经皮室间隔化学消融术对梗阻性肥厚型心肌病二尖瓣反流的影响

目的 评价经皮室间隔化学？肖融术对梗阻性肥厚型心肌病二尖瓣反流的影响。方法选择2007年3月至2012年2月在广东省人民医院诊断为梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的患者41例为研究对象,年龄（51．1±2．2）岁,其中男20例,女21例。利用Sigward法行经皮室间隔化学消融术,浓度99％的无水酒精注入冠状动脉间隔支内,记录术前、术后左心室流出道压力阶差的变化,消融术前及术后第一天通过超声心动图测量左心室流出道压差及二尖瓣反流面积变化。结果导管法术前、术后左心室流出道压力阶差分别为（101．9±33．9）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）和（54．3±34．7）mmHg,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。术前、术后二尖瓣反流面积分别为（7．2±2．1）cm。和（4．0±3．0）m2,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。线性柏关回归分析显示,术前、术后二尖瓣反流面积的变化与左心室流出道压力阶差变化相关（r=0．589,P〈0．01）。结论经皮室间隔化学消融术可以降低梗阻性肥厚型心肌病患者左心室流出道压力阶差,使二尖瓣收缩期前向运动减轻,二尖瓣反流减少：二尖瓣反流的减少可以作为评价经皮冠状动脉室间隔化学消融术疗效的指标之一。     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并二尖瓣自身病变致二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 评价外科治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并二尖瓣自身病变致二尖瓣关闭不全（MR）的临床效果.方法 2000年1月至2009年12月我科收治13例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并二尖瓣自身病变致二尖瓣关闭不全患者.所有患者均行室间隔心肌切除术（改良marrow术）,7例行二尖瓣置换术（MVR）,6例行二尖瓣成形术（MVP）.3例患者再次转机,1例因左室流出道狭窄解除不满意,1例有残余MR行MVP,1例残余MR行MVR.结果 全组体外循环时间（131.9±61.8）min,主动脉阻断时间（92.7±39.8）min.超声心动图（UCG）显示术后左房大小、左室流出道压差均较术前有显著下降.MVP组有2例因再次MR行MVR.结论 此类患者理想的手术方法是充分切除肥厚的室间隔肌肉,自身有病变的二尖瓣可考虑行MVR或MVP,如果条件许可,应首选MVP.     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病行左心室流出道疏通术与经皮室间隔化学消融术治疗的远期疗效分析

目的:回顾性方法研究肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者行左心室流出道疏通术与经皮室间隔化学消融术治疗的临床资料,评价两种治疗方法的远期疗效.方法:57例患者,28例行左心室流出道疏通术,29例行经皮室间隔化学消融术,分别比较两种方法治疗前、后左心室流出道压力阶差、室间隔厚度及每种方法治疗前后超声心动图结果,电话随访患者治疗后的临床症状.结果:28例左心室流出道疏通术患者平均年龄(36±16)岁,与术前比较,左心室流出道疏通术后室间隔厚度和左心室流出道压差明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后随访平均时间(3.8±1.2)年,并发症主要为心律失常,发生率64.3%,以完全左束支阻滞为主,胸闷好转率75%.经皮室间隔化学消融术患者平均年龄(43±11)岁,与术前比较,室间隔消融术后室间隔厚度和左心室流出道压差亦明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗后随访平均时间(3.6±1.2)年,术后并发症主要为心律失常,发生率37.9%,以完全右束支阻滞为主,胸闷好转率75%.结论:外科左心室流出道疏通术及经皮室间隔化学消融治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病均可降低左心室流出道压力阶差,改善患者临床症状,有较好的远期疗效.     

改良扩大Morrow术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病近中期结果分析

目的:总结改良扩大Morrow术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的临床经验,分析其近中期结果。方法:回顾性分析2012年5月至2019年6月,在我院行改良扩大Morrow术的26例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者临床资料。其中女性18例,男性8例,年龄31~67岁,平均年龄(45.6±13.5)岁。所有患者均经主动脉切口行改良扩大Morrow术,合并心脏病变同期处理,比较术前、术后及随访时超声心动图、心电图结果及并发症情况。结果:全组无手术死亡,单纯行改良扩大Morrow术18例,同期冠状动脉旁路移植术1例,二尖瓣成形或置换术5例,主动脉瓣置换术1例,心房颤动改良迷宫术1例。随访3~90个月,左心室流出道压差[(20.3±17.5)vs.(65.2±27.5)mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 k Pa]、最大室间隔厚度[(18.6±6.4)vs.(26.3±5.1)mm]均较术前明显降低,LVEDD[(43.3±4.1)vs.(38.7±4.9)mm]较术前增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);24例(92.3%)患者NYHA心功能分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,较术前明显改善(P<0.01),二尖瓣反流程度减轻(P<0.01),二尖瓣收缩期前向运动现象消失。术后并发症包括:III°房室传导阻滞2例(8.3%);2例患者因切除范围不够致术后残余左心室流出道压差,1例再次行改良扩大Morrow术。结论:肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者行改良扩大Morrow术可获得良好的近中期效果,不良事件发生率低,远期结果有待进一步随访观察。     

经皮导管室间隔心肌化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的近期疗效

目的:探讨经皮导管室间隔心肌化学消融术(PTSMA)治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)方法及近期疗效。方法:11例HOCM患者,经心脏超声及导管测压证实存在左室流出道压力阶差(LVOTG),选择靶间隔支注入无水乙醇消融后记录LVOTG变化,出院时及出院后1个月复查超声心动图。结果:11例患者中消融第1间隔支者9例,消融第2间隔支者1例,同时消融第1、第2间隔支者1例;术后即刻导管测量LVOTG较术前明显下降[(90.40±41.95)∶(52.90±34.12)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),P<0.01]。11例中1例术后4 h死亡,1例术后第5天置入永久双腔起搏器,其余9例度过围术期并出院随访。10例存活者出院时与术前相比,LVOTG和二尖瓣收缩期前移(SAM)幅度较术前明显改善[(44.56±28.87)∶(82.98±36.46)mmHg,(2.3±1.06)∶(4.1±1.37)mm,P<0.01)];术后1个月超声测量LVOTG、室间隔厚度、左室流出道内径和SAM幅度分别为:(40.43±19.27)mmHg、(18.6.1±1.17)mm、(15.5±1.08)mm和(0.5±0....     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术与室间隔心肌切除术疗效比较

目的应用超声心动图比较肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术与室间隔心肌切除术的疗效。方法分别于经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术及室间隔心肌切除术前、后测量肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者左室流出道压差,比较术前及术后压差。结果肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者在进行经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术与室间隔心肌切除术后,左室流出道压差均较术前明显减低。经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术肥厚型心肌病患者术前左室流出道压差(99±19)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),术后降至(36±20) mm Hg(P<0.05)。进行室间隔心肌切除术肥厚型心肌病患者术前左室流出道压差(117±32) mm Hg,术后降至(28±17) mm Hg(P<0.05)。经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术与室间隔心肌切除术患者术后左室流出道压差差异无统计学意义[(36±20)mm Hg比(28±17)mm Hg]。结论经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术可以明显减低肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者左室流出道压差,且与室间隔心肌切除术疗效相似。     

梗阻性肥厚型心肌病经皮化学消蚀术后长期随访研究

目的　研究经皮化学消蚀术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的长期随访结果。方法　 13例不合并高血压的梗阻性肥厚型心肌病患者 ,左心室流出道压力阶差均 >40mmHg ,且长期药物治疗无效。其中 2例肥厚部位同时包括左心室侧壁和右心室。术后每月门诊记录临床症状变化及心电图 1次 ;术后 2 4h及每月行经胸超声检查 1次 ,测定室间隔厚度 (IVST)、心室腔直径 (LVDD)、左心室流出道压力阶差 (LVOTG)及左心室射血分数 (LVEF)。平均随访时间 2 0 (14～ 2 2 )个月。结果　 13例患者术前收缩期二尖瓣前向移动 (SAM)现象平均 3 6级 ;平均酒精注射量为 3 86ml;术后即刻左心室流出道压力阶差平均下降到 31mmHg ,术后 1个月室间隔厚度降低程度最大平均 (3 0± 0 4)mm ;术后 1个月时SAM分级平均下降到 1 4级 (平均下降 2 2级 ) ;无一例需要再次另外一支间隔支消蚀的 ;2例患者出现进行性左心室扩大 ,但是均于术后 3个月后停止 ;全部患者的临床症状均得到显著改善 ,1例患者于术后 3个月时出现活动后胸闷 ,心脏超声与导管复查左心室流出道压力阶差回升到 >36mmHg ;3例患者术中出现一过性完全性房室传导阻滞 ,2例术后 1h内恢复到正常窦性心律 ;1例完全性房室传导阻滞于术后第 3天消失 ,因此无 1例需要安装永久起搏器。 4例 (2 2 %     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术后疗效观察

目的 探讨化学消融治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)的方法及疗效.方法 15例HOCM患者,经超声心动图及导管测压证实存在左室流出道压力阶差.选择靶间隔支注入无水乙醇消融后记录左室流出道压力阶差变化,出院时、出院后1个月及出院后3个月复查超声心动图.结果 15例中消融第一间隔支11例,消融第二间隔支2例,同时消融第一、二间隔支2例.1例术后4 h死亡,其余14例度过围术期并出院随访(其中1例术后5 d置入永久双腔起搏器).术后即刻导管测量左室流出道压差较术前明显下降[(55.90±31.08)mm Hg比(92.62±43.75)mm Hg,P＜0.01],出院时与术前相比,LVOTG和二尖瓣收缩期前移(SAM)幅度较术前明显改善[(45.83±27.92)mm Hg 比(84.02±35.59)mm Hg,(2.3±1.28)mm 比(4.2±1.35)mm,P＜0.01];出院后1个月、3个月超声测量LVOTG、左室流出道内径、室间隔厚度和SAM幅度较术前及出院时明显改善(P＜0.01).结论化学消融是治疗HOCM的有效方法,但属于破坏性手术,需严格进行手术风险控制,防止"过犹不及".     

经皮室间隔化学消融术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病80例临床分析

目的 总结应用经皮室间隔化学消融（PTSMA）方法治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（HOCM）经验,分析其临床特点及疗效.方法 自2007年1月到2012年5月80例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者接受经皮室间隔化学消融术治疗,对临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者计算术前及术后经导管测定的左心室流出道压力阶差（LVOTG）,术后所有患者均定期复查心电图及超声心动图,随访时间为术后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年,以后每年随访一次,最长为5年,平均随访时间为20个月.结果 消融术前LVOTG平均为（88.7 ±25.4）mm Hg,消融术后6个月、1年、2年平均分别为（26.2±13.6） mm Hg、（26.2±13.4） mmHg、（26.1 ±13.5） mmHg,与术前相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;消融术前室间隔（IVS）厚度为（24.2±6.7） mm,消融术后6个月、1年、2年分别为（17.9±3.4）mm、（17.8 ±3.4）mm、（17.8±3.2）mm,与术前相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;随访观察1个月到5年,76例患者晕厥、头晕、心绞痛、心悸、气喘等症状消失或较术前改善,3例症状复发,1例术后因反复出现心力衰竭,经心脏超声检查考虑为肥厚型心肌病的扩张型心肌病相,最后随访至2年时死于扩张型心肌病.结论 PTSMA治疗HOCM能够显著降低IVS厚度及LVOTG,改善患者临床症状,无严重并发症出现.这表明PTSMA是一种治疗HOCM的有效方法,其近期疗效可靠.     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并心房颤动患者一站式导管射频消融治疗

目的 探讨肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)合并心房颤动(AF)患者一站式射频消融AF及室间隔的安全性及疗效。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年12月来自3家医院接受一站式导管射频消融治疗的HOCM合并AF患者11例，记录围术期参数，术后随访窦性心律维持、左心室流出道压差(LVOTG)、左心房内径等参数变化以及症状改善情况。采用配对样本t检验比较超声心动图参数变化。结果 11例患者均成功完成AF及室间隔射频消融术，术前左心房直径(45.0±4.0)mm,室间隔厚度(21.0±5.0)mm,静息LVOTG(81.0±21.0)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)。平均随访时间为13.9个月，随访期间有3例患者AF复发；左心房直径(43.0±6.0)mm,室间隔厚度(19.0±4.0)mm,静息LVOTG(35.0±27.0)mm Hg,静息LVOTG较术前显著减低(P<0.01)。术中及术后随访期间均未发生射频消融相关严重并发症。结论 对于HOCM合并AF患者，一站式AF及室间隔导管射频消融治疗安全、有效。     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的外科治疗及围术期治疗策略

目的 总结肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（Hypertrophicobstructivecardiomyopathy,HOCM）的外科治疗效果,探讨围术期治疗策略。方法 回顾性分析2012年6月至2013年10月我院由单一术扦实施外科手术治疗的HOCM忠并75例,刃性47例（47／75,63％）,女性28例（28／75,37%）．年龄10—66（42．92±15．07）岁,术前左室流出道峰值压差（LVOTGP）为50—270（86．98±42．69）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）、令=部患行均接受室间隔心肌切除术（改良扩大Morrow术）．同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术6例,室壁确切除术1例,二尖瓣置换术4．二尖瓣成形术9,主动脉瓣置换术2,三尖瓣成形术3,先心病2例．围术期常规行心脏超声心动图、心电图及胸部X线片检查,评价超声心动图检查指标、二尖瓣的结构和功能改变。结果 全组无围术期或远期死亡。全组体外循环时间66—258（J33．00±39．83）分钟,升主动脉阻断时间45—157（84．71±25．85）分钟,机械通气时间8-396（2447±44．78）小时,术后住ICU时间1-27（299±3．23）天,术后住院时间6—35（10．20±5．31）天,术后胸腔积液12例,二次插管1例,气管切外1例,床旁血液滤过治疗1例,主动脉内球囊反搏1例,无气胸、无二次开胸探查及二次手术.术后片心房内径（37.31±4．34mm vs43．50±5．89mm,P=O．000）,左室流出道峰值压差（12．31±7.00mmHg vs 86．98±42．69mmHg,P=0．000）,室间隔厚度（15．41±5．00mmvs22．34±6．20mm．P=O．000）与术前比较均减小或降低。二尖瓣关闭好或仅有轻度反流,二尖瓣前向运动（SAM征）基本消失。术后发生的主要心律失常包括完全性左束支传导阻滞、室内传导阻滞、完全性房室传导阻滞和心房颤动等。远期随访患者症状消失或仅有轻度症状,生活质量明显改善,心动能NYHA分级级别较术前降低I—II级,无远期死亡、并发症或再次手术。结论外科室间隔心肌切除术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病具有良好的手术效果,能够安全有效地解除左室流出道的梗阻,消除二尖瓣SAM征,改善临床症状。术后并发症主要为心律失常表现为传导束传导异常和心房颤动．具有较好的近远期生存率。     

Mitral valve replacement and limited myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a 25-year follow-up

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is a dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract caused by septal hypertrophy and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. When the condition cannot be controlled by medical therapy the most frequently used surgical approach is left ventricular myotomy-myectomy. Mitral valve replacement (to correct another mechanism of obstruction) is another surgical option; however, its use for this condition is controversial. We review the long-term results of patients who underwent limited left ventricular myotomy-myectomy and mitral valve replacement at our institution. Eighteen patients who had hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and severe mitral insufficiency underwent surgery between 1978 and 1983: 7 were men and 11 were women (mean age, 41.8 +/- 10.5 years). Preoperatively, most of the patients (78.8%) were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV. The operation consisted of a shallow myectomy of the hypertrophied septum and mitral valve replacement. One patient died in the hospital (5.5%); 3 patients died later during follow-up. The remaining 14 patients are alive and in good condition (mean follow-up, 21.9 +/- 1.7 years). Functional class improved postoperatively in all surviving patients. The mean left ventricular outflow tract gradient fell from 78.1 +/- 20.9 mmHg preoperatively to 9.4 +/- 5.2 mmHg postoperatively (P <0.001). At present, surgical treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy does not include mitral valve replacement. However, our long-term results show that limited ventricular myectomy and mitral valve replacement predictably and consistently lower the left ventricular outflow tract gradient and resolve the mitral valve insufficiency.     

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction Following Mitral Valve Replacement with Carpentier-Edwards Prosthesis

Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is a rare complication of mitral valve replacement. In this article, we describe three patients in whom left ventricular outflow tract obstruction occurred following Carpentier-Edwards porcine mitral valve replacement. All three patients presented with symptomatic mitral regurgitation (angiographic grade 3–4) requiring mitral valve replacement. Preoperatively there was no evidence of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy by physical exam, echocardiography, or by cardiac catheterization. At the time of surgery all three were shown to have severe mitral valve prolapse. The native anterior mitral leaflet was left intact and pledgeted to the mitral annulus. Following surgery a new systolic murmur was appreciated. Echocardiographic exam visualized obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract by the prosthetic strut in two cases and by a flail anterior leaflet in one case. Continuous-wave Doppler measured a calculated peak gradient of 72 to 81 mmHg across the left ventricular outflow tract. In one case simultaneous Doppler and cardiac catheterization confirmed the diagnosis and severity of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Mechanisms of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction following Carpentier-Edwards porcine mitral valve replacement are discussed. These three cases highlight the importance of echo-Doppler techniques in understanding the mechanism of newly detected systolic murmurs following mitral valve replacement.     

Recurrent cardiogenic shock caused by dynamic mitral regurgitation in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a case report

A 68-year-old man with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy developed recurrent cardiogenic shock due to dynamic mitral regurgitation. The pressure gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract under medication was 30 mmHg, and he complained of no symptom. He developed shock with dyspnea suddenly after bathing and defecation. Echocardiography and left ventriculography revealed massive mitral regurgitation and mild increment of pressure gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract (50 mmHg). He underwent successful mitral valve replacement following treatment with beta-blocker under intraaortic balloon pumping support. This case illustrates that exacerbation of the systolic anterior motion of the mitral anterior leaflet can cause dynamic severe mitral regurgitation with 'mild' increment of pressure gradient in the left ventricular outflow tract, resulting in cardiogenic shock with severe lung edema.     

左室流出道肌性梗阻的外科治疗

本文观察了8例肥厚性梗阻型心肌病患者经手术治疗前后的血液动力学变化,其中5例术中经食管超声检查。结果表明,对肥厚性梗阻型心肌病患者施行室间隔部分切除术后,左室流出道明显增宽,压力阶差明显降低,二尖瓣反流程度减轻,晕厥及心力衰竭症状明显改善,无手术死亡。术中经食管超声心动图技术对手术准确切除肥厚的室间隔以及解除左室流出道梗阻是有帮助的。     

Acute mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a case report

A 63-year-old woman had been followed up for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with 85 mmHg of left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient over 7 years. She was hospitalized because of acute dyspnea and syncope. On admission, echocardiography revealed severe mitral regurgitation with ruptured chordae tendineae at the medial scallop of the posterior mitral leaflet. Mitral valve replacement was successfully performed and her symptoms improved to 28 mmHg of left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient. In patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, elevated left ventricular systolic pressure and systolic anterior motion of the mitral leaflets may lead to mucoid degeneration in the chordae tendineae. Rupture of the mitral chordae tendineae should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acutely deteriorated mitral regurgitation in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, because this is a rare but critical complication.     

Understanding Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction: Anatomoechocardiographic Correlation

Objective. Echocardiography is a valuable noninvasive technique for identifying the site and type of obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract. Knowledge of the morphological details of each type of obstruction is the basis for correct interpretation of the diagnostic images and clinical decisions. Methods. This study was undertaken to provide improved understanding of the anatomy of left ventricular outflow obstruction with corresponding side‐by‐side echocardiographic images. Specimens were part of the collection of the Department of Embryology of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez,” Mexico City, Mexico. Twenty‐eight patients were studied by echocardiography, and 22 specimens with different types of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction were analyzed. Results. Echocardiographic characteristics: Eighteen (64.3%) patients were women and 10 (35.7%) men. Three had fibrous rings, 19 with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1 with posterior displacement of the infundibular septum, 2 with accessory mitral valve tissue, 2 with anomalous insertion of mitral valve chordae tendineae, and 1 with malposition of the mitral valve and papillary muscles. Anatomic characteristics: Twelve had fibrous ring, 2 asymmetric septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 2 posterior displacement of the infundibular septum, 1 ectopic mitral tissue, 1 anomalous insertion of mitral valve chordae tendineae in the ventricular septum, 3 malposition of the mitral valve and papillary muscles, and 1 subaortic infundibulum. Conclusion. The anatomoechocardiographic correlation clearly demonstrates the mechanism of subaortic obstruction. The comparison with corresponding echocardiographic images of different subaortic obstruction types is potentially quite valuable in enhancing the echocardiographer’s understanding especially of complex subaortic obstruction.     

Percutaneous transluminal alcohol septal myocardial ablation after aortic valve replacement.

When left ventricular outflow tract obstruction develops after aortic valve replacement, few treatment choices have been available until now. We present a patient with prior aortic valve replacement who developed left ventricle outflow tract obstruction that was successfully treated with a percutaneous transcoronary myocardial septal alcohol ablation. This technique is a useful tool for the treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, especially in those patients with prior heart surgery.     

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with ruptured mitral chordae tendineae: a case report

A 61-year-old man was treated medically under a diagnosis of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 7 years previously. He was transferred to our hospital because of sudden onset of dyspnea. Chest radiography showed marked pulmonary congestion. Echocardiography revealed hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, with a left ventricular pressure gradient of 120 mmHg, accompanied by severe mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae. Mitral valve replacement and the Morrow operation were performed. After the operation, no left ventricular outflow pressure gradient was detected by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. The patient did well and no further cardiac symptoms were detected for 3 years.