粘接瓷对纯钛与低熔瓷粉结合强度的影响

目的 通过研究粘接瓷对纯钛与低熔瓷粉结合强度的影响,探讨粘接瓷影响钛-瓷结合的作用机制.方法 根据ISO 9693中三点弯曲法制作钛试件40个,分为4组,每组10个;分别进行砂纸打磨(B组)、打磨+喷砂(S组)、打磨+表而烧结GC Initial Ti粘接瓷(BG组)和打磨+喷砂+表面烧结粘接瓷(SG组)处理;于4组试件中部烧结低熔瓷粉(Vita Titankeramik).测试钛-瓷结合强度,体视显微镜观察钛-瓷断裂模式,并对钛试件剥脱面进行扫描电镜观察.结果 表面烧结粘接瓷的BG组和SG组的钛-瓷结合强度分别为(32.72±4.46)和(34.25±6.52)MPa,均达到ISO9693的临床标准(＞25 MPa),并显著高于不应用粘接瓷的B组和S组[分别为(20.70±3.15)和(23.92±5.02)MPa,P＜0.05].结论 粘接瓷能有效提高钛-瓷结合强度.     

Effects of interfacial variables on ceramic adherence to cast and machined commercially pure titanium

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Titanium-ceramic bonding is less optimal than conventional metal-ceramic bonding, due to excessive oxidation of titanium during porcelain firing. PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the effects of porcelain firing atmosphere and gold sputter coating on titanium surfaces on porcelain bonding to machined and as-cast titanium substrates.Material and methods Eight groups of ASTM grade 2 commercially pure (CP) titanium specimens (13 mm x13 mm x1 mm) were prepared (n=10). A conventional Au-Pd-In metal-ceramic alloy (Orion) and an ultra low-fusing porcelain (Finesse) served as the control (n=10). Forty machined titanium specimens were prepared from 1.00-mm thick titanium sheets with a diamond band saw. Forty titanium specimens were produced in a centrifugal dental titanium casting machine. All titanium specimens were airborne particle abraded with 110-microm alumina particles, whereas the control specimens were airborne particle abraded with 50-microm alumina particles. Forty titanium specimens (20 specimens each of as-cast and machined titanium) were randomly selected for gold sputter coating before ceramic firing. An ultra low-fusing porcelain (Vita Titankeramik) was fused on the central 6-mm diameter circular area on each titanium specimen. Porcelain firing environments for the titanium specimens consisted of vacuum and a reduced argon atmosphere. Porcelain was debonded by a biaxial flexure, constant strain test at a cross-head speed of 0.25 mm/min. Specimens were analyzed by standardized SEM/EDS analysis 3 times throughout the study to determine the silicon atomic percentage (Si at %): (1) after airborne particle abrasion, before porcelain application; (2) after the application of the first layer of porcelain; and (3) after the fracture of porcelain from the metal substrate. The titanium-ceramic adhesion was characterized by determining the area fraction of adherent porcelain (AFAP). Results were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Student-Newman-Keuls test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the AFAP values among all the groups. AFAP value of the control group was significantly higher (135.35 +/- 23.68) than those of the experimental groups (P<.001). For the machined titanium, AFAP value of gold sputter-coated/argon group (91.38 +/- 7.93) was significantly higher than the rest of the groups (P<.001). For the as-cast titanium fired in vacuum, significantly lower AFAP values (P<.001) were found in the gold sputter-coated group (50.2 +/- 11.26 vs 66.15 +/- 10.41). AFAP values between the argon groups with or without the gold coating were not significantly different (P=.303); however, both argon groups (93.83 +/- 4.65 and 98.09 +/- 6.35) showed significantly higher AFAP values compared with the vacuum groups (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Firing porcelain in a reduced argon atmosphere significantly improved titanium-ceramic bonding for machined and as-cast titanium. The sputter-coated gold layer on titanium provided improved titanium-ceramic bonding only when combined with firing porcelain in reduced argon atmosphere. When porcelain was fired in vacuum in the presence of the gold layer, the titanium-ceramic bonding was weakened in as-cast titanium and was not affected in machined titanium. Conventional noble metal-ceramic bonding was superior to titanium-ceramic bonding regardless of the interfacial variables examined in this study.     

遮色瓷中结晶相对钛-瓷结合强度的影响研究

目的:初步确定自行研制的镧系钛烤瓷专用遮色瓷的适宜组分,探讨组分及钛)瓷界面微观结构、离子扩散机制与结合强度的关系。方法:采用纯钛金属、Vita钛瓷及镧系钛烤瓷遮色瓷粉制作棒盘试件,测试钛)瓷间的剪切结合强度,运用扫描电子显微镜及电子探针,从微观水平及相关元素性质方面分析界面性质。结果:不同结晶相比例的镧系瓷与钛的结合强度值差异具有显著性(P<0105),La2258瓷的钛瓷结合强度最高,为37176 MPa;扫描电子显微镜显示La2258瓷的钛瓷界面结合紧密无缝隙,电子探针显示钛)瓷界面出现Si、Sn元素积聚及向钛基体的不同程度扩散。结论:化学组成相同的瓷粉,各成分的配比不同,与钛的结合强度不同。     

遮色瓷中结晶相对钛—瓷结合强度的影响研究

目的初步确定自行研制的镧系钛烤瓷专用遮色瓷的适宜组分,探讨组分及钛-瓷界面微观结构、离子扩散机制与结合强度的关系.方法采用纯钛金属、Vita钛瓷及镧系钛烤瓷遮色瓷粉制作棒盘试件,测试钛-瓷间的剪切结合强度,运用扫描电子显微镜及电子探针,从微观水平及相关元素性质方面分析界面性质.结果不同结晶相比例的镧系瓷与钛的结合强度值差异具有显著性(P＜0.05),La2258瓷的钛瓷结合强度最高,为37.76 MPa;扫描电子显微镜显示La2258瓷的钛瓷界面结合紧密无缝隙,电子探针显示钛-瓷界面出现Si、Sn元素积聚及向钛基体的不同程度扩散.结论化学组成相同的瓷粉,各成分的配比不同,与钛的结合强度不同.     

Comparison of the bond compatibility of titanium and an NiCr alloy to dental porcelain

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the bond compatibility between porcelain and titanium, by using three-point bending, oxide adherence and thermal expansion tests, and to compare the results with those of a conventional NiCr alloy-porcelain system. METHODS: The three-point bending test was used and the results were evaluated according to DIN draft 13927. Fractured surfaces of the metal and porcelain were examined macroscopically. The oxide adherence test was applied to titanium and NiCr alloy with appropriate oxidation degrees. After an oxide film was formed on the specimens, tensile strength test was applied. Oxide adherence strength values were set and fractured surfaces were examined macroscopically. In the thermal expansion test, thermal expansion curves and thermal expansion coefficients of titanium, NiCr alloy and tested porcelains were determined. Differences in thermal expansion values (delta alpha) in all metal-porcelain pairs were calculated to allow inferences to be made about residual stress levels. RESULTS: The bending strengths of all groups were found to be within the acceptable standard levels. At the end of the oxide adherence test, the results indicated that the adherence of the formed oxides to the metals were at a desired level. As a result of the thermal expansion test, the titanium-porcelain and NiCr-porcelain systems showed compressive thermal stress. However, the titanium-porcelain pair exhibited large positive delta alpha values. This results is found to be above the proposed thermal compatibility. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the bond compatibility between titanium and porcelain was comparable with the NiCr-porcelain system.     

Adhesion of porcelain to titanium and a titanium alloy

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to determine the adhesion at the titanium-porcelain interface using a fracture mechanics approach, and to investigate the bonding mechanism using SEM and X-ray microanalysis. METHODS: Specimens of four titanium-porcelain bonding systems were prepared in a rectangular shape for a four-point bending test on a universal testing machine. The pre-cracked specimen was subjected to a limited number of load and partial unload cycles, and the strain energy release rate or interfacial toughness (G(c) value) was calculated for each system. The interface was investigated in an SEM, which also enabled quantitative X-ray microanalysis, and comparison with a simulation of an atomically sharp interface to ascertain whether diffusion bonding occurred. RESULTS: The Titanium/Titankeramik with GoldBonder bonding system showed the highest G(c) value (48.9+/-12.4 J/m(2)) among the groups whilst Titanium/Duceratin showed the lowest (12.9+/-3.6 J/m(2)). The former was significantly higher than that of nickel-chromium/porcelain (40.3+/-4.8 J/m(2)) from the previous study [Int J Prosthod 12 (1999) 547], which is a clinically accepted bonding system. The G(c) values of Titanium/Titankeramik and Titanium alloy/Titankeramik were 16.7+/-2.4 and 27.8+/-5.3 J/m(2), respectively. The X-ray microanalysis suggested that diffusion of some elements has occurred at the interface. CONCLUSIONS: The strain energy release rate (G(c)-value) of titanium/Titankeramik with GoldBonder was highest among the four systems. X-ray microanalysis gave some evidence of diffusion of some elements, particularly of the porcelain into the metal, which may assist the bonding during the firing.     

3种粘接瓷对钛瓷结合强度的影响

目的:观察3 种粘接瓷对钛瓷结合强度的影响,分析粘接瓷作用机制.方法:将纯钛试件随机分为3 组分别采用纯钛专用瓷Super Ti22,Duceratin,Titankeramik进行烧结,每种瓷粉又分为涂布粘接瓷组和未涂布粘接瓷组,共6 组.根据ISO9693标准,运用三点弯曲方法测试各组钛瓷结合强度.对钛瓷结合界面进行扫描电镜观察和能谱分析.结果:Super Ti22涂布粘接瓷组结合强度为(35.84±2.17) MPa,Duceratin涂布粘接瓷组结合强度为(35.45±2.37) MPa,均显著大于各自未涂布组(P<0.05);Titankeramik涂布粘接瓷组结合强度为(31.73±1.66) MPa, 略大于其未涂布组(29.86±2.48) MPa,但差异无显著性(P>0.05).电镜观察Super Ti22和Duceratin涂布粘接瓷组钛瓷结合界面结合紧密,未见明显孔隙出现;其余各组均可见明显孔隙.结论:粘接瓷的应用有利于钛瓷结合强度的提高.     

Effect of surface treatment on bond strength of low-fusing porcelain to commercially pure titanium

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Due to the pronounced oxidative nature of titanium at high temperatures, an excessively thick layer of TiO(2) may form on the surface. This oxide layer could adversely affect titanium-porcelain bonding. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bonding agent and surface treatment using airborne-particle abrasion and hydrochloric acid on the bond strength between a low-fusing porcelain and commercially pure cast titanium. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A casting unit was used to cast 60 specimens of commercially pure titanium (25.0 x 3.0 x 0.5 mm). The specimens were equally divided into 3 groups. The first group received no surface treatment and served as the control, the second group was subjected to airborne-particle abrasion, and the third group was treated with hydrochloric acid. The specimens in each group were further divided into 2 subgroups of 10 each. Ten specimens were treated with bonding agent (Noritake), and 10 specimens were not treated with bonding agent. Low-fusing porcelain (Noritake) was fired onto the surface of the specimens. A universal testing machine was used to perform the 3-point bending test. The titanium-ceramic interfaces were subjected to scanning electron microscopic analysis. The bond failure data (MPa) were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple range tests (alpha=.05). Four specimens from each group were selected for scanning electron microscopic examination. RESULTS: The debonding test showed that surface treatment with airborne-particle abrasion followed by application of a bonding agent resulted in the strongest (35.60 +/- 8.15 MPa) titanium-ceramic bond (P<.001), followed by airborne-particle abrasion alone (25.6 +/- 5.4 MPa) and bonding agent alone (24.7 +/- 6.3 MPa). Hydrochloric acid surface treatment provided no beneficial effect to the titanium-ceramic bond strength compared to untreated specimens (P=.975). The photomicrographs of the titanium surface after debonding demonstrated residual porcelain retained on the metal surface for all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Surface treatment using either airborne-particle abrasion or bonding agent alone enhanced the bond strength of cast commercially pure titanium to low-fusing porcelain. The combination of airborne-particle abrasion and bonding agent provided the greatest improvement in titanium-ceramic bond strength. Titanium surface treatment with hydrochloric acid, with or without bonding agent, produced values that were not statistically different than the control.     

磁控溅射氮化锆涂层对钛-低熔瓷结合强度的影响

目的 探讨磁控溅射氮化锆涂层(ZrN)对钛-低熔瓷结合强度的影响,以期为钛-瓷修复体的临床应用提供参考.方法 根据随机数字表将16根纯钛试件随机分为涂层组和对照组,每组8根.涂层组纯钛试件表面磁控溅射ZrN涂层,对照组不进行表面处理.两组试件均按厂家规定烧结程序烧结粘接瓷、遮色瓷和牙本质瓷.X射线衍射(x-ray diffraction,XRD)分析涂层结构,万能实验机对两组试件进行三点弯曲实验,以计算钛-瓷结合强度并进行t检验.对钛-瓷结合界面进行扫描电镜(SEM)观察和能谱分析,对钛-瓷分离界面进行SEM观察.结果 XRD观察到涂层组试件ZrN新相.涂层组试件钛-瓷结合强度[(45.991±0.648)MPa]高于对照组[(29.483±1.007)MPa],差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).SEM显示涂层组钛-瓷分离界面瓷剩余数量较多,分布散在,而对照组钛-瓷分离界面未见明显瓷剩余.结论 磁控溅射ZrN涂层可显著提高钛-瓷结合强度.     

Evaluation of shear bond strength at the interface of two porcelains and pure titanium injected into the casting mold at three different temperatures

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Titanium has physical and mechanical properties, which have led to its increased use in dental prostheses despite casting difficulties due to high melting point and formation of oxide layers which affect the metal-ceramic bond strength. PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength of the interface of 2 dental porcelains and pure titanium injected into a mold at 3 different temperatures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using commercially pure (cp) titanium bars (Titanium, Grade I) melted at 1668 degrees C and cast at mold temperatures of 430 degrees C, 700 degrees C or 900 degrees C, 60 specimens were machined to 4 x 4 mm, with a base of 5 x 1 mm. The 4-mm surfaces were airborne-particle abraded with 100 microm aluminum oxide before applying and firing the bonding agent and evaluating the 2 porcelains (Triceram/Triline ti and Vita Titankeramik). Ten specimens were prepared for each temperature and porcelain combination Shear bond testing was performed in a universal testing machine, with a 500-kg load cell and crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The specimens were loaded until failure. The interfaces of representative fractured specimens of each temperature were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Data for shear bond strength (MPa) were statistically analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The results showed significant differences for the metal/porcelain interaction effect (P=.0464). There were no significant differences for the 2 porcelains (P=.4250). The Tukey test showed a significant difference between the pair cp Ti 430 degrees C Triceram and cp Ti 900 degrees C Triceram, with respective mean values and SDs of 59.74 +/- 11.62 and 34.03 +/- 10.35 MPa. CONCLUSION: Triceram porcelain showed a bond strength decrease with an increase in the mold temperature for casting titanium. The highest bond strength for Vita porcelain and the best metal-ceramic interface observed with the SEM were found with the mold temperature of 700 degrees C.     

纳米硅涂层对钛瓷结合强度的影响

目的探讨纯钛表面纳米硅涂层改性对钛瓷结合强度的影响。方法将16个纯钛试件（25 mm×3 mm×0.5 mm）平均分为2组,A组用溶胶-凝胶法在表面形成钠米硅涂层,B组不作处理。在试件中份烧结Vita Titankeramik瓷粉,测试钛瓷间的三点弯曲结合强度;对钛瓷结合界面和分离界面进行扫描电子显微镜观察,对钛瓷结合界面进行X射线能谱分析;并用X射线衍射分析仪分析涂层结构。结果A组钛瓷结合界面的硅元素明显增加,钛瓷结合强度为（37.768±0.777）MPa,明显大于B组的结合强度（29.483±1.007）MPa,其差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。扫描电子显微镜显示A组钛瓷分离界面瓷残留较多。结论纳米硅涂层可明显提高钛瓷结合强度。     

The effect of surface modifications on titanium to enable titanium-porcelain bonding.

OBJECTIVES: Titanium-ceramic restorations are currently used, despite the pending problem of titanium-ceramic bonding, which has only been partially solved. The surface treatment of the metal proposed by the manufacturer promotes lower bond strength between titanium and porcelain when compared to the conventional metal-ceramic systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of acid and caustic baths on the bonding characteristics of specific titanium porcelain bonded to cast commercially pure titanium (CP Ti). METHODS: Eighty strips of cast CP Ti were obtained in dimensions of 25mm x 3mm x 0.5mm, and divided into eight groups (n=10) which were subjected to surface treatment by immersion in one of the follow solutions-group HF: HF 10%; group NaOH+HF: NaOH 50%-CuSO(4).5H(2)O 10% followed by HF 10%; group HCl: HCl 35%; group NaOH+HCl: NaOH 50%-CuSO(4).5H(2)O 10% followed by HCl 35%; group HNO(3): HNO(3) 35%-HF 5%; group NaOH+HNO(3): NaOH 50%-CuSO(4).5H(2)O 10% followed by HNO(3) 35%-HF 5%; control group: treated according to the manufacturer's instructions; NaOH+control group: treated according to the manufacturer's instructions followed by immersion in NaOH 50%-CuSO(4).5H(2)O 10%. Low fusion porcelain (Vita Titankeramik) was applied to the center of one of the sides of each CP Ti sample with dimensions of 8mm x 3mm x 1mm. All groups were submitted to a three-point flexure test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs were taken to characterize the failed surfaces at the titanium-porcelain interface. Anova and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used to analyze the data at a 5% probability level. RESULTS: All groups treated with NaOH 50%-CuSO(4).5H(2)O 10% solution showed significant superior values when compared to groups treated exclusively with acid solution. There were no significant differences between HF (21.2MPa) and HCl (23.4MPa) groups; control (25.2MPa), HCl (23.4MPa) and HNO(3) (26.6MPa) groups; NaOH+HF (29.9MPa) and NaOH+HCl (30.8MPa) groups; NaOH+HNO(3) (34.8MPa) and NaOH+control (32.1MPa) groups. SEM analysis indicated a combination of cohesive and adhesive fractures in NaOH+HNO(3) and NaOH+control groups, while mainly adhesive fractures were found in the other groups. SIGNIFICANCE: Bond strength between porcelain and cast CP Ti can be increased by use of a caustic bath prior to porcelain firing.     

磁控溅射ZrSiN/ZrO2复合梯度涂层纯钛表面对钛瓷结合强度的影响

目的:探讨磁控溅射ZrSiN/ZrO2复合梯度涂层作为钛瓷结合中间层对钛瓷结合强度的影响.方法:将50个钛试件分为2组(n=25),实验组在钛基底表面用磁控溅射的方法制备ZrSiN/ZrO2复合梯度涂层,对照组试件表面采用常规喷砂处理.2组试件各随机抽取10个进行粗糙度和表面能检测,各取10个用钛专用瓷粉烧结并采用三点弯曲试验进行钛瓷结合强度测试,用SEM和EDS对2组试件瓷剥脱面和钛瓷结合横截面进行观察、对比、分析.结果:ZrSiN/ZrO2复合梯度涂层组的粗糙度低(P＜0.05),接触角大(P＜0.05);三点弯曲结合强度试验表明实验组钛瓷结合强度高(P＜0.05);瓷剥脱面和钛瓷结合横截面的SEM和EDS分析显示,各元素原子百分比含量及线性分布情况均提示实验组试件表面瓷残留量多于对照组.结论:磁控溅射ZrSiN/ZrO2复合梯度涂层能够控制钛金属表面过度氧化,有效缓冲钛瓷结合热应力,提升钛瓷结合强度.     

Evaluation of low-fusing ceramic systems combined with titanium grades II and V by bending test and scanning electron microscopy

The bond strength by three point bending strength of two metal substrates (commercially pure titanium or grade II, and Ti-6Al-4V alloy or grade V) combined to three distinct low-fusing ceramic systems (LFC) and the nature of porcelain-metal fracture by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were evaluated. The results were compared to a combination of palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloy and conventional porcelain (Duceram VMK68). Sixty metal strips measuring 25x3x0.5mm were made - 30 of titanium grade II and 30 of titanium grade V, with application of the following types of porcelain: Vita Titankeramik, Triceram or Duceratin (10 specimens for each porcelain). The porcelains were bonded to the strips with dimensions limited to 8x3x1mm. The control group consisted of ten specimens Pd-Ag alloy/Duceram VMK68 porcelain. Statistical analyses were made by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test at 5% significance level. Results showed that the bond strength in control group (48.0MPa ± 4.0) was significantly higher than the Ti grade II (26.7MPa ± 4.1) and Ti grade V (25.2MPa ± 2.2) combinations. When Duceratin porcelain was applied in both substrates, Ti grade II and Ti grade V, the results were significantly lower than in Ti grade II/Vitatitankeramik. SEM analysis indicated a predominance of adhesive fractures for the groups Ti grade II and Ti grade V, and cohesive fracture for control group Pd-Ag/Duceram. Control group showed the best bond strength compared to the groups that employed LFC. Among LFC, the worst results were obtained when Duceratin porcelain was used in both substrates. SEM confirmed the results of three point bending strength.     

复合纳米金膜技术增强牙科钛瓷结合的基础研究

目的利用离子多层自组装技术在纯钛表面沉积复合纳米金膜并烧结专用钛瓷粉,探讨该技术对钛瓷之间结合强度的影响。方法根据ISO9693要求制备预成纯钛试件20个,沉积纳米金膜为实验组（AuS）;非沉积纳米金膜为对照组（S）,每组10个钛瓷标准试件。运用场发射扫描电镜（FE．SEM）观察钛试件沉积纳米金膜后的表面形态以及钛瓷结合界面的微观形貌。三点弯曲法测定钛瓷结合强度,并进行统计学分析。体视显微镜观察钛瓷界面的断裂模式。电子探针（EMP）检测结合界面上Au元素的分布情况。结果AuS组的钛瓷结合强度（36．24±3．64）MPa明显高于S组的钛瓷结合强度（30．78±3．83）MPa,P〈0．05。FE-SEM观察显示：钛表面沉积纳米金颗粒后形成了均匀、致密的复合纳米金膜。电镜观察结合界面显示,AuS组钛瓷结合界面连续而紧密,体视显微镜观察断裂模式以混合断裂为主;对照组钛瓷结合界面可见明显的裂隙,偶有气泡,断裂模式以界面断裂为主。EMP检测结果显示：结合界面上可见Au元素分布,纳米金颗粒在烧结过程中团聚成簇后沿钛瓷结合界面呈带形分布,在粘接瓷底部呈点状弥散。结论在本研究条件下,纯钛表面沉积复合纳米金膜可显著提高Superporcelain Ti-22专用钛瓷粉与预成纯钛试件之间的结合强度。     

溶剂处理对钛-瓷结合强度的影响

目的 考察丙酮,乙酸乙酯,９５％乙醇及１５氢氟酸对钛－瓷结合产生的影响。方法 采用剪切实验法。结果 纯钛经丙酮、乙酸乙脂,９５％乙醇及１％氢氟酸处理后再烤瓷,太－瓷剪切强度分别为５３．２９ＭＰａ,５２．５４Ｍｐａ,５０．６９ＭＰａ,及２１．１８ＭＰａ,而未经任何清洗处理的对照组剪切强度值为２６．７５ＭＰａ。Ｔｉ－７５合金烤瓷前经丙酮,乙酸乙酯,９５％乙醇及１％氢氟酸处理后其钛－瓷剪切强度分别为５７     

不同表面处理方法对氧化锆基底材料与饰面瓷结合强度的影响

目的 比较不同表面处理方法对氧化锆基底与饰面瓷之间的结合强度及结合界面微观结构的影响。方法 将WIELAND氧化锆瓷块胚体烧结制成10 mm×5 mm×5 mm大小试件33个。将试件随机分为3组,每组11个。喷砂组在烧结前进行喷砂处理;处理剂组先喷砂处理,再烧结结合衬底瓷;对照组不做处理。3组基底瓷材料采用粉浆涂塑法烧结5 mm×5 mm×5 mm大小的饰面瓷。每组随机抽取1个基底瓷及双层瓷试件,采用扫描电镜、能谱分析方法,研究氧化锆底瓷与饰面瓷之间的结合情况。其余试件则通过电子拉伸机测试结合界面的剪切强度,并用SPSS 17.0软件对实验数据进行统计学分析。结果 喷砂组、处理剂组、对照组试件的剪切强度分别为（18.06±0.59）、（21.04±1.23）、（13.80±1.54） MPa,各组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 氧化锆胚体烧结前喷砂处理能提高氧化锆基底冠与饰面瓷的结合强度,结合衬底瓷的应用能提高氧化锆基底冠与饰面瓷的结合强度。     

4种纯钛专用瓷粉对钛瓷结合强度的影响

目的：探讨4种钛瓷粉对钛瓷结合强度的影响。方法：分析Super Ti22、Duceratin、Titankermik、Ti-bond4种钛瓷粉的化学组成和瓷粉粒度,制备4种瓷粉的钛瓷试件并利用三点弯曲测试其钛瓷结合强度。利用电镜观察各组钛瓷结合界面并进行元素分析。结果：4种瓷粉粒度分布不均,化学成分差异较大。4种瓷粉钛瓷结合强度均达到IS09693标准,其中Super Ti22、Duceratin瓷粉钛瓷结合强度明显高于另2组（P〈0．05）。电镜观察,Super Ti22组和Duceratin组钛瓷结合紧密,无明显孔隙出现,其余2组可见明显孔隙。结论：Super Ti22、Duceratin瓷粉更有利于钛瓷结合。     

The effect of thermal cycling on the bond strength of low-fusing porcelain to commercially pure titanium and titanium–aluminium–vanadium alloy

OBJECTIVES: Titanium-ceramic restorations are currently used in spite of the pending problem of titanium-ceramic bonding, which has only been partially solved. In addition, some titanium-ceramic systems appear to be susceptible to thermal cycling, which can cause weaker bond strength. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bonding characteristics of titanium porcelain bonded to commercially pure titanium (Ti-Cp) or titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy as well as the effect of thermal cycling on bond strength. METHODS: A three-point-flexure-test was used to evaluate the bond strength of titanium porcelain bonded to commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy according to DIN 13.927. To evaluate the effect of thermal cycling on the samples, half were thermal cycled in temperatures ranging from 4 degrees C (+/-2 degrees C) to 55 degrees C (+/-2 degrees C). Results were compared with palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloy bonded to conventional porcelain (control). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrographs were taken to characterize the failed surfaces in the metal-ceramic interface. Anova and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used to analyze the data at a 5% probability level. RESULTS: Thermal cycling did not significantly weaken the bond strength of porcelain to titanium interfaces. There was no significant difference in bond strength between commercially pure titanium (23.60 MPa for thermal cycled group and 24.99 MPa for non-thermal cycled group) and Ti-6Al-4V groups (24.98 and 25.60 MPa for thermal cycled and non-thermal cycled groups, respectively). Bond strength values for the control group (47.98 and 45.30 MPa, respectively) were significantly greater than those for commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V combinations. SIGNIFICANCE: The bond strength of low fusing porcelain bonded to cast pure titanium or Ti-6Al-4V alloy was significantly lower than the conventional combination of porcelain-Pd-Ag alloy. Thermal cycling did not affect the bond strength of any group.     

钛表面预氧处理对钛瓷结合强度的影响

目的探讨钛表面预氧化处理对钛/瓷结合强度的影响。方法分别对未经预氧化处理的钛表面和预氧化处理的钛表面进行表面粗糙度、表面接触角测试;然后根据ISO96931990标准,对钛与Noritake Super Ti-22钛瓷间的三点弯曲结合强度进行测试,并对钛/瓷结合界面进行扫描电镜观察。结果预氧化组的钛表面粗糙度小于未预氧化组(P<0.05),接触角也明显小于未预氧化组(P<0.01)。预氧化组的钛/瓷结合强度大于未预氧化组(P<0.05)。预氧化组钛/瓷界面瓷与钛基体相互交错,结合紧密,无明显气泡;而未预氧化组钛/瓷界面存在着较多的孔隙。结论钛表面预氧化可有效地提高钛/Noritake SuperTi-22钛瓷的结合强度。