis of metastatic thyroid papillary carcinoma was rendered and therefore the patient underwent total thyroidectomy. In the second patient, a total thyroidectomy, previously scheduled for multinodular goiter, was performed along with the removal of the parapharyngeal mass. Definitive histologic findings revealed that the two parapharyngeal masses were cystic metastases from a thyroid papillary carcinoma. Both patients received postoperative 131I treatment. Twenty-four months after surgery, the first patient is free of disease, whereas the second one has clear signs of abnormal 131I uptake in the lungs. CONCLUSIONS: The differential diagnosis of a parapharyngeal poststyloid mass should also include metastasis from thyroid papillary carcinoma. When the lesion displays a cystic appearance on imaging, it is advisable to rule out a thyroid primary by ultrasonographic examination. The occurrence of a metastasis in such unusual site, even though rarely reported, does not seem to significantly affect the prognosis of the disease.     

An unusual hand infection in a child--remember herpes!

An unusual form of herpetic infection of the hand in a nine month old child is described. The diagnosis, mode of spread and management is discussed.     

干扰素,白介素2治疗小鼠胶质瘤的研究

本研究旨在通过动物实验了解小剂量干扰素与白细胞介素２治疗恶性神经胶质瘤的效果及不同用药方法对疗效的影响。结果表明联合局部应用小剂量干扰素和白介素２治疗小鼠胶质母细胞瘤有一定效果，表现为肿瘤生长的潜伏期及荷瘤小鼠的生存期延长。     

Hand metastasis from a sacral chordoma

Chordomas are rare, low grade, malignant tumours derived from the ectopic remnants of the notochord that line the axial skeleton. They are characterised by their slow growth, long disease course and propensity for local relapse. Furthermore, up to 40% of non-cranial chordomas metastasise. We describe the first reported case of a hand metastasis arising from a conventional sacral chordoma after carbon ion radiotherapy. The common occurrence of distant metastasis with chordomas makes it important to perform a systemic examination, in part because their resection might improve patient prognosis.     

Very unusual solitary metastasis of testicular seminoma to the skull

We present a rare presentation of testicular seminoma. A 60‐year‐old man presented with a solitary subcutaneous metastasis to the skull, 4 years after radical orchidectomy and adjuvant prophylatic radiotherapy for stage T1 seminomatous germ cell tumour. The patient was treated with surgical excision of the solitary metastasis, adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy. He has been followed up for two and a half years with no further recurrence.     

Successful resection of a liver metastasis from gastric leiomyoblastoma: Report of a case

A 20-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for detailed investigation of a gastric submucosal tumor. A leiomyoma was preoperatively diagnosed and laparoscopic-assisted enucleation was performed. The resected tumor was 4 × 3 × 1.5 cm in size and postoperative histological examination identified it as a gastric leiomyoblastoma. Therefore, a secondary resection in the form of a distal gastrectomy was carried out. No tumor cells were found in the gastric specimen or in the lymph nodes; however, 5 months after the operation, an abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a recurrence in the liver, and she was readmitted for further examinations. The lesion was diagnosed as a single liver metastasis from the gastric leiomyoblastoma and successfully resected. The histopathological findings of the liver tumor resembled those of the primary gastric tumor. Her postoperative course was uneventful and she has been well, without any evidence of recurrence, to date. Only 12 other cases of leiomyoblastoma of the stomach with liver metastasis have been reported in Japan, all of which were associated with a very poor prognosis. Therefore, patients with this unusual disease entity should be carefully followed up after resection of the primary tumor. Received: July 14, 1999 / Accepted: May 30, 2000     

Synovial metastasis: an unusual cause of pain after total knee arthroplasty

There is only 1 previous report of synovial metastasis to a joint that has been replaced. A 73-year-old man presented for investigation of continuing pain after a left total knee arthroplasty with normal plain radiographs. Synovial biopsy revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma of colorectal type. A barium enema and flexible sigmoidoscopy showed a suspicious lesion at the rectosigmoid junction. The knee is the most frequently affected joint, and the lung is the most common primary site for synovial metastasis. This phenomenon should be considered in the differential diagnosis of continuing pain and effusion postarthroplasty.     

Pulmonary metastasis from colorectal carcinoma with hepatic metastasis

Objective Although some beneficial effects of surgical treatments for pulmonary or hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma have been reported, identifying candidates for these aggressive surgical procedures is controversial. In this study, patients with pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinoma, particularly those with pulmonary and hepatic metastases, were retrospectively analyzed. Methods Forty-six patients who had undergone complete resection for pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. Results The median follow-up period after pulmonary resection was 26 months, and the 5-year postoperative survival rate was 34%. The 5- and 10-year survival rates of patients with pulmonary metastasis alone, metachronous pulmonary metastasis after liver metastasis, and synchronous metastasis to the liver and lung were 75%, 75%, and 25% and 25%, 38%, and 0%, respectively, when calculated from the time of primary colorectal resection (P < 0.01). Patients with synchronous metastases had a poorer prognosis than did the patients in the other two groups. Conclusions Surgical treatments for patients with pulmonary metastasis alone or metachronous metastasis can provide a beneficial outcome. Patients with synchronous metastasis have a poor prognosis, and effective pre- and postoperative systemic treatments should be considered to prolong their survival.     

Acute pericarditis as a result of unusual metastasis of the visceral pleura in a patient with testicular seminoma

A 30-year-old man with a left testicular swelling was referred to our hospital. We performed a left high orchiectomy based on a diagnosis of clinical stage II testicular cancer. Pathological specimens of the left testis showed seminoma. The patient underwent three courses of combined chemotherapy. The retroperitoneal lymph nodes were dissected and there were no viable cancer cells. Twelve years later a right testicular tumor was discovered. The patient underwent a right high orchiectomy. Pathological specimens of the testis showed seminoma, and the patient was treated with prophylactic irradiation. One year after discharge a metastasis was found at a left supraclavicular fossa. The patient was treated with combined chemotherapy and irradiation. Six months after the treatment he complained of dyspnea. We diagnosed the condition as pleuritis carcimatosa. Two days after irradiation to the left thorax the patient suffered a sudden and fatal cardiac arrest. Autopsy survey revealed pericarditis as a result of a direct invasion of visceral pleural metastasis.