胃黏膜活检与内镜黏膜下剥离术后病理诊断差异的研究进展

胃黏膜上皮的内镜下钳夹活检术病理与内镜黏膜下剥离术后病理差异广泛存在,该差异包含病理升级和病理降级,尤其是病理升级对临床诊治、患者预后均有重要影响。本文对胃黏膜活检与内镜黏膜下剥离术后病理差异的影响因素及对临床治疗、预后的影响等进行了分析。     

直肠黏膜活检病理检查对先天性巨结肠的诊断评价

先天性巨结肠是小儿外科常见病,发病率在小儿消化道先天性畸形中位居第二[1]。其病理基本变化是肠道神经节细胞缺如,临床出现结肠狭窄及近端肠管显著扩张、肥厚。先天性巨结肠的诊断以往多靠临床症状和钡剂灌肠等来确定,但误诊率较高。本院自1999年3月起采用内镜下直肠黏膜活检术辅助诊断13例小儿先天性巨结肠,取得满意效果。现报告如下。     

术前活检在胃黏膜病变内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗中的价值分析

目的 评价术前活检在胃黏膜病变内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗中的应用价值.方法 对195例术前活检明确诊断为胃上皮内瘤变或早癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结,统计术前活检诊断与ESD术后病理诊断的差异性.结果 术前活检与术后病理总符合率达93.8％ (183/195),完全一致率为50.8％ (99/195),其中低级别上皮内瘤变完全一致率为49.4％(42/85),高级别上皮内瘤变完全一致率为38.0％(30/79),早癌完全一致率为87.1％ (27/31),早癌诊断一致率明显高于低级别上皮内瘤变和高级别上皮内瘤变(P＜0.05),而低级别上皮内瘤变诊断一致率与高级别上皮内瘤变比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).有66例(33.8％,66/195)术后病理较术前活检病理程度加重,其中低级别上皮内瘤变有36例(42.4％,36/85),高级别上皮内瘤变有30例(38.0％,30/79);有18例(9.2％,18/195)术后病理较术前活检病理程度减轻,其中高别上皮内瘤变有14例(17.7％,14/79),早癌有4例(12.9％,4/31);术后病理证实为炎性组织12例(6.2％,12/195),其中低级别上皮内瘤变有7例(8.2％,7/85),高级别上皮内瘤变有5例(6.3％,5/79).结论 术前活检病理结果不能完全代表胃黏膜病变的性质,但术前活检病理对ESD切除胃黏膜病变具有良好的提示作用.     

胃上皮内瘤变术前活检与内镜黏膜下剥离术后病理差异性的探讨

目的对胃黏膜上皮内瘤变术前活检与内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)后出现病理差异这一现象进行探讨,并分析导致这种差异的原因以及相关影响因素。 方法回顾性分析了2016年7月至2019年6月经江苏省中医院住院行ESD治疗、术前活检为低级别上皮内瘤变(LGIN)/高级别上皮内瘤变(HGIN)的342例患者资料,运用统计学方法分析导致差异的影响因素。 结果342例患者中,187例为LGIN、155例为HGIN。LGIN组中病理一致者占61.5%,升级为HGIN、早期胃癌及以上者分别为21.4%、12.8%,总升级率34.2%,降级为慢性炎症者4.3%。HGIN组病理维持一致者占40.6%,升级为早期胃癌及以上者占52.9%,降级为LGIN者6.5%。多因素回归分析结果显示：病灶位于胃上1/3、表面充血、结节、放大内镜下DL(＋)、MV(＋)是LGIN组病理升级的危险因素;病灶表面结节是HGIN病理升级的危险因素。 结论白光内镜下活检与ESD后病理存在差异,病灶在胃上1/3、表面充血、结节、DL(＋)、MV(＋)是LGIN病理升级的危险因素;病灶表面结节是HGIN病理升级的危险因素。     

胃黏膜下肿瘤黏膜切开活检的临床回顾性研究

目的比较黏膜切开活检(mucosal cutting biopsy,MCB)与内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术(endoscopic ultrasound-guided-fine needle aspiration,EUS-FNA)这两种方法对胃黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumors,SMTs)的组织病理诊断效率。方法选取2017年9月—2019年12月上海市第六人民医院金山分院消化内镜中心收治的40例SMTs患者。参照日本胃肠间质瘤诊疗指南,原则上以EUS-FNA作为首选诊断方法。如果EUS-FNA取样组织病理诊断不充分或技术不适宜,则采取MCB补充取样。回顾性分析这些患者的临床病理资料,比较MCB与EUS-FNA的病理诊断效率。结果全部40例SMTs患者采用MCB和（或）EUS-FNA方法得到确诊。其中9例单独采用MCB方法诊断,24例单独采用EUS-FNA诊断,另外7例采用EUS-FNA、MCB联合诊断。因此,共16例患者采用MCB,31例采用EUS-FNA。MCB与EUS-FNA操作时间差异无统计学意义[（40.5±14.7）min比（45.2±19.3）min,t=0.853,P=0.398]。两组总体病理诊断率差异无统计学意义[87.5%（14/16）比80.6%（25/31）, χ2=0.351,P=0.553]。两组各有2例异位胰腺无需免疫组化,其他病变免疫组化诊断率差异有统计学意义[92.9%（13/14）比58.6%（17/29）,χ2=5.247,P=0.022]。结论MCB比EUS-FNA具有更好的免疫组化诊断率,是诊断胃SMTs有效的方法。     

胃镜下黏膜活检快速印片诊断胃癌

电子胃镜直视下胃癌活检组织病理、印片细胞检查和刷取细胞检查是目前胃癌术前确诊的主要方法。活检的诊断价值已获公认。活检加刷检可提高胃癌的检出率，快速印片诊断胃癌价值已有报告。我院内镜与病理科自2000—03／2003—01对150例胃镜检查拟诊胃癌进行活检和印片检查，其中130例经手术且病理确诊为胃癌进行验证，结果是黏膜活检阳性者120例（92％），快速印片阳性者117例（90％），我们认为印片快速染色细胞学检查操作简便、报告及时、容易掌握，在基层医院可广为推用。     

超声内镜引导下Trucut穿刺活检诊断上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的初步经验

目的评估超声内镜引导下Trucut穿刺活检技术(EUS-TCB)对消化道黏膜下肿瘤穿刺活检的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析EUS-TCB对12例患者上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的穿刺活检,其中食管黏膜下肿瘤4例,胃黏膜下肿瘤6例,十二指肠黏膜下肿瘤2例。行超声内镜检查及其引导下的Trucut穿刺活检,穿刺获取的组织标本通过免疫组化染色等进行病理组织学检查,并观察穿刺部位的出血状况。结果对12例黏膜下病灶共穿刺36次,30次(83．3%)成功获取组织条块,6次(16．7%)穿刺未取得有效组织；7次(23．3%)穿刺获得的组织为片段状碎块,23次(76．7%)为完整的条状组织。病理检查证实食管鳞癌1例,食管平滑肌瘤3例,胃间质瘤4例,胃平滑肌瘤1例,胃癌(印戒细胞癌)1例,十二指肠降段间质瘤1例。无严重并发症发生。结论超声内镜引导下Trucut穿刺活检诊断上消化道黏膜下肿瘤安全、有效,可获得满意的病理组织,对十二指肠黏膜下肿瘤的诊断效果尚待进一步研究。     

多种活检在周围型肺癌诊断中的应用

目的研究CT引导下经皮肺活检（CT-PLB）与经支气管镜肺活检（TBLB）或经支气管针吸活检（TBNA）在周围型肺癌诊断中的应用。方法对143例周围型肺癌患者的诊断方法进行分析,其中137例通过单用或联合采用CT-PLB、TBLB、TBNA等检查手段取得病理学诊断,6例为术后病理学诊断。结果 CT-PLB确诊率为85.4%,TBLB确诊率为68.4%,TBNA确诊率为80%,联合应用总确诊率为95.8%。结论对于肺周围型病变,根据病灶大小、位置、与胸壁距离、有否纵隔淋巴结转移等具体情况选择合适的活检方式可取得病理学诊断,多种方法联合应用可提高检出率。     

食管黏膜病变患者术前NBI-ME下活检与术后病理检查结果差异的影响因素分析

目的 分析食管黏膜病变患者术前窄带成像放大内镜（NBI-ME）活检与术后病理检查结果差异的影响因素。方法 回顾性收集行NBI-ME下病理活检及食管黏膜下剥离术治疗的食管黏膜病变患者81例,根据术前NBIME下病理活检与术后病理检查结果的比较情况分为病理降级者、无病理变化者及病理升级者,比较病理升级与无变化、病理降级与无变化患者的临床资料;采用多因素Logistic回归分析食管黏膜病变患者病理升级及病理降级的独立影响因素。结果 81例管黏膜病变患者发生病理升级15例（18.5%）,病理降级10例（12.3%）,病理无变化56例（69.1%）。发生病理升级的患者内镜下存在乏血管区域比例、有颗粒/结节样改变比例、病变面积均大于病理无变化患者（P均<0.05）,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,存在颗粒或结节样改变是NBI-ME下活检病理结果在术后出现病理升级的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。发生病理降级患者年龄、吸烟比例均小于病理无变化患者（P均<0.05）,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄<65岁是NBI-ME下活检病理结果在术后出现病理降级的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 存在颗粒或结节样改变是食管黏膜病变患者NBI-ME下活检病理结果在术后出现病理升级的独立危险因素,年龄<65岁是食管黏膜病变患者NBI-ME下活检病理结果在术后出现病理降级的独立危险因素。     

内镜下黏膜切除术和内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗大肠侧向发育型肿瘤的疗效分析

大肠侧向发育型肿瘤（1aterally spreading tumor,LST）,是指直径10mm以上、呈侧向扩展而非垂直生长的一类表浅型病变,其中包括颗粒集簇样病变及非颗粒型病变。LST内镜下易漏诊,形态多样,病理亚型较多,且与大肠癌关系密切,因此对其进行深入研究具有重要意义。     

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection under general anesthesia

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) under general anesthesia.METHODS: From January 2011 to July 2014, 206 consecutive patients had undergone ESD under general anesthesia for neoplasms of the stomach, esophagus, and colorectum were enrolled in this retrospective study. The efficacy and safety of ESD under general anesthesia were assessed.RESULTS: The en bloc resection rate of esophageal, gastric, and colorectal lesions was 100.0%, 98.3%, and 96.1%, respectively. The complication rate of perforation and bleeding were 0.0% and 0.0% in esophageal ESD, 1.7% and 1.7% in gastric ESD, and 3.9% and 2.0% in colorectal ESD, respectively. No cases of aspiration pneumonia were observed. All complications were managed by conservative treatment, with no surgical intervention required.CONCLUSION: With the cooperation of an anesthesiologist, ESD under general anesthesia appears to be a useful method, decreasing the risk of complications.     

全身麻醉下行EBUS-TBNA诊断纵隔病变的临床经验

目的探讨在全身麻醉下进行超声支气管镜引导下经支气管透壁针吸活检(EBUS-TBNA)的安全性及手术、麻醉方式。方法 2016年1月至2016年12月在第四军医大学唐都医院呼吸内镜中心接受EBUS-TBNA的患者71例,术前通过胸部CT或MRI提示为纵隔病变;20例患者接受常规丁卡因局部麻醉,51例静脉麻醉联合喉罩全身麻醉,回顾性分析其临床资料。结果 71例接受EBUS-TBNA在局部麻醉和全身麻醉下均可安全进行;局部麻醉组患者术中出现频繁体动、咳嗽、呻吟情况,其中2例中断检查,1例未取得标本;而全身麻醉组患者在安静状态下进行穿刺,咳嗽和支气管出血更少,可获得满意的组织标本,并未增加操作风险。结论全身麻醉下进行EBUS-TBNA更安全、可靠、舒适,值得临床推广应用。     

Liver biopsy in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Dysplastic nodules are the precursor lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Accurate diagnosis of dysplastic nodules and well-differentiated HCC is difficult with biopsy samples. Lesions often have regional variation of severity. Invasion of stroma, although a useful criterion of carcinoma, is seldom found on needle biopsies. Many criteria of neoplasia, such as widened plates and mitotic activity, are also found in reactive states. Thus, clinical history needs to be taken into consideration. No single criterion is sufficient for diagnosis of HCC. The best criteria for differentiation from dysplastic nodules on needle biopsies are (1) liver cell plates more than two cells in width or atypical plate structure, (2) high N/C ratio, and (3) nuclear atypia. The Laennec Classification of Hepatic Neoplasia may assist the standardization of these criteria.     

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysians under the age of 20 years

A total of 52 cases of NPC were found in a five-year survey from 1978 to 1982 in Malaysia. The annual rate of occurrence was 3.4, 3.0, 2.4 and 1.8 for Chinese, Malays, Kadazans and Sarawakians, respectively. The age-specific incidence rates per 100 000 were highest for Kadazans (2.34 to 7.59) in comparison to the other races (0.11 to 1.24). The proportion of NPC in young Malaysians formed 1.2% in Chinese, 7.2% in Malays and 6.9% for others. A sexual bias was present in Chinese (male:female = 2.2) and Sarawakians (1.7) but not in Kadazans and Malays (0.9). In most Chinese, the primary tumour histologically is of the poorly differentiated characteristic and this type is the predominant tumour in the country. The Kadazans presented with well differentiated primary tumour and the Malays with all three histological types i.e. well-, poorly- and undifferentiated. At first examination enlarged lymph nodes were found in 95.7% of the patients and 65.2% had epistaxis and growth in the postnasal space. Antibodies to IgA anti-VCA were present in half of the 6 patients serologically studied.     

Risk factors for vertical incomplete resection in endoscopic submucosal dissection as total excisional biopsy for submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma

Purpose

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for colorectal tumor is a minimally invasive treatment. Histologic information obtained from the entire ESD specimen is important for therapy selection in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma (SMca). This study aimed to identify risk factors for vertical incomplete resection (vertical margin-positive [VM+]) when ESD was performed as total excisional biopsy for SMca.

Methods

From June 2003 through December 2011, 78 SMca cases were resected by ESD at Hiroshima University Hospital. Patient and tumor characteristics, intraoperative variables, and histopathology were compared between the VM+ group and the vertical complete resection (vertical margin-negative) group. The ability of magnifying endoscopy (ME) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) to predict VM+ was assessed.

Results

ESD resulted in VM+ in eight cases (10.3 %), with a greater percentage invading to a depth of ≥2,000 vs. <2,000 μm (P?=?0.047). Severe submucosal fibrosis was found in five of the eight cases (62.5 %, P?=?0.017). Poor differentiation was seen at the deepest invasive portion in six cases (75.0 %), and two of six cases had an invasion depth <2,000 μm. Of 39 EUS cases, 36 not showing deep invasion close to the muscularis propria were completely resected by ESD.

Conclusions

Submucosal fibrosis and poor differentiation at the deepest invasive portion may be risk factors for VM+ in colorectal ESD for tumors with submucosal deep invasion. ME plus EUS is more likely to help determine whether ESD is indicated as complete total excisional biopsy for SMca.     

Desmoplastic response in biopsy specimens of early colorectal carcinoma is predictive of deep submucosal invasion

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of histopathology of biopsy specimens in predicting depth of infiltration in early colorectal carcinomas before treatment. METHODS: Early colorectal carcinomas that had been resected surgically or endoscopically between 1984 and 1995 were analyzed. Histopathologic findings, including differentiation of adenocarcinoma and a desmoplastic response were investigated. RESULTS: One hundred nine early colorectal carcinomas consisted of 73 lesions of carcinomain situ, 13 submucosal carcinomas with minimum invasion, 8 lesions with moderate invasion, and 15 lesions with deep invasion. Of 73 carcinomain situ lesions, 72 (approximately 99 percent) showed well-differentiated adenocarcinomas and no desmoplastic response. Twelve (92 percent) of 13 submucosal carcinomas with minimum invasion also revealed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma without a desmoplastic response. Sixty-three percent (5/8)of lesions with moderate invasion revealed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. None of the lesions had a desmoplastic response. Among lesions with deep invasion, 73 percent (11/15) demonstrated moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, and 11 lesions had a prominent desmoplastic response (73 percent;P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that if histopathologic findings of biopsy specimens taken from them before treatment demonstrated adenocarcinoma associated with a desmoplastic response, the lesions had at least deep invasion carcinomas. These lesions should be resected surgically. Submucosal carcinomas with minimum invasion, which have no desmoplastic response, could be treated endoscopically.     

消化道黏膜下肿物的内镜下诊断及治疗

目的 探讨消化道黏膜下肿物的内镜下诊断、治疗及其安全性.方法 对261例消化道黏膜下肿物进行内镜及超声内镜检查,并采用内镜黏膜下挖除术(endoscopic submucosal excavation,ESE)、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合以及内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection,STER)进行肿物切除.结果 内镜下通过ESE切除黏膜下肿物213例,胃镜腹腔镜双镜联合切除42例,STER切除6例,确诊胃肠道间质瘤86例、平滑肌瘤85例、脂肪瘤35例、类癌32例、异位胰腺15例、神经鞘瘤4例、错构瘤3例和血管球瘤1例.超声内镜对各种黏膜下肿物的诊断符合率分别为:胃肠道间质瘤(93％)、平滑肌瘤(87％)、脂肪瘤(100％)、类癌(78％)、异位胰腺(80％)、神经鞘瘤(0)、错构瘤(0)和血管球瘤(100％).所有患者均顺利完整切除瘤体,有3例GIST在内镜下剥离过程中发生了胃壁微小穿孔,通过内镜下钛夹修补达到缝合.另有1例患者发生术后感染,经抗感染治疗后痊愈.所有患者均无术中大出血、术后迟发性出血及死亡病例发生.结论 ESE、胃镜腹腔镜双镜联合以及STER是目前治疗黏膜下肿物微创、有效且安全的方法.     

Comparative results of stripping under general anesthesia and under locoregional anesthesia (200 cases)

A study showing the improved results of operations on varices performed under local anaesthetic was based on 100 complete files of operations on varicose veins including crossectomy, long invaginated stripping and superficial phlebectomies (type Muller) carried out in one operation under general anaesthetic, and 100 identical files of operations performed under local anaesthetic. The fact that the result is more comfortable under local anaesthetic is especially to lengths of hospitalization, which mean that day surgery is preferable in 80% of cases, and also to the length of time off work which, statistically, can be reduced by local anaesthetic. Finally, the study of anatomic sequelae (varicosities and post-operative neurological disorders) shows particularly that the development of varicosities during the operative period probably depends on oestroprogestative impregnation, and shows much more clearly that local anaesthetic facilitates the avoidance of lesion to the short saphenal nerve during the stripping, because of the pain signal triggered.